HPE FlexNetwork 5510 HI Series User manual
HPE FlexNetwork 5510 HI Switch Series
Layer 3—IP Routing
Configuration Guide
Part number: 5200-0077a
Software version: Release 11xx
Document version: 6W101-20161221
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Contents
Configuring basic IP routing············································································ 1
Routing table······················································································································································1
Dynamic routing protocols ·································································································································2
Route preference ···············································································································································2
Load sharing ······················································································································································3
Route backup·····················································································································································3
Route recursion··················································································································································3
Route redistribution············································································································································3
Extension attribute redistribution························································································································3
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB ···································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB ·····················································································4
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ··························································································5
Enabling the enhanced ECMP mode ·················································································································5
Enabling support for IPv6 routes with prefixes longer than 64 bits ····································································6
Displaying and maintaining a routing table ········································································································6
Configuring static routing ················································································ 8
Configuring a static route ···································································································································8
Configuring BFD for static routes·······················································································································9
Bidirectional control mode··························································································································9
Single-hop echo mode ·····························································································································10
Configuring static route FRR····························································································································11
Configuration guidelines···························································································································11
Configuration procedure···························································································································11
Displaying and maintaining static routes··········································································································12
Static route configuration examples·················································································································13
Basic static route configuration example··································································································13
BFD for static routes configuration example (direct next hop) ·································································15
BFD for static routes configuration example (indirect next hop) ······························································17
Static route FRR configuration example ··································································································20
Configuring a default route············································································ 23
Configuring RIP····························································································· 24
Overview ··························································································································································24
RIP route entries ······································································································································24
Routing loop prevention ···························································································································24
RIP operation ···········································································································································24
RIP versions·············································································································································25
Protocols and standards ··························································································································25
RIP configuration task list ································································································································25
Configuring basic RIP ······································································································································26
Enabling RIP ············································································································································26
Controlling RIP reception and advertisement on interfaces ·····································································27
Configuring a RIP version ························································································································27
Configuring RIP route control···························································································································28
Configuring an additional routing metric···································································································28
Configuring RIPv2 route summarization ··································································································29
Disabling host route reception··················································································································29
Advertising a default route ·······················································································································30
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering······················································································30
Configuring a preference for RIP ·············································································································31
Configuring RIP route redistribution ·········································································································31
Tuning and optimizing RIP networks ···············································································································32
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································32
Configuring RIP timers ·····························································································································32
Enabling split horizon and poison reverse ·······························································································32
ii
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes·················································································33
Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages·········································································34
Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates··································································34
Configuring RIPv2 message authentication ·····························································································34
Specifying a RIP neighbor························································································································35
Configuring RIP network management ····································································································35
Configuring the RIP packet sending rate ·································································································35
Setting the maximum length of RIP packets ····························································································36
Configuring RIP GR ·········································································································································36
Configuring BFD for RIP ··································································································································37
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a directly connected RIP neighbor) ······································37
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a specific destination)···························································37
Configuring bidirectional control detection ·······························································································38
Configuring RIP FRR ·······································································································································38
Configuration restrictions and guidelines ·································································································39
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································39
Configuration procedure···························································································································39
Displaying and maintaining RIP ·······················································································································39
RIP configuration examples ·····························································································································40
Basic RIP configuration example ·············································································································40
RIP route redistribution configuration example ························································································43
RIP interface additional metric configuration example ·············································································45
RIP summary route advertisement configuration example ······································································46
BFD for RIP configuration example (single-hop echo detection for a directly connected neighbor) ········49
BFD for RIP configuration example (single hop echo detection for a specific destination)······················51
BFD for RIP configuration example (bidirectional detection in BFD control packet mode) ······················54
RIP FRR configuration example···············································································································57
Configuring OSPF························································································· 60
Overview ··························································································································································60
OSPF packets ··········································································································································60
LSA types·················································································································································60
OSPF areas ·············································································································································61
Router types·············································································································································63
Route types ··············································································································································64
Route calculation······································································································································64
OSPF network types ································································································································65
DR and BDR ············································································································································65
Protocols and standards ··························································································································66
OSPF configuration task list·····························································································································66
Enabling OSPF ················································································································································68
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································68
Configuration guidelines···························································································································68
Enabling OSPF on a network···················································································································68
Enabling OSPF on an interface················································································································69
Configuring OSPF areas··································································································································69
Configuring a stub area····························································································································70
Configuring an NSSA area·······················································································································70
Configuring a virtual link···························································································································71
Configuring OSPF network types·····················································································································71
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································72
Configuring the broadcast network type for an interface··········································································72
Configuring the NBMA network type for an interface ···············································································72
Configuring the P2MP network type for an interface················································································73
Configuring the P2P network type for an interface···················································································73
Configuring OSPF route control·······················································································································74
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································74
Configuring OSPF route summarization ··································································································74
Configuring received OSPF route filtering································································································75
Configuring Type-3 LSA filtering ··············································································································76
Configuring an OSPF cost for an interface ······························································································76
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes·················································································77
iii
Configuring OSPF preference··················································································································77
Configuring OSPF route redistribution ·····································································································78
Advertising a host route ···························································································································79
Tuning and optimizing OSPF networks············································································································79
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································79
Configuring OSPF timers ·························································································································79
Specifying LSA transmission delay ··········································································································80
Specifying SPF calculation interval ··········································································································81
Specifying the LSA arrival interval ···········································································································81
Specifying the LSA generation interval ····································································································81
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPF packets ·····························································82
Configuring stub routers···························································································································82
Configuring OSPF authentication·············································································································83
Adding the interface MTU into DD packets ······························································································84
Configuring a DSCP value for OSPF packets··························································································84
Configuring the maximum number of external LSAs in LSDB ·································································84
Configuring OSPF exit overflow interval ··································································································85
Enabling compatibility with RFC 1583······································································································85
Logging neighbor state changes ··············································································································85
Configuring OSPF network management ································································································86
Configuring the LSU transmit rate············································································································87
Enabling OSPF ISPF ·······························································································································87
Configuring prefix suppression·················································································································87
Configuring prefix prioritization·················································································································88
Configuring OSPF PIC ·····························································································································88
Configuring the number of OSPF logs ·····································································································89
Configuring OSPF GR ·····································································································································89
Configuring OSPF GR restarter ···············································································································90
Configuring OSPF GR helper···················································································································91
Triggering OSPF GR································································································································91
Configuring OSPF NSR ···································································································································92
Configuring BFD for OSPF ······························································································································92
Configuring bidirectional control detection ·······························································································92
Configuring single-hop echo detection·····································································································93
Configuring OSPF FRR ···································································································································93
Configuration prerequisites ······················································································································93
Configuration guidelines···························································································································93
Configuration procedure···························································································································94
Displaying and maintaining OSPF ···················································································································95
OSPF configuration examples ·························································································································96
Basic OSPF configuration example ·········································································································96
OSPF route redistribution configuration example ····················································································99
OSPF route summarization configuration example················································································100
OSPF stub area configuration example ·································································································103
OSPF NSSA area configuration example) ·····························································································106
OSPF DR election configuration example······························································································108
OSPF virtual link configuration example ································································································112
OSPF GR configuration example···········································································································114
OSPF NSR configuration example·········································································································116
BFD for OSPF configuration example····································································································118
OSPF FRR configuration example·········································································································121
Troubleshooting OSPF configuration·············································································································123
No OSPF neighbor relationship established ··························································································123
Incorrect routing information ··················································································································124
Configuring IS-IS························································································· 125
Overview ························································································································································125
Terminology ···········································································································································125
IS-IS address format ······························································································································125
NET ························································································································································126
IS-IS area ···············································································································································127
IS-IS network types ································································································································128
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IS-IS PDUs·············································································································································129
Protocols and standards ························································································································131
IS-IS configuration task list ····························································································································131
Configuring basic IS-IS ··································································································································132
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································132
Enabling IS-IS ········································································································································132
Configuring the IS level and circuit level ································································································133
Configuring P2P network type for an interface·······················································································133
Configuring IS-IS route control·······················································································································134
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································134
Configuring IS-IS link cost······················································································································134
Specifying a preference for IS-IS ···········································································································135
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes···············································································136
Configuring IS-IS route summarization ··································································································136
Advertising a default route ·····················································································································136
Configuring IS-IS route redistribution ·····································································································137
Configuring IS-IS route filtering ··············································································································137
Configuring IS-IS route leaking ··············································································································138
Tuning and optimizing IS-IS networks ···········································································································139
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································139
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS hello packets ··········································································139
Specifying the IS-IS hello multiplier········································································································139
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS CSNP packets········································································140
Configuring a DIS priority for an interface ······························································································140
Enabling source address check for hello packets on a PPP interface ···················································140
Disabling an interface from sending/receiving IS-IS packets ·································································141
Enabling an interface to send small hello packets ·················································································141
Configuring LSP parameters··················································································································141
Controlling SPF calculation interval ·······································································································144
Configuring convergence priorities for specific routes ···········································································144
Setting the LSDB overload bit ················································································································144
Configuring system ID to host name mappings ·····················································································145
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes ····················································································146
Enabling IS-IS ISPF ·······························································································································146
Configuring IS-IS network management ································································································146
Enhancing IS-IS network security ··················································································································147
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································147
Configuring neighbor relationship authentication ···················································································147
Configuring area authentication ·············································································································148
Configuring routing domain authentication·····························································································148
Configuring IS-IS GR ·····································································································································149
Configuring IS-IS NSR ···································································································································150
Configuring BFD for IS-IS ······························································································································150
Configuring IS-IS FRR ···································································································································151
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································151
Configuration guidelines·························································································································151
Configuring IS-IS FRR to automatically calculate a backup next hop····················································151
Configuring IS-IS FRR using a routing policy·························································································152
Configuring BFD for IS-IS FRR ··············································································································152
Displaying and maintaining IS-IS ···················································································································152
IS-IS configuration examples ·························································································································153
Basic IS-IS configuration example ·········································································································153
DIS election configuration example········································································································158
IS-IS route redistribution configuration example ····················································································162
IS-IS authentication configuration example····························································································165
IS-IS GR configuration example·············································································································168
IS-IS NSR configuration example ··········································································································169
BFD for IS-IS configuration example······································································································172
IS-IS FRR configuration example···········································································································175
Configuring BGP ························································································· 178
Overview ························································································································································178
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BGP speaker and BGP peer ··················································································································178
BGP message types ······························································································································178
BGP path attributes································································································································178
BGP route selection ·······························································································································182
BGP route advertisement rules ··············································································································182
BGP load balancing ·······························································································································182
Settlements for problems in large-scale BGP networks·········································································184
MP-BGP ·················································································································································186
BGP configuration views ························································································································187
Protocols and standards ························································································································188
BGP configuration task list ·····························································································································189
Configuring basic BGP···································································································································191
Enabling BGP·········································································································································192
Configuring a BGP peer ·························································································································192
Configuring dynamic BGP peers············································································································194
Configuring a BGP peer group···············································································································195
Specifying the source address of TCP connections···············································································202
Generating BGP routes··································································································································203
Injecting a local network·························································································································203
Redistributing IGP routes ·······················································································································204
Controlling route distribution and reception ···································································································205
Configuring BGP route summarization···································································································205
Advertising optimal routes in the IP routing table···················································································207
Advertising a default route to a peer or peer group················································································207
Limiting routes received from a peer or peer group ···············································································208
Configuring BGP route filtering policies ·································································································209
Configuring BGP update sending delay ·································································································213
Configuring BGP route dampening ········································································································214
Controlling BGP path selection ······················································································································214
Specifying a preferred value for routes received····················································································214
Configuring preferences for BGP routes ································································································215
Configuring the default local preference ································································································216
Configuring the MED attribute················································································································217
Configuring the NEXT_HOP attribute ····································································································221
Configuring the AS_PATH attribute ·······································································································223
Tuning and optimizing BGP networks ············································································································228
Configuring the keepalive interval and hold time ···················································································228
Configuring the interval for sending updates for the same route ···························································229
Enabling BGP to establish an EBGP session over multiple hops ··························································230
Enabling immediate re-establishment of direct EBGP connections upon link failure·····························231
Enabling 4-byte AS number suppression·······························································································231
Enabling MD5 authentication for BGP peers ·························································································232
Configuring BGP load balancing ············································································································233
Configuring IPsec for IPv6 BGP·············································································································234
Disabling BGP to establish a session to a peer or peer group·······························································234
Configuring GTSM for BGP····················································································································235
Configuring BGP soft-reset ····················································································································236
Protecting an EBGP peer when memory usage reaches level 2 threshold ···········································240
Configuring a large-scale BGP network·········································································································241
Configuring BGP community··················································································································241
Configuring BGP route reflection ···········································································································242
Configuring a BGP confederation ··········································································································244
Configuring BGP GR······································································································································245
Configuring BGP NSR ···································································································································246
Enabling SNMP notifications for BGP············································································································246
Enabling logging of session state changes····································································································247
Enabling logging for BGP route flapping········································································································247
Configuring BFD for BGP·······························································································································248
Configuring BGP FRR····································································································································249
Configuring 6PE·············································································································································252
Configuring basic 6PE····························································································································252
Configuring optional 6PE capabilities·····································································································253
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Displaying and maintaining BGP ···················································································································254
IPv4 BGP configuration examples ·················································································································257
Basic BGP configuration example··········································································································257
BGP and IGP route redistribution configuration example ······································································261
BGP route summarization configuration example··················································································264
BGP load balancing configuration example ···························································································267
BGP community configuration example ·································································································270
BGP route reflector configuration example ····························································································273
BGP confederation configuration example·····························································································275
BGP path selection configuration example ····························································································279
BGP GR configuration example ·············································································································282
BFD for BGP configuration example ······································································································283
BGP FRR configuration example ···········································································································287
IPv6 BGP configuration examples ·················································································································290
IPv6 BGP basic configuration example··································································································290
IPv6 BGP route reflector configuration example ····················································································293
6PE configuration example ····················································································································296
BFD for IPv6 BGP configuration example······························································································299
IPv6 BGP FRR configuration example···································································································302
IPsec for IPv6 BGP packets configuration example···············································································306
Troubleshooting BGP·····································································································································310
Symptom ················································································································································310
Analysis··················································································································································310
Solution ··················································································································································310
Configuring PBR ························································································· 312
Overview ························································································································································312
Policy······················································································································································312
PBR and Track·······································································································································313
PBR configuration task list ·····························································································································313
Configuring a policy ·······································································································································313
Creating a node······································································································································313
Configuring match criteria for a node ·····································································································314
Configuring actions for a node ···············································································································314
Configuring PBR ············································································································································314
Configuring local PBR ····························································································································314
Configuring interface PBR······················································································································315
Displaying and maintaining PBR····················································································································315
PBR configuration examples··························································································································315
Packet type-based local PBR configuration example ············································································315
Packet type-based interface PBR configuration example ······································································317
Configuring IPv6 static routing ···································································· 320
Configuring an IPv6 static route·····················································································································320
Configuring BFD for IPv6 static routes···········································································································320
Bidirectional control mode······················································································································321
Single-hop echo mode ···························································································································321
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 static routes ·······························································································322
IPv6 static routing configuration examples ····································································································322
Basic IPv6 static route configuration example ·······················································································322
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (direct next hop) ·······················································324
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (indirect next hop) ····················································327
Configuring an IPv6 default route ······························································· 330
Configuring RIPng······················································································· 331
Overview ························································································································································331
RIPng route entries ································································································································331
RIPng packets········································································································································331
Protocols and standards ························································································································332
RIPng configuration task list ··························································································································332
Configuring basic RIPng ································································································································332
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Configuring RIPng route control·····················································································································333
Configuring an additional routing metric·································································································333
Configuring RIPng route summarization ································································································333
Advertising a default route ·····················································································································334
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering····················································································334
Configuring a preference for RIPng ·······································································································334
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ···································································································335
Tuning and optimizing the RIPng network ·····································································································335
Configuring RIPng timers ·······················································································································335
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse ·························································································335
Configuring zero field check on RIPng packets ·····················································································336
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes···············································································336
Configuring RIPng GR ···································································································································337
Applying an IPsec profile ·······························································································································337
Displaying and maintaining RIPng ·················································································································338
RIPng configuration examples ·······················································································································339
Basic RIPng configuration example ·······································································································339
RIPng route redistribution configuration example ··················································································341
RIPng IPsec profile configuration example ····························································································344
Configuring OSPFv3 ··················································································· 347
Overview ························································································································································347
OSPFv3 packets ····································································································································347
OSPFv3 LSA types ································································································································347
Protocols and standards ························································································································348
OSPFv3 configuration task list ·······················································································································348
Enabling OSPFv3 ··········································································································································349
Configuring OSPFv3 area parameters···········································································································350
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································350
Configuring a stub area··························································································································350
Configuring an NSSA area·····················································································································350
Configuring an OSPFv3 virtual link ········································································································351
Configuring OSPFv3 network types ···············································································································351
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································352
Configuring the OSPFv3 network type for an interface··········································································352
Configuring an NBMA or P2MP neighbor ······························································································352
Configuring OSPFv3 route control ·················································································································353
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································353
Configuring OSPFv3 route summarization·····························································································353
Configuring OSPFv3 received route filtering··························································································354
Configuring Inter-Area-Prefix LSA filtering ·····························································································354
Configuring an OSPFv3 cost for an interface·························································································354
Configuring the maximum number of OSPFv3 ECMP routes ································································355
Configuring a preference for OSPFv3····································································································355
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution ·······························································································356
Tuning and optimizing OSPFv3 networks······································································································357
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································357
Configuring OSPFv3 timers ···················································································································357
Specifying LSA transmission delay ········································································································358
Specifying SPF calculation interval ········································································································358
Specifying the LSA generation interval ··································································································359
Configuring a DR priority for an interface·······························································································359
Ignoring MTU check for DD packets ······································································································359
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPFv3 packets························································360
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes ····················································································360
Configuring OSPFv3 network management···························································································360
Configuring the LSU transmit rate··········································································································361
Configuring stub routers·························································································································362
Configuring prefix suppression···············································································································362
Configuring OSPFv3 GR································································································································363
Configuring GR restarter ························································································································363
Configuring GR helper ···························································································································364
viii
Triggering OSPFv3 GR ··························································································································364
Configuring OSPFv3 NSR ·····························································································································364
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3·························································································································365
Applying an IPsec profile ·······························································································································365
Displaying and maintaining OSPFv3 ·············································································································367
OSPFv3 configuration examples ···················································································································368
OSPFv3 stub area configuration example ·····························································································368
OSPFv3 NSSA area configuration example ··························································································372
OSPFv3 DR election configuration example··························································································374
OSPFv3 route redistribution configuration example···············································································377
OSPFv3 route summarization configuration example············································································380
OSPFv3 GR configuration example ·······································································································384
OSPFv3 NSR configuration example·····································································································385
BFD for OSPFv3 configuration example ································································································386
OSPFv3 IPsec profile configuration example·························································································389
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS ················································································ 394
Overview ························································································································································394
Configuring basic IPv6 IS-IS ··························································································································394
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS route control ··············································································································394
Tuning and optimizing IPv6 IS-IS networks ···································································································396
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································396
Assigning a convergence priority to IPv6 IS-IS routes ···········································································396
Configuring BFD for IPv6 IS-IS ······················································································································396
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 IS-IS ···········································································································397
IPv6 IS-IS configuration examples ·················································································································397
IPv6 IS-IS basic configuration example ·································································································397
BFD for IPv6 IS-IS configuration example ·····························································································401
Configuring IPv6 PBR ················································································· 405
Overview ························································································································································405
Policy······················································································································································405
PBR and Track·······································································································································406
IPv6 PBR configuration task list ·····················································································································406
Configuring an IPv6 policy ·····························································································································406
Creating an IPv6 node ···························································································································406
Configuring match criteria for an IPv6 node···························································································407
Configuring actions for an IPv6 node ·····································································································407
Configuring IPv6 PBR ····································································································································407
Configuring IPv6 local PBR····················································································································407
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR ·············································································································408
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PBR ···········································································································408
IPv6 PBR configuration examples ·················································································································409
Packet type-based IPv6 local PBR configuration example ····································································409
Packet type-based IPv6 interface PBR configuration example······························································410
Configuring routing policies········································································· 413
Overview ························································································································································413
Filters ·····················································································································································413
Routing policy·········································································································································413
Configuring filters ···········································································································································414
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································414
Configuring an IP prefix list ····················································································································414
Configuring an AS path list·····················································································································415
Configuring a community list ··················································································································415
Configuring an extended community list ································································································416
Configuring a routing policy ···························································································································416
Configuration prerequisites ····················································································································416
Creating a routing policy ························································································································416
Configuring if-match clauses··················································································································416
Configuring apply clauses ······················································································································418
Configuring the continue clause·············································································································419
ix
Displaying and maintaining the routing policy ································································································420
Routing policy configuration examples ··········································································································420
Routing policy configuration example for IPv4 route redistribution ························································420
Routing policy configuration example for IPv6 route redistribution ························································423
Document conventions and icons ······························································· 425
Conventions ···················································································································································425
Network topology icons··································································································································426
Support and other resources ······································································ 427
Accessing Hewlett Packard Enterprise Support ····························································································427
Accessing updates·········································································································································427
Websites ················································································································································428
Customer self repair·······························································································································428
Remote support······································································································································428
Documentation feedback ·······················································································································428
1
Configuring basic IP routing
The term "interface" in this chapter collectively refers to Layer 3 interfaces, including VLAN
interfaces and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces. You can set an Ethernet port as a Layer 3 interface by
using the port link-mode route command (see Layer 2—LAN Switching Configuration Guide).
IP routing directs IP packet forwarding on routers based on a routing table. This chapter focuses on
unicast routing protocols. For more information about multicast routing protocols, see IP Multicast
Configuration Guide.
Routing table
A RIB contains the global routing information and related information, including route recursion, route
redistribution, and route extension information. The router selects optimal routes from the routing
table and puts them into the FIB table. It uses the FIB table to forward packets. For more information
about the FIB table, see Layer 3—IP Services Configuration Guide.
Table 1 categorizes routes by different criteria.
Table 1 Route categories
Criterion Categories
Destination
•Network route—The destination is a network. The subnet mask is less than 32
bits.
•Host route—The destination is a host. The subnet mask is 32 bits.
Whether the
destination is directly
connected
•Direct route—The destination is directly connected.
•Indirect route—The destination is indirectly connected.
Origin
•Direct route—A direct route is discovered by the data link protocol on an
interface, and is also called an interface route.
•Static route—A static route is manually configured by an administrator.
•Dynamic route—A dynamic route is dynamically discovered by a routing
protocol.
To view brief information about a routing table, use the display ip routing-table command.
<Sysname> display ip routing-table
Destinations : 19 Routes : 19
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
0.0.0.0/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Vlan1
1.1.1.0/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Vlan1
1.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.255/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Vlan1
2.2.2.0/24 Static 60 0 12.2.2.2 Vlan2
80.1.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 80.1.1.1 Vlan3
...
A route entry includes the following key items:
•Destination—IP address of the destination host or network.
•Mask—Mask length of the IP address.
2
•Pre—Preference of the route. Among routes to the same destination, the route with the highest
preference is optimal.
•Cost—If multiple routes to a destination have the same preference, the one with the smallest
cost is the optimal route.
•NextHop—Next hop.
•Interface—Output interface.
Dynamic routing protocols
Static routes work well in small, stable networks. They are easy to configure and require fewer
system resources. However, in networks where topology changes occur frequently, a typical practice
is to configure a dynamic routing protocol. Compared with static routing, a dynamic routing protocol
is complicated to configure, requires more router resources, and consumes more network resources.
Dynamic routing protocols dynamically collect and report reachability information to adapt to
topology changes. They are suitable for large networks.
Dynamic routing protocols can be classified by different criteria, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Categories of dynamic routing protocols
Criterion Categories
Operation scope •IGPs—Work within an AS. Examples include RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
•EGPs—Work between ASs. The most popular EGP is BGP.
Routing algorithm
•Distance-vector protocols—Examples include RIP and BGP. BGP is also
considered a path-vector protocol.
•Link-state protocols—Examples include OSPF and IS-IS.
Destination address
type
•Unicast routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•Multicast routing protocols—Examples include PIM-SM and PIM-DM.
IP version
•IPv4 routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•IPv6 routing protocols—Examples include RIPng, OSPFv3, IPv6 BGP, and
IPv6 IS-IS.
An AS refers to a group of routers that use the same routing policy and work under the same
administration.
Route preference
Routing protocols, including static and direct routing, each by default have a preference. If they find
multiple routes to the same destination, the router selects the route with the highest preference as
the optimal route.
The preference of a direct route is always 0 and cannot be changed. You can configure a preference
for each static route and each dynamic routing protocol. The following table lists the route types and
default preferences. The smaller the value, the higher the preference.
Table 3 Route types and default route preferences
Route type Preference
Direct route 0
Multicast static route 1
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
3
Route type Preference
Unicast static route 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Unknown (route from an untrusted source) 256
Load sharing
A routing protocol might find multiple optimal equal-cost routes to the same destination. You can use
these routes to implement equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load sharing.
Static routing, IPv6 static routing, RIP, RIPng, OSPF, OSPFv3, BGP, IPv6 BGP, IS-IS, and IPv6 IS-IS
support ECMP load sharing.
Route backup
Route backup can improve network availability. Among multiple routes to the same destination, the
route with the highest priority is the primary route and others are secondary routes.
The router forwards matching packets through the primary route. When the primary route fails, the
route with the highest preference among the secondary routes is selected to forward packets. When
the primary route recovers, the router uses it to forward packets.
Route recursion
To use a route that has an indirectly connected next hop, a router must perform route recursion to
find the output interface to reach the next hop.
The RIB records and saves route recursion information, including brief information about related
routes, recursive paths, and recursion depth.
Route redistribution
Route redistribution enables routing protocols to learn routing information from each other. A
dynamic routing protocol can redistribute routes from other routing protocols, including direct and
static routing. For more information, see the respective chapters on those routing protocols in this
configuration guide.
The RIB records redistribution relationships of routing protocols.
Extension attribute redistribution
Extension attribute redistribution enables routing protocols to learn route extension attributes from
each other, including BGP extended community attributes, OSPF area IDs, route types, and router
IDs.
4
The RIB records extended attributes of each routing protocol and redistribution relationships of
different routing protocol extended attributes.
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and
labels in the RIB
Perform this task to prevent routes of a certain protocol from being aged out due to slow protocol
convergence resulting from a large number of route entries or long GR period.
The configuration takes effect at the next protocol or RIB process switchover.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv4):
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter RIB IPv4
address family view. address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes and
labels in the RIB. protocol protocol lifetime seconds By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
To configure the maximum route lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv6):
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter RIB IPv6
address family view. address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes and
labels in the RIB. protocol protocol lifetime seconds By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the
FIB
When GR or NSR is disabled, FIB entries must be retained for some time after a protocol process
switchover or RIB process switchover. When GR or NSR is enabled, FIB entries must be removed
immediately after a protocol or RIB process switchover to avoid routing issues. Perform this task to
meet such requirements.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv4):
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
5
Step Command Remarks
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes in the
FIB. fib lifetime seconds By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB
is 600 seconds.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv6):
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes in the
FIB. fib lifetime seconds By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB
is 600 seconds.
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP
routes
This configuration takes effect at reboot. Make sure the reboot does not impact your network.
To set the maximum number of ECMP routes:
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Set the maximum number of
ECMP routes. max-ecmp-num number By default, the maximum
number of ECMP routes is 8.
Enabling the enhanced ECMP mode
When one or multiple ECMP routes fail, the default ECMP mode enables the device to reallocate all
traffic to the remaining routes.
The enhanced ECMP mode enables the device to reallocate only the traffic of the failed routes to the
remaining routes, which ensures forwarding continuity.
This configuration takes effect at reboot. Make sure the reboot does not impact your network.
To enable the enhanced ECMP mode:
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enable the enhanced ECMP
mode. ecmp mode enhanced By default, the enhanced
ECMP mode is disabled.
6
Enabling support for IPv6 routes with prefixes
longer than 64 bits
This feature enables a device to support IPv6 routes with prefixes longer than 64 bits.
•Before configuration, the RIB supports a maximum of 32768 IPv4 routes or 16384 IPv6 routes
with prefixes no longer than 64 bits.
•After configuration, the RIB supports a maximum of 16384 IPv4 routes or 8192 IPv6 routes with
prefixes no longer than 64 bits. The remaining RIB space stores a maximum of 4096 IPv6
routes with prefixes longer than 64 bits.
This configuration takes effect at next reboot. Make sure the reboot does not impact your network.
To enable support for IPv6 routes with prefixes longer than 64 bits:
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enable support for IPv6
routes with prefixes longer
than 64 bits. switch-routing-mode ipv6-128 By default, the device does
not support IPv6 routes with
prefixes longer than 64 bits.
Displaying and maintaining a routing table
Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.
Task Command
Display the ECMP mode. display ecmp mode
Display routing table information. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv4 basic ACL.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl-number [ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes to a
specific destination address.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address [ mask |mask-length ] [ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
[ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes to a
range of destination addresses.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address1 to ip-address2 [ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IP prefix list.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
prefix-list prefix-list-name [ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes
installed by a protocol.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
protocol protocol [ inactive | verbose ] [ standby slot
slot-number ]
Display IPv4 route statistics. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
statistics [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display the maximum number of
ECMP routes. display max-ecmp-num
Display route attribute information in
the RIB. display rib attribute [ attribute-id ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display RIB GR state information. display rib graceful-restart
7
Task Command
Display next hop information in the
RIB.
display rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ] [ standby
slot slot-number ]
display rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ] [ standby slot
slot-number ]
Display next hop information for direct
routes. display route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv4 route statistics. reset ip routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all } [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display IPv6 routing table information. display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes to an
IPv6 destination address.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address [ prefix-length ][ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
[ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 basic ACL.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
acl acl6-number [ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes to a
range of IPv6 destination addresses.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address1 to ipv6-address2 [ verbose ] [ standby slot
slot-number ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 prefix list.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
prefix-list prefix-list-name [ verbose ] [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display information about routes
installed by an IPv6 protocol.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
protocol protocol [ inactive | verbose ] [ standby slot
slot-number ]
Display IPv6 route statistics. display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
statistics [ standby slot slot-number ]
Display route attribute information in
the IPv6 RIB.
display ipv6 rib attribute [ attribute-id ] [ standby slot
slot-number ]
Display IPv6 RIB GR state
information. display ipv6 rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
IPv6 RIB.
display ipv6 rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
[ standby slot slot-number ]
display ipv6 rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ] [ standby
slot slot-number ]
Display next hop information for IPv6
direct routes. display ipv6 route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv6 route statistics. reset ipv6 routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all } [ standby slot slot-number ]
8
Configuring static routing
Static routes are manually configured. If a network's topology is simple, you only need to configure
static routes for the network to work correctly.
Static routes cannot adapt to network topology changes. If a fault or a topological change occurs in
the network, the network administrator must modify the static routes manually.
Configuring a static route
Before you configure a static route, complete the following tasks:
•Configure the physical parameters for related interfaces.
•Configure the link-layer attributes for related interfaces.
•Configure the IP addresses for related interfaces.
You can associate Track with a static route to monitor the reachability of the next hops. For more
information about Track, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
To configure a static route:
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure a static
route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask-length |
mask } { interface-type interface-number
[ next-hop-address ] | next-hop-address
[ track track-entry-number ] | vpn-instance
d-vpn-instance-name next-hop-address
[ track track-entry-number ] } [ permanent ]
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name dest-address
{ mask-length | mask } { interface-type
interface-number [ next-hop-address ] |
next-hop-address [ public ] [ track
track-entry-number ] | vpn-instance
d-vpn-instance-name next-hop-address
[ track track-entry-number ] } [ permanent ]
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
By default, no static route is
configured.
3. (Optional.)
Configure the
default preference
for static routes.
ip route-static default-preference
default-preference-value The default setting is 60.
4. (Optional.) Delete all
static routes,
including the default
route.
delete [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
static-routes all
To delete one static route,
use the undo ip
route-static command.
9
Configuring BFD for static routes
IMPORTANT:
Enabling BFD for a flapping route could worsen the situation.
BFD provides a general-purpose, standard, medium-, and protocol-independent fast failure
detection mechanism. It can uniformly and quickly detect the failures of the bidirectional forwarding
paths between two routers for protocols, such as routing protocols and MPLS.
For more information about BFD, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
Bidirectional control mode
To use BFD bidirectional control detection between two devices, enable BFD control mode for each
device's static route destined to the peer.
To configure a static route and enable BFD control mode, use one of the following methods:
•Specify an output interface and a direct next hop.
•Specify an indirect next hop and a specific BFD packet source address for the static route.
To configure BFD control mode for a static route (direct next hop):
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure BFD
control mode for a
static route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask-length |
mask } interface-type interface-number
next-hop-address bfd control-packet
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ]
[ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name dest-address
{mask-length |mask } interface-type
interface-number next-hop-address bfd
control-packet [ preference preference-value ]
[tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
By default, BFD control
mode for a static route
is not configured.
To configure BFD control mode for a static route (indirect next hop):
Step Command Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
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