iET 1316 Troubleshooting guide

♦PRECISION INSTRUMENTS FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT ♦
Copyright © 2005 IET Labs, Inc.
1316 im/August, 2005
1316
Oscillator
User and Service Manual
TEL: [phone] • [phone] • FAX: [phone]
534 Main Street, Westbury, NY 11590
IET LABS, INC.
Formerly manufactured by
GenRad www.ietlabs.com
Standards •Decades •Strobes •Sound Level Meters •Bridges

♦PRECISION INSTRUMENTS FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT ♦
TEL: [phone] • [phone] • FAX: [phone]
www.ietlabs.com
534 Main Street, Westbury, NY 11590
IET LABS, INC.

iii
WARRANTY
We warrant that this product is free from defects in material and workmanship and, when properly used, will
perform in accordance with applicable IET specifications. If within one year after original shipment, it is found
not to meet this standard, it will be repaired or, at the option of IET, replaced at no charge when returned to IET.
Changes in this product not approved by IET or application of voltages or currents greater than those allowed by
the specifications shall void this warranty. IET shall not be liable for any indirect, special, or consequential
damages, even if notice has been given to the possibility of such damages.
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUD-
ING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

vii
WARNING
OBSERVE ALL SAFETY RULES
WHEN WORKING WITH HIGH VOLTAGES OR LINE VOLTAGES.
Dangerous voltages may be present inside this instrument. Do not open the case
Refer servicing to qulified personnel
HIGH VOLTAGES MAY BE PRESENT AT THE TERMINALS OF THIS INSTRUMENT
WHENEVER HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES (> 45 V) ARE USED, TAKE ALL MEASURES TO
AVOID ACCIDENTAL CONTACT WITH ANY LIVE COMPONENTS.
USE MAXIMUM INSULATION AND MINIMIZE THE USE OF BARE
CONDUCTORS WHEN USING THIS INSTRUMENT.
Use extreme caution when working with bare conductors or bus bars.
WHEN WORKING WITH HIGH VOLTAGES, POST WARNING SIGNS AND
KEEP UNREQUIRED PERSONNEL SAFELY AWAY.
CAUTION
DO NOT APPLY ANY VOLTAGES OR CURRENTS TO THE TERMINALS OF THIS
INSTRUMENT IN EXCESS OF THE MAXIMUM LIMITS INDICATED ON
THE FRONT PANEL OR THE OPERATING GUIDE LABEL.

Specifications
Frequency: 10 Hz to 100 kHz in 4 decade ranges. Controlled by
one 11-position and one 10 -position switch for the most-significant
digits and a continuously adjustable dial with detented zero-
position for the third digit; in-line readout with decimal point and
frequency units .
Accuracy: ::!:: 1% of setting~ Drift (t ypical at 1 kHz), warmup 0 .1 %,
shor t-term (10 min) 0.001%, lon g-term (12 h) 0.0 05%. Resettability,
within 0.005%.
Power Output: Controlled by 5-posi tion switch a nd uncalibrated
ve rni er. Monitored by meter with ::!::3% .accuracy. Available at rear
BNC connector.
+with continuously adjustable dial set at zero detent position.
Output Range
Open circuit, rms
1.s v i s v .I 1s v 1 so v 1 1so v
=== 1.25 v- === 4 v 1 === 12.s v 1 === 4o v 1 === 125 v
Distortion
< 0.2% from 100Hz to 10kHz
Hum
0.003% of max out put
Resoonse
IO Hr IOO Hr lt~;Ht
IOOIII:Hz
f'fiEOUfNCY- Hr
IJ16-1
Short Circuit
Distortion
output constant within ±2% from 10 Hz to 50 kHz,
±5% for frequencies >50 kHz
5A
I 1.6 A J 0.5 A j
0.16 A I 0.05 A
< 0.2% from 100Hz to 10kHz
Synchronization: Input, frequency can be locked to external signal;
lock range, ::!: 1% /V rms i nput up to 10 V: frequency controls func-
tion as phase adjustment. Output, ==:o.3 V rms beh ind 27 kO; use-
ful to sync oscilloscope or to drive a counter or another osci ll ator .
Single rear BNC con ne ctor serves as both input and output
Impedance
0.25 {l
l 2.5 0 l 25 0 j
250 0 l 2.5 kO
terminal. ·
Power
1.6 W nominal in to ma tche d load
Reference Outputs: Quadrature output lags
go•. Each availab le at rear BNC connec tors . 1n-phase
output by
Power: 100 to 125 and 200 to 250 v, 50 to 60 Hz, 36 W.
Mechanical: Bench or rack mount. Dime.1sions (w X h x d): Bench,
19.75 X 5 X
13.06 in. (502 X 127 X 332 mm); rack, 19 X 3.47 X
11.44
in. (483 X 88 X 291 mm) . Weight: Bench, 26 lb (12 kg) net,
32 lb (14 kg) shipping; rack, 21 lb (10 kg) net, 27 lb (12 kg)
shipping.
-::--:---;--- -----:- - -:-:- -- -- - ~ -l_n· _ Ph _ a~s-::e:::- _ 1 Quadrature
Output, open-circuit 1.25 ::!:0.25 V rms
Distortion, 100 Hz to 10 kHz - <- 0- . -:- 2 -:-%.,-- -'1 < 0.4%
Response, 10 Hz to 10 kHz _ __ __ :t_2:-
0
:".Vo:_ _ _ __ _
10 kHz to 100 kHz :t4%
-----
Minimum Load 47 kO
---GenRad
WARRANTY
Catalog
Number
1316-9700
1316-9701
Description
1316 Oscillator
Bench Model
Rack Model
We warrant that this product is free from defects in material and workmanship and,
when properly used, will perform in accordance with GenRad's applicable published
specifications . If within one (1) year after original shipment it is found not to meet this
standard, it will be repaired or at the option of GenRad, replaced at no charge when
re turned to a GenRad service facility.
CHANGES IN THE PRODUCT NOT APPROVED BY GENRAO SHALL VOID
THIS WARRANTY.
GENRAD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT,SPECIAL, OR CONSE-
QUENTIAL DAMAGES, E VEN IF NOTICE HAS BEEN GIVEN OF THE POSSI-
BILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LI.EU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
SERVICE POLICY
Your local GenRad office or representative will assist you in all matters relating to
product maintenance , such as ca librat ion, repair, replacement parts and service
contracts.
GenRad policy is to maintain product repair capability for a period of five (5) years
after origin . al shipment and to make this capabi li ty available at the then prevailing
schedule of charges.
NOTE
The material in this manual is for informational purposes only and is subject to change
without notice. GenRad assumes no responsibility for any errors or for consequential
damages that may result from the use or misinterpretation of any of the procedures in
this publication.

Introduction-Section 1
1.1 PURPOSE
1.2 DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 CONTROLS, CONNECTORS, AND INDICATORS .
1.4 SYSTEMS . . . . . .
1·1
1-1
1-1
1-1
1 -1
1.5 ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED . .
1.1 PURPOSE.
The Type 1316 Osci llator is a high-performance instru-
ment with an output of 10 Hz to 100 kHz. It was
specifically designed for use wi th the Ty pe 1238 Detector
and the Type 1616 Precision Capacitance Bridge, and is also
an excellent general purpose instrument.
1.2 DESCRIPTION.
The 1316 Oscillator is a decade-conductance-tuned,
Wien-bridge oscillator containing a low-distortion power
amplifier that is transformer coupled to provide isolation
from th e load. Output power and frequency are se lected by
front -pa nel controls; al l external connections are made to
the rear pane l for clutter-free operation.
A provision to introd uce or extract a synchronizing
signal is included in the oscillator circuit. The extracted
signal is independent of the output setting and can be used
to operate a counter or to synchronize an oscilloscope.
Other features are: unambiguous in-line re adout, dec-
ade-frequency selection with positioned decimal po int and
units, and two reference outputs (IN-PHASE and OUAD-
RATUR E). The re ference outputs are for use with the Type
1238 phase-sensitive Detector.
1.3 CONTROLS, CONNECTORS, AND INDICATORS.
The front- and rear -p anel c ont rols, connect ors and
indicator are shown in Figures 1 -1 and 1-2 respectively.
Refer to Tables 1 -1 and 1 -2 for a functional and physical
description.
1.4 SYSTEMS.
The 1316 osci llator is used as a component in the 1621
Pre cision Capacitance Measure me nt System (Figure 1-3).
1.5 ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED.
A 3-wire, 7-ft power cord (P/N 4200-9625) is supplied
with the instrument.
INTRODUCTION 1-1

4 5 6 7 8
Figure 1·1. Front-panel controls, connectors·and indicators.
-------------------------------------Table1-1-------------------------------------
Figure 1·1
Ref. No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name
POWER swit ch
FREQUENCY se lec tor
FREQUENCY se l ector
FREQUENCY se lec tor
FREQUENCY r ange
swit ch
OUTPUT VOL TAGE
RANGE switch
Voltmet er
OUTPUT ADJUS T
contro l
1-2 INTRODUCTION
FRONT PANEL CONTROLS AND INDICATOR
Description
2- position toggle switch, down
position: OFF.
10- position rotary switch, dial-marked
1 to 10 .
11-position rotary switch, dial mark ed
0 to 9 and X (X i nd icate$ 10 or 0).
Stepless potentiometer, dial marked
0 to 9 with detent at 0.
4-position switch, dial marked Hz, H z,
kH z, and kHz.
5-position
rotary switch, panel-marked
1.5, 5.0, 15 .0, 50.0, a nd 150 .
Ac meter wit h 0-15 and 0-50-V scales.
Steple ss, rotary potentiom eter with
limits labeled 0 and MAX .
Zero-adjust screw.
Front -panel, white indi cator lights.
Function
Turns instrument on or off .
Se lects and indi ca tes 1st di git of
frequency.
Se lects and indicates 2nd digit of
fr e qu ency.
Se lects and indicates 3rd digit of
frequency.
Se lects frequency range, indicates
unit
s, and c ontrols illuminated
decimal point .
Se lects output-voltage range and
indicates
full-s cale meter range
(item 7). Simultaneously switches
the outp ut impedance from 0. 25 n
to 2.5 kU in decade steps.
In dicates output terminal voltage,
in ranges sel ected by it em 6.
Co ntrol s output le ve l in the range
selected by it em 6.
Mechanically adjusts output-
voltage meter for mechanical zero.
Indi cates posi tion of decimal
point, co ntrolled by the FRE -
QUENCY range switch (item 5).

figure 1-2. Rear - panel control and connectors .
------- -- ----------Table 1-2----- - - -- ---- - -----
Figure 1·2
R ef. No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
REAR- PANEL CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS
Na me
D esc ription
QUADRATURE REFEREN CE BNC jack
OUTPUT
IN-PHASE REFEREN
CE OUTPUT BNC jack
EXT SYNC connector BNC jack
P OW ER OUTPUT connect or
BNC j ack
Fuse Bussma n MDL 8/ 10 A,
slo- blo
5Q-60 Hz Two-pos
iti on s li dt.
10 0 V- 1 25 V sw it ch
2 00 V- 25 0 V
Th ree -pin power plug
Fun ction
Provi
des a reference output that l ags the
"i n -p hase" reference by 90° at 1.25 V o.c.
Provides a reference
output, in -p has e wi th
power
output, at 1.25 V o.c.
For synchronizing
outp ut f req uency to an
external source (lock r ange is ±1%/Vr ms , up
to
10 V) or constant-amplitude sig na l source
(0.3 V behind 27 knl.
Main output, 1.6 W nominal m ay be 125 V o.c.
or 5 A s.c.
Pr ote cti on. aga inst damage from a sh ort c ir -
cu it for 110- or 220-V operation.
Switches line power
co nn ec ti on f or either
11 0-V or 220-V operati on .
Accepts 3-wi
re li ne cord to power
instrument.
INTRODUCTION 1-3

1-4 INTRODUCTION
~
...
_,.,.. ,IN
- ·· -·I
.. '
-.. ... lVIII
Figure 1- 3. Type 1621 Precision Capacitance-MeasurementSystem.

Installation-Section 2
2.1 GENERAL
2.1 GENERAL . . . . . .
2.2 DIMENSIONS . . . . .
2.3 POWER-LINE CONNECTION
2.4 BENCH MODELS . . . .
2.5 RACK MODELS . . . .
2.6 LINE-VOLTAGE REGULATION .
2.7 EXTERNAL CONNECTIONS . .
The Type 1316 Osci lla tor is available for either bench
use or installation in an E IA Standard RS -310,19-in. relay
r ack with universal hole spacing . Appropriate cabin et and
hardware se ts are ava il ab le for conversion of a bench model
for rack installation or vice ve rsa .
2.2 DIMENSIONS.
O utl ine drawings showi ng overall dimensions of the
os cillator in bench and rack models are shown in Figure
2-1.
2.3 POWER-LINE CONNECTION.
Power requirement is 36 W at 100 to 125 or 200 to 250
V, 50 to 60Hz. Make co nnections as fo llows:
a. Se t the line-voltage swi tch on th e r ear panel to
correspond with th e avai l ab le power-line voltage. Use a
sma ll screwdriver to slide the switch.
b. Connect
th e external power line to the power plug,
using the power co rd suppl ied or an equivalent, 3-conduc·
tor co rd.
A single 8/ 1 0- A fuse protects both the low· and
high-voltage circuits.
2.4 BENCH MODELS.
2.4.1 General.
2·1
2·1
2-1
2·1
2·2
2·4
2-4
E ac h bench model comes completely as semb led in a
metal cabinet intended f or use on a table or laboratory
ben ch. Th e instrument is mounted on tracks that permit
easy removal for inspection or repair.
2.4.2 Cabinet Removal .
a. Set th e instrument in the horizontal posi tion , free of
unnecessary c
ables.
b. Remove the four dress-pane l screws (A), accessib le
th rough holes in the handles.
c. Carefully pull the ins trument out of the cabinet.
2.4.3 Conversion for Rack Mounting.
To convert a be nch ins tr ume nt for rack mounting,
exchange th e cabinet and i nstal l appropriate ha rdware, as
follows:
a. Ob t ain a Rackable Cabinet Assembly PIN 4174-3240
(Table 2-1)
fr-om General Rad io Company.
b. Obtain, optionally, Bracket Set P/N 4174-2007 (Table
2·2). Th is is espec ially recommended for a heavy instrument,
which
needs support from the rear rail of the rack.
INSTALLATION 2·1

I.
19 .8 BE
NC H MODEL
1 t
FRONT PANEL c
DIM.
A
B
c
D
END VIEW
INCHES
11 .562
12 .837
4. 031
4.906
J D
1
J~' ro'"~ 1I
DI M.
INCHES
p
13.640
Q
11.749
R
13.062
1r -TOPVIEW , __1 , s 1.
625
W L=f-J
T
3.469
19
RACK MODEL
~
FRONT PANEL
~
l
~
END VIEW
T
l
Figure 2-1. Dimensions of the 1316 bench and rack·model instruments .
c. Remove the cabinet, as in paragraph 2.4.2.
d. Remove the rear cover
from the bench cabinet, wit h
sc r ews (B Figure 2-2} , for later installation on the rack
cab inet.
e. Proceed
with the ra ck installation; skip to paragraph
2.5.2, step b.
2.5 RACK MODELS.
2.5.1 General.
E ac h rack model comes completely assembled in a
suitable metal cabinet, which isdesigned
to stay sem iperma-
nently in a rack. The instrument can be drawn forward on
extending tracks
for access with support, or (wi th a lift}
withd rawn completely. The cabinet and hardware li sted in
Tables
2-1 and 2-2 are all included with a ra ck-model
instrument.
2.5.2 Installation. Figure 2·3
Directions fo - llow fo r mounting the cabinet in a rack and
installing th e instrument on it stracks:
a. Remove 4 dress-panel screws (A) and slide the
in strument out of the cab in et until the tracks are fully
extended. Co ntin ue pulling the instrument forward unti l
motion along the tracks is stopped. At this juncture, tilt the
f ront of the instrument up slig htl y and continue with -
drawal, past the stops, unt il it is free.
2-2 INSTALLATION
b. Insert the rack cab inet wherever desi red in the rack -
be su re it's level - and fasten it with 4 screws (C) to the
front rai ls .
c. If the rack contains a rear support
rai l, use brackets
(0) to support the cab inet with th e rear rail s; open-slotted
screw holes allow positioning.
d. Use the se t of slots in the si des of the cab inet that
allow alignment of the open-slotted holes in the brackets
with threaded h oles in the rai l. The long fl ange should ex-
tend to the rear.
e. Insert screws (E) from inside the cabinet, through the
slotted holes and
dr i ve them i nto the hol es in the long
flange of the bracket. Each si de takes 2.
--------Table 2·1--------
RACKABLE CABINET ASSEMBLY (P /N 4174-3240)
Quan-
tity Description
Hardware set, including:
2 Screws, 0464-32, 1/4-in, thread
for ming ("B" for rear cover).
4 Screws, 0.1
90 -32, 9/16 in, dress
("A" for front panel).
4
Sets of 10-32 nutsand was hers
(for screws "A", if needed).
4174-2004

REAR COVER
BENCH· CA BINET
ASSEMBLY
SLIDE
BLOCKS 417.0
Figure 2·2. Bench-cabinet installation.
NOTE
S
ta rt the screws in the ap pr o pr iate hol es off the
rack, to make
th e threading easier .
f.
Pass sc rews (B) thr ough brackets and screw 2 in to
each rear rail. (Details may be varied to suit particular
situa tion s.)
g. To install the ins trument, first set its rear edge in the
cabinet
front opening. Slide the ins tr ument back, making
sure that
the r ea r and the upper front slide blocks enga ge
the tracks. (Stops prevent further insertion.)
h. Pul l the instrument forward with the tracks, keeping a
hand
on each side (fingers underneath). Slide the instru-
ment back about %in . along both tracks, past the stops, by
pressing down on the tr acks (w ith thumbs) while tilt ing th e
f
ront of the i nstr um e nt up sl igh tl y.
i. Pus h the instrume nt back i nt o the rack, checking for
smooth o pe ra t ion of the trac ks and sl ide blocks.
NOTE
T he instrument is now read ily accessible for
behind-the-panel ad justments. It slides in and
out fr ee ly on extendi ng tracks.
B
FR ONT
RAIL
RACK ·C ABINET
ASSEMBLY
-------Table 2·2 --------
BRACKET SET FOR RACK MODEL (P /N 4174 -2 007)
R ef Quan tity' Descrip lion
D 2 L brackets with open-slotted holes.
E 4 Screws, 8-32. 3 /1 6 in., thread forming.
C, B 8 Screws, 10-32, 1 /2 -in., t hr ead forming.
2.5.3 Conversion for Bench Use.
To convert a ra ck-mounting instrument for bench use,
exchange the cabinet, as follows:
a. Obtain a Bench Cabin et assembly P/N 4172-4015
(Table 2
·3 ) fr om General Radio Company.
b. Remove th e instru me nt from the rack ca bin et, using
the procedure in step
a, para. 2.5.2.
c. Sta nd the instrument fa ce down, to rest on its
handles, and slip the bench ca binet over it. Carefully return
it to a hor izo nt al positio n.
A
Figure 2·3. Rack -ca binet installation.
INSTALLATION 2-3

d. Fas ten the instrument to the cabinet usi ng dress-pa nel
screws (A, Figure 2-2).
e. Transfer th e rear cove r, with screws (B), from rack
cab in et to bench cab in et.
2.6 LINE-VOLTAGE REGULATION.
The accuracy of measureme nt s accomplished wi th pre-
cision electronic test equ ipment operated from ac line
sources ca n ofte n be seriously degraded by flu ctuat io ns in
prim ary input power. Line-voltage variations of ±15% are
commonly encountere d, eve n in laboratory environments.
Altho ugh most mod ern ele c tronic i ns trum e nt s in co rporate
some de gr ee of regulation, possible power-sour ce problems
should
be considered f or eve ry ins tru mentation setup. The
use of lin e- voltage r egu la tor s between power l ines and the
test
eq uipment is recommended as the only s ur e way to
rule out the effects on measur ement data of va riations in
I in evol tage.
2.7 EXTERNAL CONNECTIONS.
2. 7.1 General.
All ex ternal co nne ctions to the Type 1316 Osci llator are
made to rear-panel BNC connec to rs. Th is feature facilitat es
th e use of the 1316 in th e Type 1 621 Prec is ion-Capaci-
tance-Measurement Sys tem (Figure 1-3).
2.7.2 POWER OUTPUT Connector.
The
ma in out put of th e osci llator is ava ilable at th e
r ear -p anel P OW ER OU TPUT jack. Output-voltage range and
amplitude are con tr olled by th e front-panel OUTP UT
VOLTAGE RAN GE and OU TP UT ADJ UST c ontro ls r e-
spectively.
2.7.3 EXT SYNC Connector.
A
si ng le r ea r- pane l BNC connector serves the dual
purpose of an in put or output jack. As an input, th e
osci ll ator fr eq ue ncy c an be locked to an ex ternal signa l.
2·4 INSTALLA TION
T he lock range is ±1%/V rms in pu t. up to 10 V, and the
front - pane l frequency controls func ti on as th e phase
adjustment. As an output , 0. 3 V rms behind 27 kQ is
avai lable to lock th e frequency of another instrume nt to
th
at of the asci llator.
2.7.4 REFERENCE OUTPUT Connectors.
General. T
he REFERENCE OU TPUT co nnectors were
designed into the Osci llator pri ma rily to provide low-l eve l
fixed-amplitude refer
ence sig nals for the Type 1238 Det ec-
tor. However, th ey ca n be used for any appli ca tion
requiring a pair of 1-V reference signa ls w ith a ph ase
dif ference of 90°.
IN ·PHASE. T he IN-PHASE o utput jack provides a
refer
ence vol tage that is in ph ase w ith th e main POWER
OUTPUT of the 1316 Osci llator. Thisvoltage (open c ir cu it)
is 1.25 ±0 .2 V rms . Distortion is less than 0. 2% from 1 00
Hz to 10 kHz and the vo lt age re sponse is typi ca lly ±2%
from 10H z to 10 kHz,and ±4% fr om 10kH z to 100kHz.
The minimum load impedance should.be 47 k 0.. A smaller
impedan ce will redu ce the output voltage and poss ibly
cause distortion.
--------Table 2·3 --------
BENCH CABINET ASSEMBLY COMPLETE (4172-4015)
Quan·
tity
Description Pa rt No.
1 Bench Cabi net Assemb ly, including:
4172 -2 042
1 Ca binet
1 Gas ket
1
Ba se with hardware (includes
hinge and t ogg l es )
Fa c tory assemb l ed w ith :
2 Tracks
2 Bra
ck ets, rear , (and sc rew s)
Supplied w it h:
2 Scr
ews, 0.164 -3 2, 1/4 in., thread
forming
("B" f or rea r c ove r)
4
Sc r ews. 10- 32, 9/ 16 in. , dress
("A" f or fro nt panel)
OUADRATURE. Th e OUADRA TURE out put jack pro-
vides a referen ce vo lt age that leads the IN- PH ASE and
POW ER OUTPUT vol tages by 90°. This voltage (open
circuit)
is 1.25 ±0.2 V rms. Distortion is l ess than 0 .4%
fr om 100 Hz to 10 kHz and the voltage response is
ty pically ±4% from 10kHz to 100kHz. The minimum lo ad
impedance shouldbe 47 kQ .

INSTALLATION 2-5

2·6 INSTALLATION
NOTE
The instrument is fitted with a new-design power·
connector that is in conformance with the Inter·
national Electrotechnical Commission publication
320. The 3 flat contacts are surrounded by a
cylindrical plastic shroud that eliminates the pos·
sibility of electrical shock whenever the power
cord
is being unplugged from the instrument. In
addition, the center ground pin is longer, which
means
that it mates first and disconnects last,
ensuring greater user protection from electric
shock.
The panel connector
is a standard 3-pin ground·
ing·type,
the design of which has been accepted
world wide
for electronic instrumentation, and
is rated for 250 V at SA. It also meets require·
ments
of Underwriter's laboratories in the U.S.
and the Canadian StandardsAssociation. The
receptacle accepts power cords fitted with the
Belden type SPH-
386 connector.

Operation-Section J
3.1 GENERAL
3.1 GENERAL . .
3.2 OPERATIONAL CHECKS
3.3 NORMAL OPERATION
3.4 APPLICATIONS
This section contains operational chec ks, operating
i
ns tructions, and a basic description of some applications
fo r which the 1316 Osci llator can be used.
3.1.1 Equipment Turn-on.
To prepare the instrument fo r use , perform th e fo ll ow -
ing steps:
a. Set th e rear- pane l line-voltage se lec tor sw it ch to th e
lin e-vo lt age used (100-1 25 V or 200- 250 V. 50-60Hz), and
co nnect the in strument to th e power line, us in g the power
cab le suppli ed.
b. Set the power sw itch to POWER. One of the
deci ma l- point lamps should glow. Its pos it ion wi ll depend
on the FREQUENCY range-switch setting (Refer to Table
3- 1 ).
3 .1 .2 Meter Zeroing.
The output voltage meter has been zeroed at th e factory.
If it becomes ne cessary to re-zero th e me ter, proceed as
follows:
a. Che ck to see that th e POWER swi tch is se t to OFF. If
the instrument h as been operating, al l ow suffi cie nt time for
the meter indicator to stabili ze near zero.
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
b. Adjust the meter zero-adjust screw for a zero
indication. Gently tap the meter fa ce occasional ly during
adjustment.
c. Se t t he osci ll ator controls for any output with in the
r
ange of the instrume nt .
d. Turn on
th e osc ill ator. Note that an outp ut is
indicated
and then turn of f th e oscillator.
e. Check to see that th e meter indicator stabili zes on
ze ro.
3.1.3Stray Capacitance.
S tr ay capacitance of most shielded l eads or coaxial
cab l es is about 30 pF per foot. which. at 100kHz, amounts
to a shunt impedance of about 55 k !l Therefore, t he cable
l eng th should be kept to a minimum when a high-im ped-
ance load is to be driven at high frequencies.
3.2
OPERATIONAL CHECKS.
3.2.1 General.
Th ese procedures can be used for incoming inspection,
operator familiari
za ti on, or as a periodic quick-check on
instrument operation. T
ab le 5-1 includes recommended t est
equipme nt for th ese c he cks. Refer to para. 5.8 if unable to
obtain the performance ca ll ed fo r.
OPERATION 3-1

--------Table3-1 --------
DECIMAL POINT POSITION
Position of A-55 (from
fully counterclockwise)
1 (Hz)
2 (Hz)
3 (kHz)
4 (kHz)
• X = a frequency dial
3.2.2 Output Frequency.
POSITION OF
DECIMAL POINT*
XX.X
XXX.
X.XX
XX.X
The frequency of the oscillator output signal should
correspond with the setting of the FREQUENCY selectors.
For a quick-check of output frequency proceed as follows:
a. Set the 1192 counter controls to measure frequency
and connect it to the oscillator POWER OUTPUT jack.
b. Turn the oscillator on and set the frequency selectors
for any frequency between 10Hz and 100kHz.
c. Observe the counter visual register. It should display
the same frequency set by the frequency selectors ±1
count.
3.2.3 Output Voltage.
The Oscillator is equipped with an ac voltmeter for
monitoring the output voltage. For an operational check of
the output voltage, simply turn the instrument on, set the
frequency and voltage controls for
some value within the
range of the instrument, and observe the front-panel meter.
This meter will indicate the voltage at the output jack
within ±3%.
3.3 NORMAL OPERATION.
To use theinstrument as a source:
a. Turn on the oscillator and allow approximately 1
minute
for it to rea ch normal operating temperature. For
optimum frequency and amplitude stability allow 30-
minutes warmup.
b. Set
the FREQUENCY range switch to the desired
frequency range. Notice that this control positions the
decimal point.
c. Set the FREQUENCY selectors to the desired
frequency.
d. Set the OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE switch to the
range
that will provide the desired output voltage.
e. Adjust the OUTPUT ADJUST control to obtain the
desired
output voltage reading on the output voltage meter.
To use the instrument synchronized to an external
source.
a. Perform steps a·e above.
b. Connect the external signal
to the EXT SYNC jack
(Figure 1-2). The lock
range of the oscillator is ±1 %/V rms
sync
input up to 10 V. For example, if a 1-kHz, 1-V sync
signal
is used, the oscillator output frequency will lock to
3·2 OPERATION
the external signal within the range 990-1010 Hz. If the
sync-signal voltage is doubled the lock range also doubles
(980·1 020 Hz).
The oscillator
will remain synchronized so long as it is
operated w ith in the lock range.
3.4 APPLICATIONS.
3.4 .1 General.
One of the most important fedtures of the Type 1316
Oscillator is that it provide-s an easy-to-read, unambiguous,
repeatable, in-line readout
of its frequency. This will be of
value in production testing and calibrating where many
accurate and repeatable frequencies must
be selected
quickly.
Some typical applications are presented in the following
paragraphs.
3.4.2 Slaved Oscillators.
Because the EXT SYNC jack is simultaneously an input
and an output connector, two or more oscillators can be
synchronized or slaved by connecting their EXT SYNC
jacks together (Figure 3·1). Oscillators connected in this
manner
will operate at the same frequency, or multiple
th ereof, and can be made to differ in phase (180° ±75°) by
adjustment of the frequency selectors within the lock
range. The lock range is ±1%/V rms input up to 10 V.
Another obvious application is to lock one or more
oscillators to a reference source that has greater accuracy
and long-term stability. This is done by connecting the
source
to the EXT SYNC jack. If more than one oscillator
is to be used, connection between instruments is shown in
Figure 3·1. With the instrument(s) synchronized in this
fashion accuracy
and long-term stability will be identical
with the reference; short-term stability will be the same as
if the oscillator was free-running.
3.4.3 Amplitude-Modu Ia ted Oscillator.
Amplitude modulation. if the oscillator is operated out·
side of the lock range, the sync signal will beat with the
oscillatorfrequency and produce
an audio-frequency, ampli·
plitude-modulated
output. The modulation will be approxi·
mately sinusoidal for modulatian levels up to about 10%.
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EX.T SYNC
EXT SYNC EXT S Y ~C
GR 1316
OSCILLATOR
GR 1316
OSCILLATOR
GR 1316
OSCILLATOR
1316-3
Figure 3·1. Method of connecting slaved oscillators.

This arrangement is not ideal, but it does provide
amplitude-modulated signals in th e audio range where
normally they are not conveniently obtainable. Modulated
outputs of this type can be used to measure the effects of
incidental am on other meas urements and to provide a
modulated source to reduce meter- friction errors in ac
measurements.
The figure shows
one example of amplitude modulation:
Figure 3-2. 10.kHz output of an oscillator modulated at 500 Hz
by a 9.5-kHz signal applied to the EXT SYNC jack.
3.4 .4 Output Sync.
Oscilloscope trigger. Since the sync output is indepen-
dent of the output level, it ca n be used to trigger an osci l-
loscope in applications where the oscillator output is often
varied, thereby eliminating frequent readjustment
of the
oscilloscope trigger circuits.
Counter trigger. A counter can be driven from the EXT
SYNC jack when more pr ecise adjustment of frequency is
desired
or when the front-panel out put is not sufficient to
trigger the counter.
3.4.5 Systems Use .
All external connections to the osc illator are made at the
rear
panel- a convenient feature for systems use. The 1316
is one of 3 integrated units in our Type 1621 Precision
Capacitance Measurement System (Figure 1-3).
It functions
as the drive oscillator for the system and supplies the
detector
with 2 referen ce inputs. The high level, stability,
and low-noise characteristics of this oscillator play a large
role in producing the ultra-precise measurements and
comparisons that the system iscapable of providing.
E XT
SYNC
'--
OUTPUT•
GR 1316
0 EX~
TRIG
VERTICAL
--
f-. IN our•
r-
~ IN PUT
DEVICE UNDER OSC I LL OSCOPE
TEST
= W,,j~
SYNC
GRI316
Figure 3-3. The oscillator used to trigger: a. an oscilloscope; b. a
counter.
OPERATION 3-3