Intel 8XC196NT User manual

8XC196NT
Microcontroller
User’s Manual

8XC196NT
Microcontroller
User’s Manual
June 1995 Order Number 272317-003

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Information in this document is provided solely to enable use of Intel products. Intel assumes no liability whatsoever, including
infringement of any patent or copyright, for sale and use of Intel products except as provided in Intel’s Terms and Conditions
of Sale for such products.
Intel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products and assumes no responsibility for any errorswhich may appear
in this document nor does it make a commitment to update the information contained herein.
Intel retains the right to make changes to these specifications at any time, without notice.
Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications before placing your product order.
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or products.
*Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.
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or call 1-800-879-4683
© INTEL CORPORATION, 1996

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
GUIDE TO THIS MANUAL
1.1 MANUAL CONTENTS................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ................................................ 1-3
1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTS.............................................................................................. 1-5
1.4 ELECTRONIC SUPPORT SYSTEMS........................................................................... 1-8
1.4.1 FaxBack Service .......................................................................................................1-8
1.4.2 Bulletin Board System (BBS) ....................................................................................1-9
1.4.2.1 How to Find MCS®96 Microcontroller Files on the BBS ......................................1-9
1.4.2.2 How to Find
Ap BUILDER Software and Hypertext Documents on the BBS ......1-10
1.4.3 CompuServe Forums ..............................................................................................1-10
1.4.4 World Wide Web .....................................................................................................1-10
1.5 TECHNICAL SUPPORT.............................................................................................. 1-11
1.6 PRODUCT LITERATURE............................................................................................ 1-11
1.7 TRAINING CLASSES.................................................................................................. 1-11
CHAPTER 2
ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW
2.1 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS............................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 DEVICE FEATURES ..................................................................................................... 2-1
2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.3.1 CPU Control ..............................................................................................................2-3
2.3.2 Register File ..............................................................................................................2-3
2.3.3 Register Arithmetic-logic Unit (RALU) .......................................................................2-3
2.3.3.1 Code Execution ....................................................................................................2-4
2.3.3.2 Instruction Format ................................................................................................2-4
2.3.4 Memory Controller ....................................................................................................2-5
2.3.5 Interrupt Service ........................................................................................................2-5
2.4 INTERNAL TIMING........................................................................................................ 2-6
2.5 INTERNAL PERIPHERALS........................................................................................... 2-7
2.5.1 I/O Ports ....................................................................................................................2-8
2.5.2 Serial I/O (SIO) Port ..................................................................................................2-8
2.5.3 Synchronous Serial I/O (SSIO) Port ..........................................................................2-8
2.5.4 Slave Port .................................................................................................................2-9
2.5.5 Event Processor Array (EPA) and Timer/Counters ...................................................2-9
2.5.6 Analog-to-digital Converter .....................................................................................2-10
2.5.7 Watchdog Timer ......................................................................................................2-10
2.6 SPECIAL OPERATING MODES ................................................................................. 2-10
2.6.1 Reducing Power Consumption ...............................................................................2-10
2.6.2 Testing the Printed Circuit Board ............................................................................2-11

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2.6.3 Programming the Nonvolatile Memory ....................................................................2-11
CHAPTER 3
PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 OVERVIEW OF THE INSTRUCTION SET.................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 BIT Operands ............................................................................................................3-2
3.1.2 BYTE Operands ........................................................................................................3-2
3.1.3 SHORT-INTEGER Operands ....................................................................................3-2
3.1.4 WORD Operands ......................................................................................................3-3
3.1.5 INTEGER Operands .................................................................................................3-3
3.1.6 DOUBLE-WORD Operands ......................................................................................3-3
3.1.7 LONG-INTEGER Operands ......................................................................................3-4
3.1.8 QUAD-WORD Operands ..........................................................................................3-4
3.1.9 Converting Operands ................................................................................................3-4
3.1.10 Conditional Jumps ....................................................................................................3-4
3.1.11 Floating Point Operations .........................................................................................3-5
3.1.12 Extended Instructions ...............................................................................................3-5
3.2 ADDRESSING MODES................................................................................................. 3-6
3.2.1 Direct Addressing ......................................................................................................3-7
3.2.2 Immediate Addressing ..............................................................................................3-7
3.2.3 Indirect Addressing ...................................................................................................3-7
3.2.3.1 Extended Indirect Addressing ..............................................................................3-8
3.2.3.2 Indirect Addressing with Autoincrement ...............................................................3-8
3.2.3.3 Extended Indirect Addressing with Autoincrement ...............................................3-8
3.2.3.4 Indirect Addressing with the Stack Pointer ...........................................................3-9
3.2.4 Indexed Addressing ..................................................................................................3-9
3.2.4.1 Short-indexed Addressing ....................................................................................3-9
3.2.4.2 Long-indexed Addressing ....................................................................................3-9
3.2.4.3 Extended Indexed Addressing ...........................................................................3-10
3.2.4.4 Zero-indexed Addressing ...................................................................................3-10
3.2.4.5 Extended Zero-indexed Addressing ...................................................................3-10
3.3 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ADDRESSING MODE SELECTIONS................................ 3-11
3.3.1 Direct Addressing ....................................................................................................3-11
3.3.2 Indexed Addressing ................................................................................................3-11
3.3.3 Extended Addressing ..............................................................................................3-11
3.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR 1-MBYTE DEVICES............................................ 3-11
3.5 SOFTWARE STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ..................................................... 3-11
3.5.1 Using Registers .......................................................................................................3-12
3.5.2 Addressing 32-bit Operands ...................................................................................3-12
3.5.3 Addressing 64-bit Operands ...................................................................................3-12
3.5.4 Linking Subroutines ................................................................................................3-13
3.6 SOFTWARE PROTECTION FEATURES AND GUIDELINES .................................... 3-14

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4
MEMORY PARTITIONS
4.1 MEMORY MAP OVERVIEW.......................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 MEMORY PARTITIONS................................................................................................ 4-3
4.2.1 External Memory .......................................................................................................4-5
4.2.2 Program and Special-purpose Memory ....................................................................4-5
4.2.2.1 Program Memory in Page FFH ............................................................................4-5
4.2.2.2 Special-purpose Memory .....................................................................................4-6
4.2.2.3 Reserved Memory Locations ...............................................................................4-7
4.2.2.4 Interrupt and PTS Vectors ....................................................................................4-7
4.2.2.5 Security Key .........................................................................................................4-7
4.2.2.6 Chip Configuration Bytes .....................................................................................4-8
4.2.3 Special-function Registers (SFRs) ............................................................................4-8
4.2.3.1 Memory-mapped SFRs ........................................................................................4-8
4.2.3.2 Peripheral SFRs ...................................................................................................4-9
4.2.4 Internal RAM (Code RAM) ......................................................................................4-11
4.2.5 Register File ............................................................................................................4-12
4.2.5.1 General-purpose Register RAM .........................................................................4-13
4.2.5.2 Stack Pointer (SP) ..............................................................................................4-13
4.2.5.3 CPU Special-function Registers (SFRs) .............................................................4-14
4.3 WINDOWING............................................................................................................... 4-15
4.3.1 Selecting a Window ................................................................................................4-16
4.3.2 Addressing a Location Through a Window .............................................................4-17
4.3.2.1 32-byte Windowing Example ..............................................................................4-19
4.3.2.2 64-byte Windowing Example ..............................................................................4-19
4.3.2.3 128-byte Windowing Example ............................................................................4-19
4.3.2.4 Unsupported Locations Windowing Example .....................................................4-20
4.3.2.5 Using the Linker Locator to Set Up a Window ....................................................4-20
4.3.3 Windowing and Addressing Modes .........................................................................4-22
4.4 REMAPPING INTERNAL OTPROM (87C196NT ONLY)............................................ 4-23
4.5 FETCHING CODE AND DATA IN THE 1-MBYTE AND 64-KBYTE MODES.............. 4-24
4.5.1 Fetching Instructions ...............................................................................................4-24
4.5.2 Accessing Data .......................................................................................................4-24
4.5.2.1 Using Extended Instructions ..............................................................................4-25
4.5.3 Code Fetches in the 1-Mbyte Mode ........................................................................4-26
4.5.4 Code Fetches in the 64-Kbyte Mode ......................................................................4-26
4.5.5 Data Fetches in the 1-Mbyte and 64-Kbyte Modes .................................................4-27
4.6 MEMORY CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES................................................................. 4-28
4.6.1 Example 1: A 64-Kbyte Mode 87C196NT System ..................................................4-28
4.6.2 Example 2: A 64-Kbyte 87C196NT System with Additional Data Storage ..............4-30
4.6.3 Example 3: A 1-Mbyte 87C196NT System with a 16-bit Bus ..................................4-32
4.6.4 Example 4: A 1-Mbyte 8XC196NT System with an 8-bit Bus .................................4-34

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CHAPTER 5
STANDARD AND PTS INTERRUPTS
5.1 OVERVIEW OF INTERRUPTS...................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 INTERRUPT SIGNALS AND REGISTERS ................................................................... 5-3
5.3 INTERRUPT SOURCES AND PRIORITIES.................................................................. 5-4
5.3.1 Special Interrupts ......................................................................................................5-6
5.3.1.1 Unimplemented Opcode ......................................................................................5-6
5.3.1.2 Software Trap .......................................................................................................5-6
5.3.1.3 NMI .......................................................................................................................5-6
5.3.2 External Interrupt Pins ..............................................................................................5-6
5.3.3 Multiplexed Interrupt Sources ...................................................................................5-7
5.3.4 End-of-PTS Interrupts ...............................................................................................5-7
5.4 INTERRUPT LATENCY................................................................................................. 5-7
5.4.1 Situations that Increase Interrupt Latency ................................................................5-8
5.4.2 Calculating Latency ...................................................................................................5-8
5.4.2.1 Standard Interrupt Latency ...................................................................................5-9
5.4.2.2 PTS Interrupt Latency ..........................................................................................5-9
5.5 PROGRAMMING THE INTERRUPTS......................................................................... 5-10
5.5.1 Programming the Multiplexed Interrupts .................................................................5-11
5.5.2 Modifying Interrupt Priorities ...................................................................................5-14
5.5.3 Determining the Source of an Interrupt ...................................................................5-16
5.5.3.1 Determining the Source of Multiplexed Interrupts ..............................................5-16
5.6 INITIALIZING THE PTS CONTROL BLOCKS............................................................. 5-18
5.6.1 Specifying the PTS Count .......................................................................................5-19
5.6.2 Selecting the PTS Mode .........................................................................................5-20
5.6.3 Single Transfer Mode ..............................................................................................5-21
5.6.4 Block Transfer Mode ...............................................................................................5-24
5.6.5 A/D Scan Mode .......................................................................................................5-26
5.6.5.1 A/D Scan Mode Cycles ......................................................................................5-29
5.6.5.2 A/D Scan Mode Example 1 ................................................................................5-29
5.6.5.3 A/D Scan Mode Example 2 ................................................................................5-30
5.6.6 PWM Modes ...........................................................................................................5-31
5.6.6.1 PWM Toggle Mode Example .............................................................................5-33
5.6.6.2 PWM Remap Mode Example .............................................................................5-37
CHAPTER 6
I/O PORTS
6.1 I/O PORTS OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2 INPUT-ONLY PORT 0................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1 Standard Input-only Port Operation ..........................................................................6-2
6.2.2 Standard Input-only Port Considerations ..................................................................6-3
6.3 BIDIRECTIONAL PORTS 1, 2, 5, AND 6 ...................................................................... 6-3
6.3.1 Bidirectional Port Operation ......................................................................................6-5
6.3.2 Bidirectional Port Pin Configurations .........................................................................6-9

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CONTENTS
6.3.3 Bidirectional Port Pin Configuration Example .........................................................6-10
6.3.4 Bidirectional Port Considerations ............................................................................6-11
6.3.5 Design Considerations for External Interrupt Inputs ...............................................6-14
6.4 BIDIRECTIONAL PORTS 3 AND 4 (ADDRESS/DATA BUS)...................................... 6-14
6.4.1 Bidirectional Ports 3 and 4 (Address/Data Bus) Operation .....................................6-15
6.4.2 Using Ports 3 and 4 as I/O ......................................................................................6-17
6.4.3 Design Considerations for Ports 3 and 4 ................................................................6-18
6.5 EPORT ........................................................................................................................ 6-18
6.5.1 EPORT Operation ...................................................................................................6-19
6.5.1.1 Reset ..................................................................................................................6-21
6.5.1.2 Output Enable ....................................................................................................6-21
6.5.1.3 Complementary Output Mode ............................................................................6-21
6.5.1.4 Open-drain Output Mode ...................................................................................6-21
6.5.1.5 Input Mode .........................................................................................................6-23
6.5.2 Configuring EPORT Pins ........................................................................................6-24
6.5.2.1 Configuring EPORT Pins for Extended-address Functions ................................6-24
6.5.2.2 Configuring EPORT Pins for I/O ........................................................................6-24
6.5.3 EPORT Considerations ...........................................................................................6-25
6.5.3.1 EPORT Status During Reset, CCB Fetch, Idle, Powerdown, and Hold .............6-25
6.5.3.2 EP_REG Settings for Pins Configured as Extended-address Signals ...............6-25
6.5.3.3 EPORT Status During Instruction Execution ......................................................6-26
6.5.3.4 Design Considerations .......................................................................................6-26
CHAPTER 7
SERIAL I/O (SIO) PORT
7.1 SERIAL I/O (SIO) PORT FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW ................................................... 7-1
7.2 SERIAL I/O PORT SIGNALS AND REGISTERS .......................................................... 7-2
7.3 SERIAL PORT MODES................................................................................................. 7-4
7.3.1 Synchronous Mode (Mode 0) ....................................................................................7-4
7.3.2 Asynchronous Modes (Modes 1, 2, and 3) ...............................................................7-5
7.3.2.1 Mode 1 .................................................................................................................7-5
7.3.2.2 Mode 2 .................................................................................................................7-6
7.3.2.3 Mode 3 .................................................................................................................7-7
7.3.2.4 Mode 2 and 3 Timings ..........................................................................................7-7
7.3.2.5 Multiprocessor Communications ..........................................................................7-7
7.4 PROGRAMMING THE SERIAL PORT.......................................................................... 7-8
7.4.1 Configuring the Serial Port Pins ................................................................................7-8
7.4.2 Programming the Control Register ............................................................................7-8
7.4.3 Programming the Baud Rate and Clock Source .......................................................7-8
7.4.4 Enabling the Serial Port Interrupts ..........................................................................7-11
7.4.5 Determining Serial Port Status ................................................................................7-12
7.5 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE USING AN INTERRUPT-DRIVEN ROUTINE............... 7-13

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CHAPTER 8
SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL I/O (SSIO) PORT
8.1 SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL I/O (SSIO) PORT FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW.................... 8-1
8.2 SSIO PORT SIGNALS AND REGISTERS .................................................................... 8-2
8.3 SSIO OPERATION........................................................................................................ 8-3
8.4 SSIO HANDSHAKING................................................................................................... 8-6
8.4.1 SSIO Handshaking Configuration .............................................................................8-6
8.4.2 SSIO Handshaking Operation ...................................................................................8-7
8.5 PROGRAMMING THE SSIO PORT.............................................................................. 8-9
8.5.1 Configuring the SSIO Port Pins ................................................................................8-9
8.5.2 Programming the Baud Rate and Enabling the Baud-rate Generator .......................8-9
8.5.3 Controlling the Communications Mode and Handshaking ......................................8-11
8.5.4 Enabling the SSIO Interrupts ..................................................................................8-13
8.5.5 Determining SSIO Port Status ................................................................................8-13
8.6 PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................ 8-13
8.7 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE....................................................................................... 8-15
CHAPTER 9
SLAVE PORT
9.1 SLAVE PORT FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW.................................................................... 9-2
9.2 SLAVE PORT SIGNALS AND REGISTERS................................................................. 9-2
9.3 HARDWARE CONNECTIONS ...................................................................................... 9-6
9.4 SLAVE PORT MODES.................................................................................................. 9-8
9.4.1 Standard Slave Mode Example ................................................................................9-8
9.4.1.1 Master Device Program .......................................................................................9-8
9.4.1.2 Slave Device Program .........................................................................................9-9
9.4.1.3 Demultiplexed Bus Timings ................................................................................9-10
9.4.2 Shared Memory Mode Example ..............................................................................9-11
9.4.2.1 Master Device Program .....................................................................................9-11
9.4.2.2 Slave Device Program .......................................................................................9-12
9.4.2.3 Multiplexed Bus Timings ....................................................................................9-13
9.5 CONFIGURING THE SLAVE PORT............................................................................ 9-14
9.5.1 Programming the Slave Port Control Register (SLP_CON) ....................................9-14
9.5.2 Enabling the Slave Port Interrupts ..........................................................................9-16
9.6 DETERMINING SLAVE PORT STATUS..................................................................... 9-16
9.7 USING STATUS BITS TO SYNCHRONIZE MASTER AND SLAVE........................... 9-16
CHAPTER 10
EVENT PROCESSOR ARRAY (EPA)
10.1 EPA FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................. 10-1
10.2 EPA AND TIMER/COUNTER SIGNALS AND REGISTERS....................................... 10-2
10.3 TIMER/COUNTER FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW........................................................... 10-6
10.3.1 Cascade Mode (Timer 2 Only) ................................................................................10-7

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CONTENTS
10.3.2 Quadrature Clocking Mode .....................................................................................10-7
10.4 EPA CHANNEL FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW............................................................... 10-9
10.4.1 Operating in Capture Mode ...................................................................................10-11
10.4.1.1 Handling EPA Overruns ...................................................................................10-12
10.4.2 Operating in Compare Mode .................................................................................10-13
10.4.2.1 Generating a Low-speed PWM Output ............................................................10-14
10.4.2.2 Generating a Medium-speed PWM Output ......................................................10-15
10.4.2.3 Generating a High-speed PWM Output ...........................................................10-16
10.4.2.4 Generating the Highest-speed PWM Output ....................................................10-16
10.5 PROGRAMMING THE EPA AND TIMER/COUNTERS............................................. 10-17
10.5.1 Configuring the EPA and Timer/Counter Port Pins ...............................................10-17
10.5.2 Programming the Timers .......................................................................................10-17
10.5.3 Programming the Capture/Compare Channels .....................................................10-20
10.5.4 Programming the Compare-only Channels ...........................................................10-25
10.6 ENABLING THE EPA INTERRUPTS ........................................................................ 10-26
10.7 DETERMINING EVENT STATUS.............................................................................. 10-27
10.8 SERVICING THE MULTIPLEXED EPA INTERRUPT WITH SOFTWARE................ 10-29
10.8.1 Using the TIJMP Instruction to Reduce Interrupt Service Overhead ....................10-31
10.9 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES FOR EPA CHANNELS............................................. 10-33
10.9.1 EPA Compare Event Program ..............................................................................10-33
10.9.2 EPA Capture Event Program ................................................................................10-34
10.9.3 EPA PWM Output Program ..................................................................................10-35
CHAPTER 11
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
11.1 A/D CONVERTER FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW........................................................... 11-1
11.2 A/D CONVERTER SIGNALS AND REGISTERS ........................................................ 11-2
11.3 A/D CONVERTER OPERATION................................................................................. 11-3
11.4 PROGRAMMING THE A/D CONVERTER.................................................................. 11-4
11.4.1 Programming the A/D Test Register .......................................................................11-5
11.4.2 Programming the A/D Result Register (for Threshold Detection Only) ...................11-6
11.4.3 Programming the A/D Time Register ......................................................................11-6
11.4.4 Programming the A/D Command Register ..............................................................11-8
11.4.5 Enabling the A/D Interrupt .......................................................................................11-9
11.5 DETERMINING A/D STATUS AND CONVERSION RESULTS.................................. 11-9
11.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................... 11-10
11.6.1 Designing External Interface Circuitry ...................................................................11-11
11.6.1.1 Minimizing the Effect of High Input Source Resistance ....................................11-12
11.6.1.2 Suggested A/D Input Circuit .............................................................................11-13
11.6.1.3 Analog Ground and Reference Voltages .........................................................11-13
11.6.1.4 Using Mixed Analog and Digital Inputs ............................................................11-14
11.6.2 Understanding A/D Conversion Errors ..................................................................11-14

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CHAPTER 12
MINIMUM HARDWARE CONSIDERATIONS
12.1 MINIMUM CONNECTIONS......................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Unused Inputs .........................................................................................................12-2
12.1.2 I/O Port Pin Connections ........................................................................................12-2
12.2 APPLYING AND REMOVING POWER....................................................................... 12-4
12.3 NOISE PROTECTION TIPS........................................................................................ 12-4
12.4 PROVIDING THE CLOCK........................................................................................... 12-5
12.4.1 Using the On-chip Oscillator ...................................................................................12-5
12.4.2 Using a Ceramic Resonator Instead of a Crystal Oscillator ....................................12-7
12.4.3 Providing an External Clock Source ........................................................................12-7
12.5 RESETTING THE DEVICE.......................................................................................... 12-8
12.5.1 Generating an External Reset ...............................................................................12-10
12.5.2 Issuing the Reset (RST) Instruction ......................................................................12-12
12.5.3 Issuing an Illegal IDLPD Key Operand .................................................................12-12
12.5.4 Enabling the Watchdog Timer ...............................................................................12-12
12.5.5 Detecting Oscillator Failure ...................................................................................12-12
CHAPTER 13
SPECIAL OPERATING MODES
13.1 SPECIAL OPERATING MODE SIGNALS AND REGISTERS..................................... 13-1
13.2 REDUCING POWER CONSUMPTION....................................................................... 13-3
13.3 IDLE MODE................................................................................................................. 13-3
13.4 POWERDOWN MODE............................................................................................... 13-4
13.4.1 Enabling and Disabling Powerdown Mode ..............................................................13-4
13.4.2 Entering Powerdown Mode .....................................................................................13-5
13.4.3 Exiting Powerdown Mode .......................................................................................13-5
13.4.3.1 Driving the Vpp Pin Low ......................................................................................13-5
13.4.3.2 Generating a Hardware Reset ...........................................................................13-6
13.4.3.3 Asserting the External Interrupt Signal ...............................................................13-6
13.4.3.4 Selecting R1and C1 ...........................................................................................13-7
13.5 ONCE MODE............................................................................................................... 13-9
13.5.1 Entering and Exiting ONCE Mode ..........................................................................13-9
13.6 RESERVED TEST MODES......................................................................................... 13-9
CHAPTER 14
INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEMORY
14.1 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ADDRESSES............................................................... 14-1
14.2 EXTERNAL MEMORY INTERFACE SIGNALS........................................................... 14-2
14.3 CHIP CONFIGURATION REGISTERS AND CHIP CONFIGURATION BYTES......... 14-5
14.4 BUS WIDTH AND MULTIPLEXING........................................................................... 14-10
14.4.1 Timing Requirements for BUSWIDTH ...................................................................14-12
14.4.2 16-bit Bus Timings ................................................................................................14-13

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14.4.3 8-bit Bus Timings ..................................................................................................14-15
14.5 WAIT STATES (READY CONTROL)......................................................................... 14-17
14.6 BUS-HOLD PROTOCOL........................................................................................... 14-19
14.6.1 Enabling the Bus-hold Protocol .............................................................................14-21
14.6.2 Disabling the Bus-hold Protocol ............................................................................14-22
14.6.3 Hold Latency .........................................................................................................14-22
14.6.4 Regaining Bus Control ..........................................................................................14-22
14.7 BUS-CONTROL MODES........................................................................................... 14-23
14.7.1 Standard Bus-control Mode ..................................................................................14-23
14.7.2 Write Strobe Mode ................................................................................................14-27
14.7.3 Address Valid Strobe Mode ..................................................................................14-29
14.7.4 Address Valid with Write Strobe Mode ..................................................................14-33
14.8 BUS TIMING MODES................................................................................................ 14-34
14.8.1 Mode 3, Standard Mode .......................................................................................14-36
14.8.2 Mode 0, Standard Timing with One Automatic Wait State ....................................14-36
14.8.3 Mode 1, Long Read/Write Mode ...........................................................................14-36
14.8.4 Mode 2, Long Read/Write with Early Address ......................................................14-37
14.8.5 Design Considerations ..........................................................................................14-39
14.9 SYSTEM BUS AC TIMING SPECIFICATIONS......................................................... 14-39
CHAPTER 15
PROGRAMMING THE NONVOLATILE MEMORY
15.1 PROGRAMMING METHODS...................................................................................... 15-1
15.2 OTPROM MEMORY MAP........................................................................................... 15-2
15.3 SECURITY FEATURES............................................................................................... 15-3
15.3.1 Controlling Access to Internal Memory ...................................................................15-3
15.3.1.1 Controlling Access to the OTPROM During Normal Operation ..........................15-4
15.3.1.2 Controlling Access to the OTPROM During Programming Modes .....................15-4
15.3.2 Controlling Fetches from External Memory .............................................................15-6
15.3.3 Enabling the Oscillator Failure Detection Circuitry ..................................................15-7
15.4 PROGRAMMING PULSE WIDTH ............................................................................... 15-8
15.5 MODIFIED QUICK-PULSE ALGORITHM.................................................................... 15-9
15.6 PROGRAMMING MODE PINS.................................................................................. 15-11
15.7 ENTERING PROGRAMMING MODES..................................................................... 15-13
15.7.1 Selecting the Programming Mode .........................................................................15-13
15.7.2 Power-up and Power-down Sequences ................................................................15-14
15.7.2.1 Power-up Sequence .........................................................................................15-14
15.7.2.2 Power-down Sequence ....................................................................................15-14
15.8 SLAVE PROGRAMMING MODE............................................................................... 15-15
15.8.1 Reading the Signature Word and Programming Voltages ....................................15-15
15.8.2 Slave Programming Circuit and Memory Map ......................................................15-16
15.8.3 Operating Environment .........................................................................................15-17
15.8.4 Slave Programming Routines ...............................................................................15-19

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15.8.5 Timing Mnemonics ................................................................................................15-24
15.9 AUTO PROGRAMMING MODE................................................................................ 15-25
15.9.1 Auto Programming Circuit and Memory Map ........................................................15-25
15.9.2 Operating Environment .........................................................................................15-27
15.9.3 Auto Programming Routine ...................................................................................15-27
15.9.4 Auto Programming Procedure ..............................................................................15-29
15.9.5 ROM-dump Mode .................................................................................................15-30
15.10 SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING MODE .................................................................. 15-31
15.10.1 Serial Port Programming Circuit and Memory Map ...............................................15-31
15.10.2 Changing Serial Port Programming Defaults ........................................................15-33
15.10.3 Executing Programs from Internal RAM ................................................................15-34
15.10.4 Reduced Instruction Set Monitor (RISM) ..............................................................15-34
15.10.5 RISM Command Descriptions ...............................................................................15-35
15.10.6 RISM Command Examples ...................................................................................15-37
15.10.6.1 Example 1 — Programming the PPW ..............................................................15-37
15.10.6.2 Example 2 — Reading OTPROM Contents .....................................................15-38
15.10.6.3 Example 3 — Loading a Program into Internal Code RAM ..............................15-39
15.10.6.4 Example 4 — Setting the PC and Executing the Program ...............................15-41
15.10.6.5 Writing to OTPROM with Examples 3 and 4 ....................................................15-42
15.11 RUN-TIME PROGRAMMING .................................................................................... 15-43
APPENDIX A
INSTRUCTION SET REFERENCE
APPENDIX B
SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS
B.1 FUNCTIONAL GROUPINGS OF SIGNALS ................................................................. B-1
B.2 SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS............................................................................................. B-4
B.3 DEFAULT CONDITIONS............................................................................................ B-14
APPENDIX C
REGISTERS
GLOSSARY
INDEX

xiii
CONTENTS
FIGURES
Figure Page
2-1 8XC196NT Block Diagram...........................................................................................2-2
2-2 Block Diagram of the Core...........................................................................................2-2
2-3 Clock Circuitry ..............................................................................................................2-6
2-4 Internal Clock Phases ..................................................................................................2-7
4-1 16-Mbyte Address Space.............................................................................................4-2
4-2 Pages FFH and 00H.....................................................................................................4-3
4-3 Internal RAM Control (IRAM_CON) Register.............................................................4-11
4-4 Register File Memory Map .........................................................................................4-12
4-5 Windowing..................................................................................................................4-15
4-6 Window Selection Register (WSR).............................................................................4-16
4-7 The 24-bit Program Counter.......................................................................................4-24
4-8 Formation of Extended and Nonextended Addresses................................................4-25
4-9 A 64-Kbyte System with an 8-bit Bus.........................................................................4-29
4-10 A 64-Kbyte System with Additional Data Storage ......................................................4-31
4-11 A 1-Mbyte System with a 16-bit Bus...........................................................................4-33
4-12 A 1-Mbyte System with an 8-bit Bus...........................................................................4-35
5-1 Flow Diagram for PTS and Standard Interrupts ...........................................................5-2
5-2 Standard Interrupt Response Time ..............................................................................5-9
5-3 PTS Interrupt Response Time....................................................................................5-10
5-4 PTS Select (PTSSEL) Register..................................................................................5-12
5-5 Interrupt Mask (INT_MASK) Register.........................................................................5-13
5-6 Interrupt Mask 1 (INT_MASK1) Register....................................................................5-14
5-7 Interrupt Pending (INT_PEND) Register ....................................................................5-17
5-8 Interrupt Pending 1 (INT_PEND1) Register ...............................................................5-18
5-9 PTS Control Blocks ....................................................................................................5-19
5-10 PTS Service (PTSSRV) Register ...............................................................................5-20
5-11 PTS Mode Selection Bits (PTSCON Bits 7:5) ............................................................5-21
5-12 PTS Control Block – Single Transfer Mode................................................................5-22
5-13 PTS Control Block – Block Transfer Mode.................................................................5-25
5-14 PTS Control Block – A/D Scan Mode.........................................................................5-27
5-15 A Generic PWM Waveform ........................................................................................5-32
5-16 PTS Control Block – PWM Toggle Mode ...................................................................5-34
5-17 EPA and PTS Operations for the PWM Toggle Mode Example.................................5-36
5-18 PTS Control Block – PWM Remap Mode...................................................................5-39
5-19 EPA and PTS Operations for the PWM Remap Mode Example................................5-41
6-1 Standard Input-only Port Structure...............................................................................6-2
6-2 Bidirectional Port Structure...........................................................................................6-7
6-3 Address/Data Bus (Ports 3 and 4) Structure..............................................................6-16
6-4 EPORT Block Diagram...............................................................................................6-20
6-5 EPORT Structure .......................................................................................................6-22
7-1 SIO Block Diagram.......................................................................................................7-1
7-2 Typical Shift Register Circuit for Mode 0......................................................................7-4
7-3 Mode 0 Timing..............................................................................................................7-5
7-4 Serial Port Frames for Mode 1 .....................................................................................7-6

8XC196NT USER’S MANUAL
xiv
FIGURES
Figure Page
7-5 Serial Port Frames in Mode 2 and 3.............................................................................7-7
7-6 Serial Port Control (SP_CON) Register........................................................................7-9
7-7 Serial Port Baud Rate (SP_BAUD) Register..............................................................7-10
7-8 Serial Port Status (SP_STATUS) Register.................................................................7-12
8-1 SSIO Block Diagram ....................................................................................................8-1
8-2 SSIO Operating Modes ................................................................................................8-4
8-3 SSIO Transmit/Receive Timings..................................................................................8-6
8-4 SSIO Handshaking Flow Diagram................................................................................8-7
8-5 Synchronous Serial Port Baud (SSIO_BAUD) Register.............................................8-10
8-6 Synchronous Serial Control
x (SSIO x _CON) Registers.............................................8-11
8-7 Variable-width MSB in SSIO Transmissions..............................................................8-14
9-1 DPRAM vs Slave-port Solution.....................................................................................9-2
9-2 Slave Port Block Diagram.............................................................................................9-3
9-3 Master/Slave Hardware Connections...........................................................................9-7
9-4 Standard Slave Mode Timings (Demultiplexed Bus)..................................................9-10
9-5 Standard or Shared Memory Mode Timings (Multiplexed Bus)..................................9-13
9-6 Slave Port Control (SLP_CON) Register....................................................................9-15
9-7 Slave Port Status (SLP_STAT) Register....................................................................9-17
10-1 EPA Block Diagram....................................................................................................10-2
10-2 EPA Timer/Counters ..................................................................................................10-6
10-3 Quadrature Mode Interface ........................................................................................10-8
10-4 Quadrature Mode Timing and Count..........................................................................10-9
10-5 A Single EPA Capture/Compare Channel................................................................10-10
10-6 EPA Simplified Input-capture Structure....................................................................10-11
10-7 Valid EPA Input Events ............................................................................................10-12
10-8 Timer 1 Control (T1CONTROL) Register.................................................................10-18
10-9 Timer 2 Control (T2CONTROL) Register.................................................................10-19
10-10 EPA Control (EPA
x _CON) Registers.......................................................................10-21
10-11 EPA Compare Control (COMP
x _CON) Registers....................................................10-25
10-12 EPA Interrupt Mask (EPA_MASK) Register.............................................................10-27
10-13 EPA Interrupt Mask 1 (EPA_MASK1) Register........................................................10-27
10-14 EPA Interrupt Pending (EPA_PEND) Register.........................................................10-28
10-15 EPA Interrupt Pending 1 (EPA_PEND1) Register....................................................10-28
10-16 EPA Interrupt Priority Vector (EPAIPV) Register......................................................10-30
11-1 A/D Converter Block Diagram ....................................................................................11-1
11-2 A/D Test (AD_TEST) Register....................................................................................11-5
11-3 A/D Result (AD_RESULT) Register — Write Format.................................................11-6
11-4 A/D Time (AD_TIME) Register...................................................................................11-7
11-5 A/D Command (AD_COMMAND) Register................................................................11-8
11-6 A/D Result (AD_RESULT) Register — Read Format...............................................11-10
11-7 Idealized A/D Sampling Circuitry..............................................................................11-11
11-8 Suggested A/D Input Circuit.....................................................................................11-13
11-9 Ideal A/D Conversion Characteristic.........................................................................11-16
11-10 Actual and Ideal A/D Conversion Characteristics.....................................................11-17

xv
CONTENTS
FIGURES
Figure Page
11-11 Terminal-based A/D Conversion Characteristic .......................................................11-19
12-1 Minimum Hardware Connections...............................................................................12-3
12-2 Power and Return Connections .................................................................................12-4
12-3 On-chip Oscillator Circuit............................................................................................12-6
12-4 External Crystal Connections.....................................................................................12-7
12-5 External Clock Connections.......................................................................................12-8
12-6 External Clock Drive Waveforms................................................................................12-8
12-7 Reset Timing Sequence.............................................................................................12-9
12-8 Internal Reset Circuitry.............................................................................................12-10
12-9 Minimum Reset Circuit .............................................................................................12-11
12-10 Example System Reset Circuit.................................................................................12-11
13-1 Clock Control During Power-saving Modes................................................................13-3
13-2 Power-up and Powerdown Sequence When Using an External Interrupt..................13-6
13-3 External RC Circuit.....................................................................................................13-7
13-4 Typical Voltage on the VPP Pin While Exiting Powerdown.........................................13-8
14-1 Chip Configuration 0 (CCR0) Register.......................................................................14-6
14-2 Chip Configuration 1 (CCR1) Register.......................................................................14-8
14-3 Chip Configuration 2 (CCR2) Register.....................................................................14-10
14-4 Multiplexing and Bus Width Options.........................................................................14-11
14-5 BUSWIDTH Timing Diagram....................................................................................14-12
14-6 Timings for 16-bit Buses...........................................................................................14-14
14-7 Timings for 8-bit Buses.............................................................................................14-16
14-8 READY Timing Diagram...........................................................................................14-19
14-9 HOLD#, HLDA# Timing............................................................................................14-20
14-10 Standard Bus Control...............................................................................................14-24
14-11 Decoding WRL# and WRH#.....................................................................................14-24
14-12 8-bit System with Flash and RAM ............................................................................14-25
14-13 16-bit System with Dynamic Bus Width....................................................................14-26
14-14 Write Strobe Mode ...................................................................................................14-27
14-15 16-bit System with Single-byte Writes to RAM.........................................................14-28
14-16 Address Valid Strobe Mode......................................................................................14-29
14-17 Comparison of ALE and ADV# Bus Cycles..............................................................14-30
14-18 8-bit System with Flash ............................................................................................14-31
14-19 16-bit System with Flash ..........................................................................................14-32
14-20 Timings of Address Valid with Write Strobe Mode...................................................14-33
14-21 16-bit System with RAM ...........................................................................................14-34
14-22 Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 Timings...................................................................................14-35
14-23 Mode 1 System Bus Timing......................................................................................14-37
14-24 Mode 2 System Bus Timing......................................................................................14-38
14-25 System Bus Timing ..................................................................................................14-39
15-1 Unerasable PROM (USFR) Register..........................................................................15-7
15-2 Programming Pulse Width (PPW or SP_PPW) Register............................................15-9
15-3 Modified Quick-pulse Algorithm................................................................................15-10
15-4 Pin Functions in Programming Modes......................................................................15-11

8XC196NT USER’S MANUAL
xvi
FIGURES
Figure Page
15-5 Slave Programming Circuit.......................................................................................15-16
15-6 Chip Configuration Registers (CCRs).......................................................................15-18
15-7 Address/Command Decoding Routine.....................................................................15-20
15-8 Program Word Routine.............................................................................................15-21
15-9 Program Word Waveform.........................................................................................15-22
15-10 Dump Word Routine.................................................................................................15-23
15-11 Dump Word Waveform.............................................................................................15-24
15-12 Auto Programming Circuit ........................................................................................15-26
15-13 Auto Programming Routine......................................................................................15-28
15-14 Serial Port Programming Mode Circuit.....................................................................15-32
15-15 Run-time Programming Code Example....................................................................15-44
B-1 8XC196NT 68-lead PLCC Package............................................................................B-3

xvii
CONTENTS
TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Handbooks and Product Information............................................................................1-6
1-2 Application Notes, Application Briefs, and Article Reprints ..........................................1-6
1-3 MCS®96 Microcontroller Datasheets (Commercial/Express)......................................1-7
1-4 MCS®96 Microcontroller Datasheets (Automotive).....................................................1-7
1-5 MCS®96 Microcontroller Quick References................................................................1-7
2-1 Features of the 8XC196NT ..........................................................................................2-1
2-2 State Times at Various Frequencies ............................................................................2-7
3-1 Operand Type Definitions.............................................................................................3-1
3-2 Equivalent Operand Types for Assembly and C Programming Languages.................3-2
3-3 Definition of Temporary Registers................................................................................3-7
4-1 8XC196NT Memory Map..............................................................................................4-4
4-2 Program Memory Access for the 87C196NT................................................................4-6
4-3 Special-purpose Memory Access for the 87C196NT ...................................................4-6
4-4 8XC196NT Special-purpose Memory Addresses.........................................................4-7
4-5 8XC196NT Memory-mapped SFRs..............................................................................4-9
4-6 8XC196NT Peripheral SFRs ......................................................................................4-10
4-7 Register File Memory Addresses...............................................................................4-13
4-8 8XC196NT CPU SFRs...............................................................................................4-14
4-9 Selecting a Window of 8XC196NT Peripheral SFRs..................................................4-16
4-10 Selecting a Window of the Upper Register File..........................................................4-17
4-11 Windows.....................................................................................................................4-18
4-12 Windowed Base Addresses .......................................................................................4-19
4-13 Memory Access for the 87C196NT ............................................................................4-23
4-14 Memory Map for the System in Figure 4-9.................................................................4-30
4-15 Memory Map for the System in Figure 4-10...............................................................4-32
4-16 Memory Map for the System in Figure 4-11...............................................................4-34
4-17 Memory Map for the System in Figure 4-12...............................................................4-36
5-1 Interrupt Signals ...........................................................................................................5-3
5-2 Interrupt and PTS Control and Status Registers..........................................................5-3
5-3 Interrupt Sources, Vectors, and Priorities.....................................................................5-5
5-4 Execution Times for PTS Cycles................................................................................5-10
5-5 Single Transfer Mode PTSCB....................................................................................5-24
5-6 Block Transfer Mode PTSCB .....................................................................................5-24
5-7 A/D Scan Mode Command/Data Table......................................................................5-28
5-8 Command/Data Table (Example 1)............................................................................5-30
5-9 A/D Scan Mode PTSCB (Example 1).........................................................................5-30
5-10 Command/Data Table (Example 2)............................................................................5-30
5-11 A/D Scan Mode PTSCB (Example 2).........................................................................5-31
5-12 Comparison of PWM Modes.......................................................................................5-32
5-13 PWM Toggle Mode PTSCB........................................................................................5-33
5-14 PWM Remap Mode PTSCB.......................................................................................5-38
6-1 Device I/O Ports ...........................................................................................................6-1
6-2 Standard Input-only Port Pins ......................................................................................6-2
6-3 Input-only Port Registers..............................................................................................6-2

8XC196NT USER’S MANUAL
xviii
TABLES
Table Page
6-4 Bidirectional Port Pins ..................................................................................................6-4
6-5 Bidirectional Port Control and Status Registers ...........................................................6-5
6-6 Logic Table for Bidirectional Ports in I/O Mode............................................................6-8
6-7 Logic Table for Bidirectional Ports in Special-function Mode .......................................6-8
6-8 Control Register Values for Each Configuration.........................................................6-10
6-9 Port Configuration Example .......................................................................................6-10
6-10 Port Pin States After Reset and After Example Code Execution................................6-11
6-11 Ports 3 and 4 Pins......................................................................................................6-15
6-12 Ports 3 and 4 Control and Status Registers...............................................................6-15
6-13 Logic Table for Ports 3 and 4 as I/O...........................................................................6-17
6-14 EPORT Pins...............................................................................................................6-18
6-15 EPORT Control and Status Registers........................................................................6-18
6-16 Logic Table for EPORT in I/O Mode...........................................................................6-23
6-17 Logic Table for EPORT in Address Mode ..................................................................6-23
6-18 Configuration Register Settings for EPORT Pins.......................................................6-24
6-19 EPORT Pin Status During Reset, CCB Fetch, Idle, Powerdown, and Hold...............6-25
7-1 Serial Port Signals........................................................................................................7-2
7-2 Serial Port Control and Status Registers......................................................................7-2
7-3 SP_BAUD Values When Using XTAL1 at 20 MHz.....................................................7-11
8-1 SSIO Port Signals ........................................................................................................8-2
8-2 SSIO Port Control and Status Registers ......................................................................8-2
8-3 Common SSIO_BAUD Values When Using XTAL1 at 20 MHz .................................8-10
9-1 Slave Port Signals........................................................................................................9-4
9-2 Slave Port Control and Status Registers......................................................................9-4
9-3 Master and Slave Interconnections..............................................................................9-6
10-1 EPA and Timer/Counter Signals.................................................................................10-3
10-2 EPA Control and Status Registers .............................................................................10-3
10-3 Quadrature Mode Truth Table....................................................................................10-8
10-4 Action Taken when a Valid Edge Occurs.................................................................10-12
10-5 Example Control Register Settings and EPA Operations.........................................10-20
10-6 EPAIPV Interrupt Priority Values..............................................................................10-30
11-1 A/D Converter Pins.....................................................................................................11-2
11-2 A/D Control and Status Registers...............................................................................11-2
12-1 Minimum Required Signals.........................................................................................12-1
12-2 I/O Port Configuration Guide......................................................................................12-2
13-1 Operating Mode Control Signals................................................................................13-1
13-2 Operating Mode Control and Status Registers...........................................................13-2
14-1 Example of Internal and External Addresses.............................................................14-1
14-2 External Memory Interface Signals.............................................................................14-2
14-3 READY Signal Timing Definitions.............................................................................14-18
14-4 HOLD#, HLDA# Timing Definitions ..........................................................................14-20
14-5 Maximum Hold Latency............................................................................................14-22
14-6 Bus-control Mode .....................................................................................................14-23
14-7 Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 Timing Comparisons...............................................................14-36

xix
CONTENTS
TABLES
Table Page
14-8 AC Timing Symbol Definitions..................................................................................14-40
14-9 AC Timing Definitions...............................................................................................14-40
15-1 87C196NT OTPROM Memory Map ...........................................................................15-2
15-2 Memory Protection for Normal Operating Mode.........................................................15-4
15-3 Memory Protection Options for Programming Modes ................................................15-5
15-4 UPROM Programming Values and Locations for Slave Mode...................................15-8
15-5 Pin Descriptions .......................................................................................................15-11
15-6 PMODE Values ........................................................................................................15-13
15-7 Device Signature Word and Programming Voltages................................................15-16
15-8 Slave Programming Mode Memory Map..................................................................15-17
15-9 Timing Mnemonics...................................................................................................15-24
15-10 Auto Programming Memory Map..............................................................................15-27
15-11 87C196NT Serial Port Programming Mode Memory Map........................................15-33
15-12 87C196NT Serial Port Programming Default Values and Locations........................15-33
15-13 User Program Register Values and Test ROM Locations........................................15-34
15-14 RISM Command Descriptions..................................................................................15-35
A-1 Opcode Map (Left Half)...............................................................................................A-2
A-1 Opcode Map (Right Half)............................................................................................. A-3
A-2 Processor Status Word (PSW) Flags..........................................................................A-4
A-3 Effect of PSW Flags or Specified Bits on Conditional Jump Instructions....................A-5
A-4 PSW Flag Setting Symbols .........................................................................................A-5
A-5 Operand Variables ...................................................................................................... A-6
A-6 Instruction Set ............................................................................................................. A-7
A-7 Instruction Opcodes .................................................................................................. A-46
A-8 Instruction Lengths and Hexadecimal Opcodes........................................................A-52
A-9 Instruction Execution Times (in State Times)............................................................A-59
B-1 Signal Name Changes ................................................................................................ B-1
B-2 8XC196NT Signals Arranged by Functional Categories ............................................. B-2
B-3 Description of Columns of Table B-4...........................................................................B-4
B-4 Signal Descriptions......................................................................................................B-4
B-5 Definition of Status Symbols .....................................................................................B-14
B-6 8XC196NT Pin Status ............................................................................................... B-14
C-1 Modules and Related Registers ..................................................................................C-1
C-2 Register Name, Address, and Reset Status................................................................C-2
C-3 COMP
x _CON Addresses and Reset Values.............................................................C-15
C-4 COMP
x _TIME Addresses and Reset Values............................................................C-16
C-5 EPA
x _CON Addresses and Reset Values................................................................C-28
C-6 EPA
x _TIME Addresses and Reset Values................................................................C-29
C-7 EPA Interrupt Priority Vectors....................................................................................C-30
C-8 P
x _DIR Addresses and Reset Values.......................................................................C-37
C-9 P
x _MODE Addresses and Reset Values..................................................................C-38
C-10 Special-function Signals for Ports 1, 2, 5, 6...............................................................C-39
C-11 P
x _PIN Addresses and Reset Values.......................................................................C-40
C-12 P
x _REG Addresses and Reset Values.....................................................................C-41