Motic BA210E User manual

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We are constantly endeavouring to improve our instruments and to adapt them to the requirements of
modern research techniques and testing methods. This involves modification to the mechanical
structure and optical design of our instruments.
Therefore, all descriptions and illustrations in this instruction manual, including all specifications are
subject to change without notice.

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INFINITY CORRECTED OPTICS
In this optical concept the light beams are parallel after leaving the objective in the direction of the
eyepieces. A second optical element, the tube lens (normally located in the eyepiece tube) is used to
converge the parallel beams, resulting in an intermediate image. The intermediate image is focussed by
the eyepieces, to provide the real image for visual observation.
The implementation of a tube lens gives the opportunity to minimize chromatic aberrations and other
“optical defects”. Further, in “Infinity Optics” the distance between the objective and tube lens is not as
strictly fixed as in the (historically older) “Finite Optics” of 160mm tube length.
This allows additional optical components to be inserted between the objective and tube head.
Fluorescence attachments, discussion bridges, eye level risers and other options can be added without
affecting the image quality.
In general “Infinity Optics” provides flexibility and the opportunity to add additional optional features.

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CONVENTIONAL MICROSCOPE
The conventional microscope has a two-stage magnification system. There are two lens systems, the
objective and the eyepiece, mounted at opposite end of a body tube. The objective forms an enlarged
real image of the object being examined and is called intermediate image. The intermediate is further
enlarged by the eyepiece and is seen as a virtual image of the intermediate image. The eye can
examine this final image, situated at infinity. The total magnification of the microscope is determined by
the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece, and can be calculated as objective magnification X
eyepiece magnification. For instance, 40x objective X 10x eyepiece = 400x magnification.

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MICROSCOPE TERMINOLOGY
Abbe Condenser
A two-lens sub-stage condenser located below
the stage of a microscope and functions to collect
light and direct it onto the object being examined.
Its high numerical aperture makes it particularly
suited for use with most medium- and high-
magnification objectives.
Aperture, Numerical (N.A.)
The numerical aperture is an important factor
determining the efficiency of the condenser and
objective. It is represented by the formula: (N.A.
= ηsinα), where ηis the refractive index of a
medium (air, water, immersion oil etc.) between
the objective and the specimen or condenser,
and αis half of the maximum angle at which light
enters or leaves the lens from or to a focused
object point on the optical axis.
Cover Glass Thickness
Transmitted light objectives are designed to
image specimens that are covered by a thin
cover glass (cover slip). The thickness of this
small glass piece is now standardized at 0.17
mm for most applications.
Diaphragm, Condenser
A diaphragm, which controls the effective size of
the condenser aperture. A synonym for the
condenser illuminating aperture diaphragm.
Magnification
The number of times by which the size of the
image exceeds the original object. Lateral
magnification is usually meant. It is the ratio of
the distance between two points in the image to
the distance between the two corresponding
points in the object.
Micrometer: um
A metric unit of length measurement
= 1x10-6 meters or 0.000001 meters
Nanometer (nm)
A unit of length in the metric system equal to 10-9
meters.
Phase–contrast (microscopy)
A form of microscopy, which converts differences
in object thickness and refractive index into
differences in image amplitude and intensity.
Real Viewfield
The diameter in millimetres of the object field.
Eyepiece Field of View
Real Viewfield =
Objective Magnification
For example BA210E:
Eyepiece field of view = 20mm
Objective magnification = 10X
Diameter of the object field = 20/10
= 2.0mm

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Diopter adjustment
The adjustment of the eyepiece of an instrument
to provide accommodation for the eyesight
differences of individual observers.
Depth of Focus
The axial depth of the space on both sides of the
image plane within which the image is sharp. The
larger the N.A. of objective, the shallower the
depth of focus.
Field of View (F.O.V.)
That part of the image field, which is imaged on
the observer’s retina, and hence can be viewed
at any one time. The field of view number is now
one of the standard markings of the eyepiece.
Filter
Filters are optical elements that selectively
transmit light. It may absorb part of the spectrum,
or reduce overhaul intensity or transmit only
specific wavelengths.
Immersion Oil
Any liquid occupying the space between the
object and microscope objective. Such a liquid is
usually required by objectives of 3-mm focal
length or less.
Resolving Power
A measure of an optical system's ability to
produce an image which separates two points or
parallel lines on the object.
Resolution
The result of displaying fine details in an image
Total Magnification
The total magnification of a microscope is the
individual magnifying power of the objective
multiplied by that of the eyepiece.
Working Distance
This is the distance between the objective front
lens and the top of the cover glass when the
specimen is in focus. In most instances, the
working distance of an objective decreases as
magnification increases.
X–axis
The axis that is usually horizontal in a two-
dimensional coordinate system. In microscopy X-
axis of the specimen stages is considered that
which runs left to right.
Y–axis
The axis that is usually vertical in a two-
dimensional coordinate system. In microscopy Y-
axis of the specimen stages is considered that
which runs front to back.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1. NOMENCLATURE 8
2. SETTING UP THE INSTRUMENT 10
2.1 Operating environment 10
3. ASSEMBLING THE MICROSCOPE 11
3.1 Verifying input voltage 11
3.2 Illumination 11
3.2.1 Halogen 11
3.2.2 LED Module 11
3.3 Reckless stage 12
3.4 Specimen holder 12
3.5 Objectives 12
3.6 Condenser 12
3.7 Eyepiece tube 12
3.8 Eyepieces 12
3.9 Filters 13
3.10 Power cord 13
4. USAGE OF MICROSCOPE COMPONENTS 14
4.1 Coarse and fine focusing 14
4.2 Coarse focus torque adjustment 14
4.3 Stage upper limit stop adjustment 15
4.4 Beam splitter lever 15
4.5 Interpupillary distance adjustment 15
4.6 Diopter adjustment 16
4.7 Condenser (sourced focused (critical) illumination)16
4.8 Use of aperture diaphragm 17
4.9 Brightness and contrast adjustment 17

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5. PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC PROCEDURE 18
6. USING OIL IMMERSION OBJECTIVES 19
7. TROUBLESHOOTING TABLE 20
7. 1 Optical 20
7.2 Electrical 21
8. CARE AND MAINTENANCE 22
8.1 Do not disassemble 22
8.2 Cleaning the microscope 22
8.2.1 Lenses and filters 22
8.2.2 Cleaning of painted or plastic components 22
8.3 Disinfecting the microscope 22
8.4 When not in use 22
8.5 Bulb replacement 23
8.5.1 Halogen 23
8.5.2 LED Module 24
9. WARNING LABELS 26

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1. NOMENCLATURE
BA210E (Binocular)

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BA210E (Binocular)

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2. SETTING UP THE INSTRUMENT
Avoid placing the instrument in locations exposed to direct sunlight, dust, vibration, high temperature
and high humidity and where it is difficult to unplug the power supply cord.
2.1 Operating environment
Indoor use
Altitude: Max 2000 meters
Ambient temperature: 15°C to 35°C
Maximum relative humidity: 75% for temperature up to 31°C decreasing linearly to 50% relative
humidity at 40°C
Supply voltage fluctuations: Not to exceed ±10% of the normal voltage.
Pollution degree: 2 (in according with IEC60664)
Installation / Overvoltage category: 2 (in according with IEC60664)
Air pressure of 75kPa to 106 kPa
Avoid frost, dew, percolating water, and rain

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3. ASSEMBLING THE MICROSCOPE
3.1 Verifying input voltage
The automatic voltage selection works with a broad range of settings. However, always use a
ower cord that is rated for the voltage used in your area and that has been approved to meet local
safety standards. Using the wrong power cord could cause fire or equipment damage.
If using an extension cord, use only a power supply cord with a protective earth (PE) wire.
In order to prevent electric shock, always turn the power switch on the power supply off before
connecting the power cord.
Electrical specifications:
a. Halogen
Input: 90-240V~, 80VA, 50-60Hz (Hologen)
Bulb: 6V 30W Halogen
Fuse: 250V T2.5A (If the original fuse is blown, please replace with specified fuse)
b. LED Module
Input: 90-240V~, 80VA, 50-60Hz
LED: 3.4V 3W
Fuse: 250V T2.5A (If the original fuse is blown, please replace with specified fuse)
LED module high color temperature: 6000 ± 300k
LED module low color temperature: 4500 ± 300k
3.2 Illumination
3.2.1 Halogen
The quartz halogen bulb, used as a light source, has higher luminance and colour temperature
than conventional tungsten bulb. The luminance is approximately four times greater.
As long as the bulb voltage is kept constant, the halogen bulb maintains the same level of
brightness and colour temperature regardless of whether it is new or nearing the end of its life.
3.2.2 LED Module
The LED module is specially designed to be inserted into halogen bulb socket directly converting
halogen illumination to LED illumination. LED is more economical and environmental friendly and
combines the advantages of low heat and long life span.

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3.3 Reckless stage
Remove specimen holder for fast hand scanning of slides.
Left hand operation stages is available for option. It should be used with the short stage knob for
avoiding to interfere the fine focus knob..
3.4 Specimen holder
Attach the specimen holder, using the two mounting holes.
3.5 Objectives
Lower the stage completely. Screw the objectives into the revolving nosepiece so that clockwise
rotation of the nosepiece brings the next higher magnification objective into position.
3.6 Condenser
Raise the stage by turning the coarse focus knob.
Raise the condenser carrier by turning the condenser focus knob.
Insert the condenser into the mount with aperture scale facing forward towards the user.
Secure with the condenser clamp screw.
Turn the condenser focus knob to raise the condenser as far as it will go.
3.7 Eyepiece tube
Loosen the eyepiece clamp screw. Insert the round dovetail mount on the eyepiece tube into the
round dovetail mount on the microscope arm. Tighten the eyepiece tube clamp screw to secure the
eyepiece tube in place.
3.8 Eyepieces
Use the same magnification eyepieces for both the eyes.
To lock the eyepiece, insert each eyepiece completely into the eyepiece sleeve and tighten the
clamp screws.
Twist the eyepiece (anti-clockwise or clockwise) with 20~30 degree (Fig.1) and pull the eyepieces
gently out when removing the eyepiece. (Fig.2)

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(Fig.1) (Fig.2)
3.9 Filters
Remove the collector cover and place the filter in the filter holder located around the field lens,
screw the collector cover, taking care that dust, dirt and fingerprints do not get on the filter and the
field lens.
Filter selection:
Filter Function
ND2 (T=50%) For brightness adjustment in photomicrography
ND4 (T=25%)
ND16 (T=6.25%)
Blue filter (colour balance filter) For routine microscopy and photomicrography
Green interference (546nm) For phase contrast and contrast adjustment with
black and white film
HE (didymium filter) For colour photomicrography of HE stained
specimen with tungsten type film
A diffuser is built into the base of the microscope.
3.10 Power cord
Connect the socket of the of the power cord to the AC inlet on the rear of the base of the
microscope. Plug in the other end of the cord to an AC outlet with ground conductor.

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4. USAGE OF MICROSCOPE COMPONENTS
4.1 Coarse and fine focusing (Fig.3)
Focusing is carried out with the coarse and fine focus knobs at the left and right of the
microscope stand.
The direction of vertical movement of the stage corresponds to the turning direction of the
focus knobs.
One rotation of the fine focus knob moves the stage 0.2mm. The graduation on the fine focus knob
is 2 microns.
Never attempt either of the following actions, since doing so will damage the
focusing mechanism:
Rotate the left and right knob while holding the other.
Turning the coarse and fine focus knobs further than their limit.
(Fig.3) (Fig.4)
4.2 Coarse focus torque adjustment (Fig.4)
To increase the torque, turn the torque adjustment ring located behind the left-hand coarse focus
knob in the direction indicated by the arrow. To reduce the torque, turn the ring in the direction
opposite to that indicated by the arrow.

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4.3 Stage upper limit stop adjustment (Fig.5)
(Upper Stage Limit is preset at the factory; please only adjust if necessary)
The Stage Upper Limit stop marks the stage position at which the specimen is in focus i.e. by
restricting the movement of the coarse focus knob.
With the specimen in focus, turn the stage upper limit stop knurled ring clockwise until it reaches the
stop.
When the stage upper limit stop is in position, the stage cannot be raised from that position.
However, the fine focus knob can move the stage regardless of the limit but will only lower the
stage.
Lower the stage by using the coarse focus knob anticlockwise.
(Fig.5)
4.4 Beam splitter lever
The beam splitter lever of the trinocular eyepiece tube can be used to select the amount of light
distributed between the trinocular eyepiece tube and the vertical phototube.
When the beam splitter lever is pushed in until it reaches the limit, 100% of the light enters the
observation tube. When the beam splitter lever is pulled out to the limit, the ratio of light entering the
observation tube and phototube will be 20:80.
4.5 Interpupillary distance adjustment
Before adjusting the interpupillary distance, bring a specimen into focus using the 10x objective.
Adjust the interpupillary distance so that both the right and left field of view become one.
This adjustment will enable the user to observe the specimen with both eyes

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4.6 Diopter adjustment
Diopter adjustment compensates for the differences in vision between the left and right eyes. In
addition to making observation through both eyes easier, this adjustment also reduces the extent to
which focusing is lost when the objective magnification is changed. In particular, this occurs when a
low magnification objective is used.
The left eyepiece has a separate focusing provision to compensate for slight differences in the
focusing of each eye.
Using the right eye only and viewing through the right-hand eyepiece, adjust the focus with the
microscope fine or coarse adjustment until the image of the specimen is at its sharpest.
Using the left eye only and viewing through the left-hand eyepiece with its independent diopter-
focusing ring, focus until the specimen image is at its sharpest.
The microscope should now be ready binocular viewing.
4.7 Condenser (sourced focused (critical) illumination)
Critical illumination relies on using the sub-stage condenser to produce a focused image of the
homogeneous light source in the plane of the specimen in order to achieve an even illumination
condition over the entire field of view.
To have the light source focused in the plane of the specimen, an imaging disc with concentric
circles (and with its matte surface facing toward the microscope base) is placed on the field lens
and is focused on to the specimen plane. This is achieved by moving the condenser up or down
with condenser focus knob.
The correct vertical setting of the condenser remains unaltered when changing magnifications.
Because the light source is imaged onto the specimen, both the specimen and the light source are
said to be in the field plane. The condenser iris diaphragm controls the N.A. of the system, and is
therefore said to be located in an aperture plane of the microscope.

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4.8 Use of aperture diaphragm
The condenser aperture diaphragm is provided for adjusting the numerical aperture (N.A.) of the
illuminating system of the microscope, it decides the resolution of the image, contrast, depth of
focus and brightness.
Stopping down will lower the resolution and brightness but increase the contrast and depth of focus.
An image with appropriate contrast in most cases can be obtained with an aperture diaphragm
closed down to 2/3 of the maximum value.
To adjust the aperture diaphragm:
- adjust the condenser aperture lever referring to the condenser aperture scale, or
- by observing the diaphragm image visible on the exit pupil inside the eyepiece tube, or
- by using a centering telescope after removing one of the eyepieces and focusing on the
aperture diaphragm.
When swinging-out the top lens of the condenser for low magnification objectives, open the
condenser aperture diaphragm completely.
4.9 Brightness and contrast adjustment
Neutral density filters are used for brightness adjustment in routine microscopy and
photomicrography.
For phase contrast and contrast adjustment with black and white film, a Green interference filter
(546nm) is recommended.
An HE (didymium) filter for colour photomicrography, Haematoxylin, Eosin (HE) or Fuchsin stained
specimen with tungsten type film is available.

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5. PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC PROCEDURE
To ensure vibration free operation, set the microscope on a sturdy vibration free table or a bench
with a vibration proof device.
Pull the optical path selection lever of the trinocular eyepiece tube all of the way out to the limit, the
ratio of light entering the observation tube and phototube will be 20:80.
For the same total magnification, select a combination of the highest possible objective
magnification and lowest possible projection lens magnification to achieve the utmost image
definition and contrast.
To ensure optimal illumination, check the position and centring of the lamp and position of the
condenser.
Select a blue filter for routine application. An additional colour-compensating filter can also be used
depending on the colour rendition.
Adjusting the field diaphragm is important for the purpose of limiting extraneous light that may
cause flare and lower the contrast. Stop down the diaphragm to achieve an illuminated area slightly
larger than that of the field of view.
A change of depth of focus, contrast and resolution of image is attainable with an aperture setting
that is 2/3 of the objective N.A.
For specific photomicrographic procedures, refer to the manual of the specific camera being used.

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6. USING OIL IMMERSION OBJECTIVES
Oil immersion objectives are labelled with the additional engraving “Oil” and are to be immersed in
oil between the specimen and the front of the objective.
The immersion oil supplied by Motic is synthetic, non-fluorescing and non-resining oil, with a
refractive index of 1.515
Normally, cover glass must be used with oil immersion objectives with a few exceptions.
Deviations from thickness are not important as a layer of immersion oil acts as compensation above
the cover glass.
The small bottle of oil supplied with every immersion objective facilitates application of the oil to the
cover slip.
Remove any air bubbles in the nozzle of the oil container before use.
Immersion oil must be used sparingly. After the examination, the oil should be wiped off the
objective with a lens cleaning tissue and the residual film removed with soft cloth moistened with
petroleum benzene or absolute alcohol.
Locate the field of interest with a lower magnification objective. Swing the objective out of the light
path, and add one drop of immersion oil over the site of the specimen.
Swing in the oil immersion objective. There should be a small column of oil from the cover slip to
the objective lens. Use the fine focus to make the image sharp.
Freedom from air bubbles must be ensured. To check for air bubbles, remove an eyepiece, fully
open the field and aperture diaphragms, and look at the exit pupil of the objective within the
eyepiece tube. Air bubbles are recognized by presence of a surrounding black ring. Bubbles may
often be dislodged by moving the slide to and fro or by slightly rocking the revolving nosepiece back
and forth. If not successful in clearing the bubbles then the oil must be wiped off and replaced with
a fresh drop.