HP 6125XLG User manual
HP 6125XLG Blade Switch
Layer 3 - IP Routing
Configuration Guide
Part number: 5998-5372a
Software version: Release 240x
Document version: 6W101-20150515
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Contents
Configuring basic IP routing········································································································································ 1
Routing table······································································································································································1
Dynamic routing protocols ···············································································································································2
Route preference ·······························································································································································2
Load sharing······································································································································································3
Route backup·····································································································································································3
Route recursion··································································································································································3
Route redistribution ···························································································································································4
Extension attribute redistribution······································································································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB·············································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB ································································································5
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ······································································································5
Enabling the enhanced ECMP mode ······························································································································6
Displaying and maintaining a routing table ··················································································································6
Configuring static routing············································································································································ 8
Configuring a static route·················································································································································8
Configuring BFD for static routes·····································································································································9
Bidirectional control mode ······································································································································9
Single-hop echo mode ·········································································································································· 10
Configuring static route FRR·········································································································································· 11
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 11
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 11
Displaying and maintaining static routes ···················································································································· 12
Static route configuration examples····························································································································· 12
Basic static route configuration example ············································································································ 12
BFD for static routes configuration example (direct next hop)·········································································· 14
BFD for static routes configuration example (indirect next hop)······································································· 17
Static route FRR configuration example ·············································································································· 19
Configuring a default route·······································································································································21
Configuring RIP ··························································································································································22
Overview········································································································································································· 22
RIP route entries ····················································································································································· 22
Routing loop prevention········································································································································ 22
RIP operation·························································································································································· 22
RIP versions ···························································································································································· 23
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 23
RIP configuration task list··············································································································································· 24
Configuring basic RIP ···················································································································································· 24
Enabling RIP ··························································································································································· 24
Controlling RIP reception and advertisement on interfaces ·············································································· 25
Configuring a RIP version····································································································································· 26
Configuring RIP route control········································································································································ 26
Configuring an additional routing metric ··········································································································· 27
Configuring RIPv2 route summarization·············································································································· 27
Disabling host route reception ····························································································································· 28
Advertising a default route ··································································································································· 28
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ····························································································· 29
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Configuring a preference for RIP························································································································· 29
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 30
Tuning and optimizing RIP networks ···························································································································· 30
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 30
Configuring RIP timers··········································································································································· 30
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse···································································································· 31
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 32
Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages ·················································································· 32
Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates············································································ 33
Configuring RIPv2 message authentication ········································································································ 33
Specifying a RIP neighbor ···································································································································· 33
Configuring RIP network management················································································································ 34
Configuring the RIP packet sending rate ············································································································ 34
Setting the maximum length of RIP packets ········································································································ 35
Configuring RIP GR························································································································································ 35
Configuring BFD for RIP················································································································································· 36
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a directly connected RIP neighbor) ············································ 36
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a specific destination)·································································· 36
Configuring bidirectional control detection········································································································ 37
Configuring RIP FRR ······················································································································································· 37
Displaying and maintaining RIP ··································································································································· 38
RIP configuration examples··········································································································································· 39
Configuring basic RIP ··········································································································································· 39
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 41
Configuring an additional metric for a RIP interface························································································· 43
Configuring RIP to advertise a summary route··································································································· 45
Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a directly connected neighbor) ······························ 47
Configuring BFD for RIP (single hop echo detection for a specific destination) ············································· 50
Configuring BFD for RIP (bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode)·············································· 53
Configuring RIP FRR ·············································································································································· 56
Configuring OSPF ······················································································································································59
Overview········································································································································································· 59
OSPF packets························································································································································· 59
LSA types································································································································································ 60
OSPF areas ···························································································································································· 60
Router types···························································································································································· 62
Route types····························································································································································· 63
Route calculation ··················································································································································· 64
OSPF network types ·············································································································································· 64
DR and BDR ··························································································································································· 64
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 65
OSPF configuration task list ·········································································································································· 66
Enabling OSPF ······························································································································································· 67
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 67
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 67
Enabling OSPF on a network······························································································································· 68
Enabling OSPF on an interface ··························································································································· 69
Configuring OSPF areas ··············································································································································· 69
Configuring a stub area ······································································································································· 69
Configuring an NSSA area·································································································································· 70
Configuring a virtual link······································································································································ 70
Configuring OSPF network types ································································································································· 71
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 71
Configuring the broadcast network type for an interface················································································· 72
iii
Configuring the NBMA network type for an interface ······················································································ 72
Configuring the P2MP network type for an interface························································································ 73
Configuring the P2P network type for an interface ··························································································· 73
Configuring OSPF route control ··································································································································· 74
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 74
Configuring OSPF route summarization ············································································································· 74
Configuring received OSPF route filtering·········································································································· 76
Configuring Type-3 LSA filtering·························································································································· 76
Configuring an OSPF cost for an interface ········································································································ 76
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 77
Configuring OSPF preference······························································································································ 78
Configuring OSPF route redistribution ················································································································ 78
Advertising a host route········································································································································ 79
Tuning and optimizing OSPF networks························································································································ 80
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 80
Configuring OSPF timers ······································································································································ 80
Specifying LSA transmission delay ······················································································································ 81
Specifying SPF calculation interval······················································································································ 81
Specifying the LSA arrival interval······················································································································· 82
Specifying the LSA generation interval ··············································································································· 82
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPF packets······································································ 83
Configuring stub routers ······································································································································· 83
Configuring OSPF authentication ························································································································ 84
Adding the interface MTU into DD packets········································································································ 85
Configuring a DSCP value for OSPF packets····································································································· 85
Configuring the maximum number of external LSAs in LSDB ··········································································· 85
Configuring OSPF exit overflow interval············································································································· 86
Enabling compatibility with RFC 1583··············································································································· 86
Logging neighbor state changes·························································································································· 87
Configuring OSPF network management ··········································································································· 87
Configuring the LSU transmit rate························································································································ 88
Enabling OSPF ISPF ·············································································································································· 88
Configuring prefix suppression···························································································································· 89
Configuring prefix prioritization ·························································································································· 90
Configuring OSPF PIC ·········································································································································· 90
Configuring OSPF GR ··················································································································································· 90
Configuring the OSPF GR restarter ····················································································································· 91
Configuring OSPF GR helper······························································································································· 92
Triggering OSPF GR ············································································································································· 92
Configuring OSPF NSR ················································································································································· 93
Configuring BFD for OSPF ············································································································································ 93
Configuring bidirectional control detection········································································································ 93
Configuring single-hop echo detection ··············································································································· 94
Configuring OSPF FRR··················································································································································· 94
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 94
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 94
Configuring OSPF FRR to calculate a backup next hop using the LFA algorithm ·········································· 95
Configuring OSPF FRR to specify a backup next hop using a routing policy················································· 95
Displaying and maintaining OSPF······························································································································· 96
OSPF configuration examples ······································································································································ 97
Basic OSPF configuration example ····················································································································· 97
OSPF route redistribution configuration example ····························································································100
OSPF summary route advertisement configuration example ··········································································101
OSPF stub area configuration example ············································································································104
iv
OSPF NSSA area configuration example ········································································································107
OSPF DR election configuration example·········································································································109
OSPF virtual link configuration example···········································································································113
OSPF GR configuration example·······················································································································115
OSPF NSR configuration example ····················································································································117
BFD for OSPF configuration example ···············································································································119
OSPF FRR configuration example······················································································································122
Troubleshooting OSPF configuration ·························································································································124
No OSPF neighbor relationship established ····································································································124
Incorrect routing information ······························································································································124
Configuring IS-IS ····················································································································································· 126
Overview·······································································································································································126
Terminology ·························································································································································126
IS-IS address format·············································································································································126
NET ·······································································································································································127
IS-IS area ······························································································································································128
IS-IS network types ··············································································································································130
IS-IS PDUs ·····························································································································································131
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································132
IS-IS configuration task list···········································································································································133
Configuring basic IS-IS ················································································································································134
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································134
Enabling IS-IS·······················································································································································134
Configuring the IS level and circuit level ··········································································································134
Configuring P2P network type for an interface································································································135
Configuring IS-IS route control····································································································································135
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································135
Configuring IS-IS link cost···································································································································136
Specifying a preference for IS-IS ·······················································································································137
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································137
Configuring IS-IS route summarization··············································································································138
Advertising a default route ·································································································································138
Configuring IS-IS route redistribution ················································································································139
Configuring IS-IS route filtering··························································································································139
Configuring IS-IS route leaking ··························································································································140
Tuning and optimizing IS-IS networks························································································································141
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································141
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS hello packets ····················································································141
Specifying the IS-IS hello multiplier····················································································································141
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS CSNP packets··················································································142
Configuring a DIS priority for an interface·······································································································142
Disabling an interface from sending/receiving IS-IS packets·········································································142
Enabling an interface to send small hello packets···························································································143
Configuring LSP parameters·······························································································································143
Controlling SPF calculation interval···················································································································146
Configuring convergence priorities for specific routes····················································································146
Setting the LSDB overload bit·····························································································································146
Configuring system ID to host name mappings································································································147
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································148
Enabling IS-IS ISPF···············································································································································148
Configuring IS-IS network management············································································································149
Enhancing IS-IS network security ································································································································150
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································150
Configuring neighbor relationship authentication ···························································································150
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Configuring area authentication························································································································150
Configuring routing domain authentication······································································································151
Configuring IS-IS GR····················································································································································151
Configuring IS-IS NSR··················································································································································152
Configuring BFD for IS-IS·············································································································································153
Configuring IS-IS FRR ···················································································································································153
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································154
Configuration guidelines ····································································································································154
Configuring IS-IS FRR to automatically calculate a backup next hop ····························································154
Configuring IS-IS FRR using a routing policy····································································································154
Displaying and maintaining IS-IS ·······························································································································155
IS-IS configuration examples·······································································································································156
Basic IS-IS configuration example ·····················································································································156
DIS election configuration example···················································································································160
IS-IS route redistribution configuration example ······························································································164
IS-IS authentication configuration example·······································································································168
IS-IS GR configuration example ·························································································································170
IS-IS NSR configuration example·······················································································································171
BFD for IS-IS configuration example··················································································································175
IS-IS FRR configuration example ························································································································177
Configuring BGP ····················································································································································· 181
Overview·······································································································································································181
BGP speaker and BGP peer·······························································································································181
BGP message types·············································································································································181
BGP path attributes ·············································································································································182
BGP route selection ·············································································································································186
BGP route advertisement rules ···························································································································186
BGP load balancing············································································································································186
Settlements for problems in large-scale BGP networks····················································································188
MP-BGP·································································································································································190
BGP configuration views ····································································································································191
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································192
BGP configuration task list ··········································································································································193
Configuring basic BGP················································································································································195
Enabling BGP·······················································································································································195
Configuring a BGP peer·····································································································································196
Configuring a BGP peer group··························································································································197
Specifying the source interface for TCP connections·······················································································203
Generating BGP routes················································································································································204
Injecting a local network ····································································································································204
Redistributing IGP routes·····································································································································205
Controlling route distribution and reception ·············································································································206
Configuring BGP route summarization ·············································································································206
Advertising optimal routes in the IP routing table ····························································································208
Advertising a default route to a peer or peer group ·······················································································208
Limiting routes received from a peer or peer group························································································209
Configuring BGP route filtering policies ···········································································································210
Configuring BGP route dampening···················································································································215
Controlling BGP path selection···································································································································216
Specifying a preferred value for routes received·····························································································216
Configuring preferences for BGP routes ···········································································································217
Configuring the default local preference ··········································································································218
Configuring the MED attribute ···························································································································219
Configuring the NEXT_HOP attribute················································································································223
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Configuring the AS_PATH attribute ···················································································································225
Tuning and optimizing BGP networks························································································································230
Configuring the keepalive interval and hold time····························································································230
Configuring the interval for sending updates for the same route···································································232
Enabling BGP to establish an EBGP session over multiple hops ····································································232
Enabling immediate reestablishment of direct EBGP connections upon link failure·····································233
Enabling 4-byte AS number suppression ··········································································································234
Enabling MD5 authentication for BGP peers ···································································································234
Configuring BGP load balancing ······················································································································235
Configuring IPsec for IPv6 BGP ·························································································································236
Disabling BGP to establish a session to a peer or peer group ······································································237
Configuring BGP soft-reset··································································································································238
Protecting an EBGP peer when memory usage reaches level 2 threshold····················································242
Configuring a large-scale BGP network ····················································································································243
Configuring BGP community······························································································································243
Configuring BGP route reflection·······················································································································244
Configuring a BGP confederation ·····················································································································246
Configuring BGP GR ···················································································································································247
Enabling SNMP notifications for BGP························································································································248
Enabling logging of session state changes ···············································································································248
Configuring BFD for BGP ············································································································································249
Configuring BGP FRR···················································································································································249
Configuring 6PE ···························································································································································252
Configuring basic 6PE········································································································································253
Configuring optional 6PE capabilities ··············································································································253
Displaying and maintaining BGP·······························································································································255
IPv4 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································257
Basic BGP configuration example ·····················································································································257
BGP and IGP route redistribution configuration example···············································································261
BGP route summarization configuration example ···························································································264
BGP load balancing configuration example ····································································································267
BGP community configuration example············································································································270
BGP route reflector configuration example·······································································································273
BGP confederation configuration example·······································································································276
BGP path selection configuration example·······································································································280
BGP GR configuration example·························································································································283
BFD for BGP configuration example ·················································································································285
BGP FRR configuration example························································································································288
IPv6 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································292
IPv6 BGP basic configuration example·············································································································292
IPv6 BGP route reflector configuration example ······························································································295
6PE configuration example ································································································································298
BFD for IPv6 BGP configuration example ·········································································································301
IPv6 BGP FRR configuration example················································································································304
IPsec for IPv6 BGP packets configuration example ·························································································308
Troubleshooting BGP ···················································································································································312
Symptom·······························································································································································312
Analysis ································································································································································312
Solution·································································································································································313
Configuring PBR ······················································································································································ 314
Introduction to PBR ·······················································································································································314
Policy ····································································································································································314
PBR and Track······················································································································································315
PBR configuration task list ···········································································································································315
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Configuring a policy····················································································································································316
Creating a node ··················································································································································316
Configuring match criteria for a node ··············································································································316
Configuring actions for a node··························································································································316
Configuring PBR ···························································································································································317
Configuring local PBR ·········································································································································317
Configuring interface PBR ··································································································································317
Displaying and maintaining PBR ································································································································317
PBR configuration examples········································································································································318
Packet type-based local PBR configuration example ·······················································································318
Packet type-based interface PBR configuration example ················································································319
Configuring IPv6 static routing······························································································································· 322
Configuring an IPv6 static route ·································································································································322
Configuring BFD for IPv6 static routes ·······················································································································323
Bidirectional control mode ·································································································································323
Single-hop echo mode ········································································································································324
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 static routes··········································································································325
IPv6 static routing configuration examples················································································································325
Basic IPv6 static route configuration example··································································································325
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (direct next hop) ·······························································327
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (indirect next hop) ····························································330
Configuring an IPv6 default route·························································································································· 333
Configuring RIPng ··················································································································································· 334
Overview·······································································································································································334
RIPng route entries···············································································································································334
RIPng packets·······················································································································································334
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································335
RIPng configuration task list ········································································································································335
Configuring basic RIPng··············································································································································335
Configuring RIPng route control ·································································································································336
Configuring an additional routing metric ·········································································································336
Configuring RIPng route summarization ···········································································································336
Advertising a default route ·································································································································337
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ···························································································337
Configuring a preference for RIPng···················································································································338
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································338
Tuning and optimizing the RIPng network·················································································································338
Configuring RIPng timers ····································································································································338
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse··································································································339
Configuring zero field check on RIPng packets ·······························································································339
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································340
Configuring RIPng GR··················································································································································340
Applying an IPsec profile ············································································································································341
Displaying and maintaining RIPng ·····························································································································341
RIPng configuration examples·····································································································································342
Basic RIPng configuration example ···················································································································342
RIPng route redistribution configuration examples···························································································344
RIPng IPsec profile configuration examples ······································································································347
Configuring OSPFv3··············································································································································· 350
OSPFv3 overview·························································································································································350
OSPFv3 packets···················································································································································350
OSPFv3 LSA types···············································································································································350
viii
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································351
OSPFv3 configuration task list ····································································································································351
Enabling OSPFv3 ·························································································································································352
Configuring OSPFv3 area parameters ······················································································································353
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································353
Configuring a stub area ·····································································································································353
Configuring an NSSA area································································································································353
Configuring an OSPFv3 virtual link···················································································································354
Configuring OSPFv3 network types···························································································································355
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································355
Configuring the OSPFv3 network type for an interface ··················································································355
Configuring an NBMA or P2MP neighbor·······································································································355
Configuring OSPFv3 route control ·····························································································································356
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································356
Configuring OSPFv3 route summarization ·······································································································356
Configuring OSPFv3 received route filtering····································································································357
Configuring Inter-Area-Prefix LSA filtering ········································································································357
Configuring an OSPFv3 cost for an interface ··································································································357
Configuring the maximum number of OSPFv3 ECMP routes ·········································································358
Configuring a preference for OSPFv3 ··············································································································359
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution··········································································································359
Tuning and optimizing OSPFv3 networks ·················································································································360
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································360
Configuring OSPFv3 timers································································································································360
Specifying LSA transmission delay ····················································································································361
Specifying SPF calculation interval····················································································································361
Specifying the LSA generation interval ·············································································································361
Configuring a DR priority for an interface········································································································362
Ignoring MTU check for DD packets ·················································································································362
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPFv3 packets ·······························································362
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································363
Configuring the LSU transmit rate······················································································································363
Configuring stub routers ·····································································································································364
Configuring prefix suppression··························································································································364
Configuring OSPFv3 GR ·············································································································································365
Configuring GR restarter ····································································································································365
Configuring GR helper········································································································································366
Triggering OSPFv3 GR ·······································································································································366
Configuring OSPFv3 NSR···········································································································································366
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3······································································································································367
Applying an IPsec profile ············································································································································368
Displaying and maintaining OSPFv3·························································································································369
OSPFv3 configuration examples ································································································································370
OSPFv3 stub area configuration example········································································································370
OSPFv3 NSSA area configuration example ····································································································374
OSPFv3 DR election configuration example·····································································································377
OSPFv3 route redistribution configuration example························································································380
OSPFv3 route summarization configuration example ·····················································································383
OSPFv3 GR configuration example ··················································································································386
OSPFv3 NSR configuration example ················································································································388
BFD for OSPFv3 configuration example ···········································································································389
OSPFv3 IPsec profile configuration example ···································································································391
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS ············································································································································· 396
Overview·······································································································································································396
ix
Configuring basic IPv6 IS-IS········································································································································396
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS route control ···························································································································397
Tuning and optimizing IPv6 IS-IS networks················································································································398
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································398
Assigning a convergence priority to IPv6 IS-IS routes ·····················································································398
Configuring BFD for IPv6 IS-IS ····································································································································398
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 IS-IS·······················································································································399
IPv6 IS-IS configuration examples ······························································································································399
IPv6 IS-IS basic configuration example·············································································································399
BFD for IPv6 IS-IS configuration example ·········································································································404
Configuring IPv6 PBR·············································································································································· 407
Introduction to IPv6 PBR···············································································································································407
Policy ····································································································································································407
PBR and Track······················································································································································408
IPv6 PBR configuration task list···································································································································408
Configuring an IPv6 policy ·········································································································································409
Creating an IPv6 node········································································································································409
Configuring match criteria for an IPv6 node····································································································409
Configuring actions for an IPv6 node ···············································································································409
Configuring IPv6 PBR···················································································································································410
Configuring IPv6 local PBR·································································································································410
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR ··························································································································410
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PBR························································································································411
IPv6 PBR configuration examples ·······························································································································411
Packet type-based IPv6 local PBR configuration example···············································································411
Packet type-based IPv6 interface PBR configuration example ········································································412
Configuring routing policies··································································································································· 415
Overview·······································································································································································415
Filters·····································································································································································415
Routing policy ······················································································································································416
Configuring filters·························································································································································416
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································416
Configuring an IP prefix list································································································································416
Configuring an AS path list································································································································417
Configuring a community list ·····························································································································417
Configuring an extended community list ··········································································································418
Configuring a routing policy·······································································································································418
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································418
Creating a routing policy ···································································································································418
Configuring if-match clauses ······························································································································419
Configuring apply clauses··································································································································420
Configuring a continue clause ···························································································································421
Displaying and maintaining the routing policy·········································································································422
Routing policy configuration examples······················································································································422
Applying a routing policy to IPv4 route redistribution·····················································································422
Applying a routing policy to IPv6 route redistribution·····················································································425
Support and other resources ·································································································································· 428
Contacting HP ······························································································································································428
Subscription service ············································································································································428
Related information······················································································································································428
Documents····························································································································································428
Websites·······························································································································································428
Conventions ··································································································································································429
1
Configuring basic IP routing
The term "interface" in the routing features collectively refers to Layer 3 interfaces, including VLAN
interfaces and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces. You can set an Ethernet port as a Layer 3 interface by using
the port link-mode route command (see Layer 2—LAN Switching Configuration Guide).
IP routing directs IP packet forwarding on routers based on a routing table. This chapter focuses on
unicast routing protocols. For more information about multicast routing protocols, see IP Multicast
Configuration Guide.
Routing table
A RIB contains the global routing information and related information, including route recursion, route
redistribution, and route extension information. The router selects optimal routes from the routing table
and puts them into the FIB table, and it uses the FIB table to forward packets. For more information about
the FIB table, see Layer 3—IP Services Configuration Guide.
Table 1 categorizes routes by different criteria.
Table 1 Route categories
Criterion Categories
Destination •Network route—The destination is a network. The subnet mask is less than 32 bits.
•Host route—The destination is a host. The subnet mask is 32 bits.
Whether the
destination is directly
connected
•Direct route—The destination is directly connected.
•Indirect route—The destination is indirectly connected.
Origin
•Direct route—A direct route is discovered by the data link protocol on an interface,
and is also called an "interface route."
•Static route—A static route is manually configured by an administrator.
•Dynamic route—A dynamic route is dynamically discovered by a routing protocol.
To view brief information about a routing table, use the display ip routing-table command:
<Sysname> display ip routing-table
Destinations : 19 Routes : 19
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
0.0.0.0/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Vlan1
1.1.1.0/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Vlan1
1.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.255/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Vlan1
2.2.2.0/24 Static 60 0 12.2.2.2 Vlan2
80.1.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 80.1.1.1 Vlan3
...
2
A route entry includes the following key items:
•Destination—IP address of the destination host or network.
•Mask—Mask length of the IP address.
•Pre—Preference of the route. Among routes to the same destination, the route with the highest
preference is optimal.
•Cost—If multiple routes to a destination have the same preference, the one with the smallest cost is
the optimal route.
•NextHop—Next hop.
•Interface—Output interface.
Dynamic routing protocols
Static routes work well in small, stable networks. They are easy to configure and require fewer system
resources. However, in networks where topology changes occur frequently, a typical practice is to
configure a dynamic routing protocol. Compared with static routing, a dynamic routing protocol is
complicated to configure, requires more router resources, and consumes more network resources.
Dynamic routing protocols dynamically collect and report reachability information to adapt to topology
changes. They are suitable for large networks.
Dynamic routing protocols can be classified by different criteria, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Categories of dynamic routing protocols
Criterion Categories
Operation scope •IGPs—Work within an AS. Examples include RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
•EGPs—Work between ASs. The most popular EGP is BGP.
Routing algorithm
•Distance-vector protocols—Examples include RIP and BGP. BGP is also considered
a path-vector protocol.
•Link-state protocols—Examples include OSPF and IS-IS.
Destination address
type
•Unicast routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•Multicast routing protocols—Examples include PIM-SM and PIM-DM.
IP version
•IPv4 routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•IPv6 routing protocols—Examples include RIPng, OSPFv3, IPv6 BGP, and IPv6 IS-IS.
An AS refers to a group of routers that use the same routing policy and work under the same
administration.
Route preference
Routing protocols, including static and direct routing, each by default have a preference. If they find
multiple routes to the same destination, the router selects the route with the highest preference as the
optimal route.
The preference of a direct route is always 0 and cannot be changed. You can configure a preference for
each static route and each dynamic routing protocol. The following table lists the route types and default
preferences. The smaller the value, the higher the preference.
3
Table 3 Route types and default route preferences
Route type Preference
Direct route 0
Multicast static route 1
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
Unicast static route 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Unknown (route from an untrusted source) 256
Load sharing
A routing protocol might find multiple optimal equal-cost routes to the same destination. You can use
these routes to implement equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load sharing.
Static routing, IPv6 static routing, RIP, RIPng, OSPF, OSPFv3, BGP, IPv6 BGP, IS-IS, and IPv6 IS-IS support
ECMP load sharing.
Route backup
Route backup can improve network availability. Among multiple routes to the same destination, the route
with the highest priority is the primary route and others are secondary routes.
The router forwards matching packets through the primary route. When the primary route fails, the route
with the highest preference among the secondary routes is selected to forward packets. When the
primary route recovers, the router uses it to forward packets.
Route recursion
To use a route that has an indirectly connected next hop, a router must perform route recursion to find the
output interface to reach the next hop.
The RIB records and saves route recursion information, including brief information about related routes,
recursive paths, and recursion depth.
4
Route redistribution
Route redistribution enables routing protocols to learn routing information from each other. A dynamic
routing protocol can redistribute routes from other routing protocols, including direct and static routing.
For more information, see the respective chapters on those routing protocols in this configuration guide.
The RIB records redistribution relationships of routing protocols.
Extension attribute redistribution
Extension attribute redistribution enables routing protocols to learn route extension attributes from each
other, including BGP extended community attributes, OSPF area IDs, route types, and router IDs.
The RIB records extended attributes of each routing protocol and redistribution relationships of different
routing protocol extended attributes.
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and
labels in the RIB
Perform this task to prevent routes of a certain protocol from being aged out due to slow protocol
convergence resulting from a large number of route entries or long GR period.
The configuration takes effect at the next protocol or RIB process switchover.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv4):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. Rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter RIB IPv4
address family view.
address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes and
labels in the RIB.
protocol protocol lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
To configure the maximum route lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv6):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. Rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter RIB IPv6
address family view.
address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes and
labels in the RIB.
protocol protocol lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
5
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the
FIB
When GR or NSR is disabled, FIB entries must be retained for some time after a protocol process
switchover or RIB process switchover. When GR or NSR is enabled, FIB entries must be removed
immediately after a protocol or RIB process switchover to avoid routing issues. Perform this task to meet
such requirements.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv4):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. Rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes in the
FIB.
fib lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB is
600 seconds.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv6):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. Rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes in the
FIB.
fib lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB is
600 seconds.
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes
This configuration takes effect at next reboot. Make sure the reboot does not impact your network.
To configure the maximum number of ECMP routes:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure the maximum
number of ECMP routes. max-ecmp-num number By default, the maximum
number of ECMP routes is 8.
6
Enabling the enhanced ECMP mode
In the default ECMP mode, when one or multiple ECMP routes fail, the device reallocates all traffic to the
remaining routes.
The enhanced ECMP mode enables the device to reallocate only the traffic of the failed routes to the
remaining routes, ensuring forwarding continuity.
This configuration takes effect at next reboot. Make sure the reboot does not impact your network.
To enable the enhanced ECMP mode:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enable the enhanced ECMP
mode. ecmp mode enhanced By default, the enhanced
ECMP mode is disabled.
Displaying and maintaining a routing table
Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.
Task Command
Display the ECMP mode. display ecmp mode
Display routing table information. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv4 basic ACL.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl-number [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
specific destination address.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address [ mask |mask-length ] [ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
range of destination addresses.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address1 to ip-address2 [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IP prefix list.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] prefix-list
prefix-list-name [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
installed by a protocol.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] protocol
protocol [ inactive | verbose ]
Display IPv4 route statistics. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] statistics
Display the maximum number of ECMP
routes. display max-ecmp-num
Display route attribute information in
the RIB. display rib attribute [ attribute-id ]
Display RIB GR state information. display rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
RIB.
display rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
display rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ]
7
Task Command
Display next hop information for direct
routes. display route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv4 route statistics. reset ip routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all }
Display IPv6 routing table information.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ]
Display information about routes to an
IPv6 destination address.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address [ prefix-length ][ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 basic ACL.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl6-number [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
range of IPv6 destination addresses.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address1 to ipv6-address2 [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 prefix list.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
prefix-list prefix-list-name [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
installed by an IPv6 protocol.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
protocol protocol [ inactive | verbose ]
Display IPv6 route statistics. display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
statistics
Display route attribute information in
the IPv6 RIB. display ipv6 rib attribute [ attribute-id ]
Display IPv6 RIB GR state information.
display ipv6 rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
IPv6 RIB.
display ipv6 rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
display ipv6 rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ]
Display next hop information for IPv6
direct routes. display ipv6 route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv6 route statistics. reset ipv6 routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all }
8
Configuring static routing
Static routes are manually configured. If a network's topology is simple, you only need to configure static
routes for the network to work correctly.
Static routes cannot adapt to network topology changes. If a fault or a topological change occurs in the
network, the network administrator must modify the static routes manually.
Configuring a static route
Before you configure a static route, complete the following tasks:
•Configure the physical parameters for related interfaces.
•Configure the link-layer attributes for related interfaces.
•Configure the IP addresses for related interfaces.
You can associate Track with a static route to monitor the reachability of the next hops. For more
information about Track, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
To configure a static route:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure a static
route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask-length |
mask } { interface-type interface-number
[ next-hop-address ] | next-hop-address [ track
track-entry-number ] | vpn-instance
d-vpn-instance-name next-hop-address [ track
track-entry-number ] } [ permanent ]
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ]
[ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name dest-address { mask-length
| mask } { interface-type interface-number
[ next-hop-address ] | next-hop-address
[ public ] [ track track-entry-number ] |
vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name
next-hop-address [ track track-entry-number ] }
[ permanent ] [ preference preference-value ]
[ tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, no static route is
configured.
3. (Optional.)
Configure the default
preference for static
routes.
ip route-static default-preference
default-preference-value The default setting is 60.
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