Keithley 2000 User manual

Model 2000
Multimeter
Quick Reference Guide
title page/TOC Page 1 Thursday, December 23, 1999 7:59 AM

Model 2000 Multimeter
Quick Reference Guide
 1995, Keithley Instruments, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
Second Printing, December 1999
Document Number: 2000-903-01 Rev. B
title page/TOC Page 3 Thursday, December 23, 1999 7:59 AM

Table of Contents
Safety Precautions....................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................ 5
Front Panel Operation Summary ................................. 6
Remote Operation Summary..................................... 22
title page/TOC Page 5 Thursday, December 23, 1999 7:59 AM

1
Safety Precautions
The following safety precautions should be observed be-
fore using this product and any associated instrumenta-
tion. Although some instruments and accessories would
normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are
situations where hazardous conditions may be present.
This product is intended for use by qualified personnel
who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the
safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read
the operating information carefully before using the
product.
The types of product users are:
Responsible body is the individual or group responsible
for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring
that the equipment is operated within its specifications
and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are
adequately trained.
Operators use the product for its intended function. They
must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper
use of the instrument. They must be protected from elec-
tric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.
Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on
the product to keep it operating, for example, setting the
line voltage or replacing consumable materials.
Maintenance procedures are described in the manual.
The procedures explicitly state if the operator may
perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only
by service personnel.
Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, and
perform safe installations and repairs of products. Only
properly trained service personnel may perform installa-
tion and service procedures.
Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present.
Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or
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2
test fixtures. The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage lev-
els greater than 30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are
present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazard-
ous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before
measuring.
Users of this product must be protected from electric
shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that
users are prevented access and/or insulated from every
connection point. In some cases, connections must be ex-
posed to potential human contact. Product users in these
circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from
the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of oper-
ating at or above 1000 volts, no conductive part of the
circuit may be exposed.
As described in the International Electrotechnical Com-
mission (IEC) Standard IEC 664, digital multimeter mea-
suring circuits (e.g., Keithley Models 175A, 199, 2000,
2001, 2002, and 2010) are Installation Category II. All
other instruments’ signal terminals are Installation Cate-
gory I and must not be connected to mains.
Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited
power circuits. They are intended to be used with imped-
ance limited sources. NEVER connect switching cards
directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to
switching cards, install protective devices to limit fault
current and voltage to the card.
Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord
is connected to a properly grounded power receptacle.
Inspect the connecting cables, test leads, and jumpers for
possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.
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3
For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables,
or any other instruments while power is applied to the cir-
cuit under test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire
test system and discharge any capacitors before: connect-
ing or disconnecting cables or jumpers, installing or re-
moving switching cards, or making internal changes, such
as installing or removing jumpers.
Do not touch any object that could provide a current path
to the common side of the circuit under test or power line
(earth) ground. Always make measurements with dry
hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable
of withstanding the voltage being measured.
The instrument and accessories must be used in accor-
dance with its specifications and operating instructions
or the safety of the equipment may be impaired.
Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instru-
ments and accessories, as defined in the specifications
and operating information, and as shown on the instru-
ment or test fixture panels, or switching card.
When fuses are used in a product, replace with same type
and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.
Chassis connections must only be used as shield connec-
tions for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground
connections.
If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while
power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation
requires the use of a lid interlock.
If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground
using the wire recommended in the user documentation.
The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user
should refer to the operating instructions located in the
manual.
The symbol on an instrument shows that it can
source or measure 1000 volts or more, including the
!
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4
combined effect of normal and common mode voltages.
Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal con-
tact with these voltages.
The WARNING heading in a manual explains dangers
that might result in personal injury or death. Always read
the associated information very carefully before perform-
ing the indicated procedure.
The CAUTION heading in a manual explains hazards that
could damage the instrument. Such damage may invali-
date the warranty.
Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to
humans.
Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line
cord and all test cables.
To maintain protection from electric shock and fire, re-
placement components in mains circuits, including the
power transformer, test leads, and input jacks, must be pur-
chased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses, with ap-
plicable national safety approvals, may be used if the
rating and type are the same. Other components that are
not safety related may be purchased from other suppliers
as long as they are equivalent to the original component.
(Note that selected parts should be purchased only through
Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functional-
ity of the product.) If you are unsure about the applicability
of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments
office for information.
To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water
based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only.
Do not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow
liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that
consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis (e.g.,
data acquisition board for installation into a computer)
should never require cleaning if handled according to in-
structions. If the board becomes contaminated and oper-
ation is affected, the board should be returned to the
factory for proper cleaning/servicing.
10-99
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5
Introduction
This quick reference guide includes summary informa-
tion on front panel and remote operation for the Model
2000 Multimeter. For detailed operating information,
consult the Model 2000 User’s Manual.
All Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trade-
marks of Keithley Instruments, Inc.
Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective holders.
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6
Front Panel
Operation Summary
Power-on defaults
Power-on defaults are those settings the instrument
assumes when it is turned on. The Model 2000 offers
two choices for the settings: user or factory. With user,
the instrument will power-on to the last configuration
that you saved. With factory, the instrument will power
on to the factory default settings.
To store a user configuration in memory:
1. Configure the instrument as desired for USER
default.
2. Press SHIFT and then SAVE.
3. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select YES or NO.
Note: Select NO if you do not wish to change the
last configuration that you saved.
4. Press ENTER.
To restore factory or user settings:
1. Press SHIFT and then SETUP.
2. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select FACTory or USER.
3. Press ENTER.
NOTE: Factory default settings are listed in Table 2.
Instrument connections
Basic connections for Model 2000 measurements are
shown in Figure 1. These drawings show connections to
the front panel terminals (INPUTS switch in the FRONT
position). If using the rear panel terminals, place the
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7
INPUTS switch in the REAR position. Note that current
(DCI and ACI) measurements cannot be made from the
rear panel terminals.
0
MULTIMETER
RANGE
!
F
500V
PEAK
FRONT/REAR
2A 250V
AMPS
HI
INPUT
LO
SENSE
Ω4 WIRE
INPUTS
350V
PEAK
1100V
PEAK
AUTO
RANGE
R
Model 2000
Measure DCV, ACV,
Ω2, FREQ (PERIOD)
or TEMP *
* Temperature measurements are typically
performed through a thermocouple
scanner card, such as the Model 2001-TCSCAN.
See the User's Manual for details.
0
MULTIMETER
RANGE
!
F
500V
PEAK
FRONT/REAR
2A 250V
AMPS
HI
INPUT
LO
SENSE
Ω4 WIRE
INPUTS
350V
PEAK
1100V
PEAK
AUTO
RANGE
R
Model 2000
Measure
DCI or ACI
0
MULTIMETER
RANGE
!
F
500V
PEAK
FRONT/REAR
2A 250V
AMPS
HI
INPUT
LO
SENSE
Ω4 WIRE
INPUTS
350V
PEAK
1100V
PEAK
AUTO
RANGE
R
Model 2000
Measure
Ω4
R
Figure 1. Basic measurement connections
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8
For resistance measurements ( Ω 2 and Ω 4) greater than
100k Ω , more stable readings can be achieved by using
shielding. Place the resistance in a shielded enclosure
and connect the shield to INPUT LO. Shielded cable
should be used such that the shield (INPUT LO) encir-
cles the other cable conductor(s).
Maximum inputs for the Model 2000 are summarized in
Table 1.
Basic measurement procedure
1. Connect the instrument as explained in “Instrument
connection”.
2. From the function keys, select the desired measure-
ment function.
3. Use the RANGE keys to select autoranging or a
manual range. Pressing the AUTO range key tog-
gles autoranging. You can select a different range
with the ▲ and ▼ RANGE keys.
4. Take a reading from the display.
Table 1. Maximum inputs
Function Maximum input
DCV 1000V peak
ACV 750V rms, 1000V peak, 8
× 10
7
V•Hz
DCI 3A dc, 250V
ACI 3A rms, 250V
FREQ (PERIOD) 1000V peak, 8
× 10
7
V•Hz
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9
Storing readings (2 to 1024)
1. Set up the instrument for the desired configuration.
2. Press the STORE key.
3. Use the , , ▲ and ▼ keys to select the number
of readings to store in the buffer.
4. Press ENTER to start the storage process. The aster-
isk (*) annunciator turns on to indicate a data stor-
age operation. It turns off when the storage is
finished.
Recalling readings
1. Press the RECALL key. The BUFFER annunciator
indicates that stored readings are being displayed.
The arrow annunciator indicates that more data
can be viewed with the , , ▲ and ▼ keys.
2. Use the , , ▲ and ▼ keys to navigate through
the reading numbers, reading values, and statistics.
For any of the buffer statistics (maximum, mini-
mum, average, standard deviation) the STAT
annunciator is on.
3. Use the EXIT key to return to the normal display.
Changing speed, resolution and filter
RATE —Measurement speed (reading RATE) can be
changed for any measurement function except fre-
quency, period, continuity and diode test. Use the RATE
key to select FAST, MEDium or SLOW. Use FAST (0.1
PLC) if speed is of primary importance (at the expense of
increased noise and fewer usable digits of resolution).
SLOW (10 PLC) provides better noise performance at
the expense of speed. MEDium (1 PLC) provides a com-
promise between noise and speed.
DIGITS —Display resolution can be changed for any
measurement function. Use the DIGITS key to select the
desired number of digits (3 ½ to 6 ½ ).
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10
FILTER —Filter state (on/off) and configuration can be
changed for any measurement function, except fre-
quency, period, continuity and diode test. The FILTER
key toggles between filter on (FILT annunciator on) and
filter off. After pressing FILTER to enable the filter, you
can then enter the filter count (1 to 100), and select the
filter type (moving or repeating). (If the FILT annunciator
is already on, press FILTER twice before entering the fil-
ter count.)
Changing temperature measurement configuration
Press SHIFT and then TCOUPL. Three choices are avail-
able using the ▲ and ▼ keys:
•UNITS —C, K or F. Specify units.
•TYPE —J, K or T. Specify thermocouple type.
•JUNC —SIM or CH1. Simulate a reference junction
temperature (for direct thermocouple connection to
the INPUT), or use the reference junction (channel
1) provided on a switching card. In order to keep the
reference calculations updated and accurate, Chan-
nel 1 needs to be read periodically.
To assign a value to a parameter, use the ▲ and ▼ keys to
scroll to the desired parameter. Select the key, and use
the ▲ and ▼ keys to scroll through and choose the pre-
ferred value. Select the ENTER key to save any changes.
Relative (rel)
Rel can be used to null offsets or subtract a baseline read-
ing from present and future readings. When rel is enabled
by pressing REL (REL annunciator on), the instrument
uses the present reading as the relative value. Subsequent
readings will be the difference between the actual input
value and the rel value. You can define a rel value for
each function. Pressing REL a second time disables rel.
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11
Math
To enable and configure a math operation, press SHIFT
and then the desired math key (MX+B, %, dBm or dB).
Use the , , ▲ and ▼ keys to configure the math
operation and press ENTER when done. Pressing SHIFT
and then the related math key a second time disables
the math operation.
MX+B
Y = mX + b
Where: X is the normal display reading.
m and b are the user entered constants.
Y is the displayed result.
Percent (%)
Where: Input is the normal display reading.
Reference is the user entered constant.
Percent is the displayed result.
dBm
Where: V
IN
is the DC or AC input signal.
Z
REF
is the specified reference impedance.
dB
Where: V
IN
is the DC or AC input signal.
V
REF
is the specified voltage reference
impedance.
Percent Input - Reference
Input
------------------------------------------100%×=
dBm 10 log
V2
IN ZREF
⁄


1mW
--------------------------------
=
dB 20 log VIN
VREF
----------------
=
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12
Measuring continuity
With this feature, the instrument alerts you with a beep
when a resistance reading is below the set level. To
measure continuity, press SHIFT and then CONT. Use
the , , ▲ and ▼ keys to set the resistance threshold
level, and press ENTER. Connect the test leads to INPUT
HI and LO.
Testing diodes
With this feature, the instrument measures the forward
voltage drop of general-purpose diodes and the zener
voltage of zener diodes. To test diodes, press SHIFT and
then ( ). Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select the test cur-
rent.
Limit operations
With this feature, you can check to see of readings are
within (“IN”displayed), below (“LO”displayed) or
above (“HI”displayed) specified low and high reading
limits. You can also set the instrument to beep when
readings are inside or outside of the limit range.
Setting limits —To set limits (absolute values), press
SHIFT and then LIMITS to display the high limit. Use the
, , ▲ and ▼ keys to enter the desired value, and
press ENTER. Enter the low limit value and again press
ENTER.
Enabling limits —Press SHIFT and then ON/OFF to dis-
play the beeper status. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to change
the beeper status (NEVER, OUTSIDE or INSIDE) and
press ENTER to enable limits. Pressing SHIFT and then
ON/OFF a second time disables limit operations.
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13
Reading hold
With this feature, an audible beep is sounded when a
valid, settled reading is acquired. A valid reading is
determined by the specified window and count.
1. Press SHIFT and then HOLD. Select a window per-
centage and enter a count.
2. Apply the test probes to the signal and wait for the
beeper to sound to indicate a valid reading.
3. Remove the hold condition by lifting the probes.
Pressing SHIFT and then HOLD a second time disables
Hold.
Triggers
Factory defaults place the instrument in a continuous
(immediate) measurement mode. The instrument can be
placed in an external trigger mode where a pro-
grammed event is required to cause a measurement
(device action).
The instrument is placed in the external trigger mode by
pressing the EXT TRIG key. In this mode, a device action
(measurement) will occur when the TRIG key is pressed,
a bus trigger (*TRG or GET) is received, or an input trig-
ger via the TRIGGER LINK connector is received. After
the device action (measurement), an output trigger
occurs and is available at the TRIGGER LINK connector.
Refer to the User’s Manual for details on using the trig-
ger link. Pressing EXT TRIG a second time returns the
instrument to continuous operation.
Delay —A programmable delay before the device
action (measurement) occurs is available. It can be set
manually or an auto delay can be used. To set a delay,
press SHIFT and then DELAY. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to
select AUTO or MANual. If MANual is chosen, enter the
duration of the delay and press ENTER. The AUTO
delay times are listed in Table 3-2 of the User’s Manual.
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14
Scan operations
The Model 2000 can be used with an internal scanner
card (Model 2000 SCAN or 2001-TCSCAN), or with
external scanner cards installed in a switching main-
frame (i.e. Model 7001 and 7002).
Step/Scan configuration —A “walk-through”menu is
provided to configure stepping or scanning. The main
menu is accessed by pressing SHIFT and then CONFIG.
Use the , , ▲ , ▼ and ENTER keys to select scan
type (INTernal or EXTernal), first channel in the scan
(MINimum CHANnel), last channel in the scan (MAXi-
mum CHANnel), time between scans, and reading
count (RDG CNT).
and keys —These keys can be used to manually
scan through channels on the internal scanner card.
Press to manually increment channels or to man-
ually decrement channels. Hold down either key to
scan continuously.
OPEN and CLOSE keys —Use these keys to open and
close channels on the internal scanner card. After press-
ing CLOSE, use the , , ▲ and ▼ keys to display the
desired channel (1 to 10) and press ENTER. Selecting a
different channel will cause the previously closed chan-
nel to open. For the Ω 4 function, CLOSE will close the
selected channel and the paired channel. Paired chan-
nels for the Model 2000 SCAN are 1&6, 2&7, 3&8,
4&9, and 5&10. Channel pairs are similar for the Model
2001-TCSCAN except that channels 1&6 are not paired.
STEP key —Pressing this key starts a stepping operation
of consecutive channels, where output triggers are sent
after every channel closure.
SCAN key —Pressing this key starts a scanning opera-
tion of consecutive channels, where an output trigger is
sent at the end of the scan list.
HALT —Pressing SHIFT and then HALT stops stepping
or scanning.
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15
Factory default conditions
Table 2. Factory defaults
Setting Factory default
Autozero
Buffer
Continuity
Beeper
Digits
Rate
Threshold
Current (AC and DC)
Digits (AC)
Digits (DC)
Filter
Count
Mode
Range
Relative
Value
Rate (AC)
Rate (DC)
Diode test
Digits
Range
Rate
Frequency and Period
Digits
Range
Relative
Value
Rate
Function
GPIB
Address
Language
Limits
Beeper
High limit
Low limit
mX+b
Scale factor
Offset
Percent
References
On
No effect
On
4
½
Fast (0.1 PLC)
10
Ω
5 ½
6 ½
On
10
Moving average
Auto
Off
0.0
Medium*
Medium (1 PLC)
6
½
1mA
Medium (1 PLC)
6
½
10V
Off
0.0
Slow (1 sec)
DCV
No effect
(16 at factory)
(SCPI at factory)
Off
Never
+1
-1
Off
1.0
0.0
Off
1.0
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16
Resistance (2-wire and 4-wire)
Digits
Filter
Count
Mode
Range
Relative
Value
Rate
RS-232
Baud
Flow
Tx term
Scanning
Channels
Mode
Temperature
Digits
Filter
Count
Mode
Junction
Temperature
Relative
Value
Rate
Thermocouple
Units
Triggers
Continuous
Delay
Source
Voltage (AC and DC)
dB reference
dBm reference
Digits (AC)
Digits (DC)
Filter
Count
Mode
Range
Relative
Value
Rate (AC)
Rate (DC)
6½
On
10
Moving average
Auto
Off
0.0
Medium (1 PLC)
Off
No effect
No effect
No effect
Off
1-10
Internal
5½
On
10
Moving average
Simulated
23°C
Off
0.0
Medium (1 PLC)
J
°C
On
Auto
Immediate
No effect
75Ω
5½
6½
On
10
Moving average
Auto
Off
0.0
Medium*
Medium (1 PLC)
*DETector:BANDwidth 30
Table 2. Factory defaults (cont.)
Setting Factory default
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17
Error and status messages
Table 3. Error and status messages
Number Description Event
-440
-430
-420
-410
-363
-350
-330
-314
-315
-285
-284
-282
-281
-260
-241
-230
-225
-224
-223
-222
-221
-220
-215
-214
-213
-212
-211
-210
-202
-201
-200
-178
-171
-170
-168
-161
-160
-158
-154
-151
-150
-148
Query unterminated after indefinite
response
Query deadlocked
Query unterminated
Query interrupted
Input buffer overrun
Queue overflow
Self-test failed
Save/recall memory lost
Configuration memory lost
Program syntax error
Program currently running
Illegal program name
Cannot create program
Expression error
Hardware missing
Data corrupt or stale
Out of memory
Illegal parameter value
Too much data
Parameter data out of range
Settings conflict
Parameter error
Arm deadlock
Trigger deadlock
Init ignored
Arm ignored
Trigger ignored
Trigger error
Settings lost due to rtl
Invalid while in local
Execution error
Expression data not allowed
Invalid expression
Expression error
Block data not allowed
Invalid block data
Block data error
String data not allowed
String too long
Invalid string data
String data error
Character data not allowed
EE
EE
EE
EE
SYS
SYS
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
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