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Figure 4.1-18 — Position Status Menu ..............................................................................................................................4-14
Figure 4.1-19 — Help Menu ..............................................................................................................................................4-14
Figure 4.1-20 — About Screen ..........................................................................................................................................4-15
Figure 4.2-1 — Servo Tuning Main Screen ......................................................................................................................4-16
Figure 5.4-1 — VI Front Panel .........................................................................................................................................5-105
Figure 6.1-1 —Typical Motion Control System ..................................................................................................................6-1
Figure 6.2-1 — Position Error Test .....................................................................................................................................6-3
Figure 6.2-2 — High Accuracy for Small Motions ..............................................................................................................6-4
Figure 6.2-3 — Low Accuracy for Small Motions...............................................................................................................6-4
Figure 6.2-4 — Effect of Stiction and Elasticity on Small Motions ...................................................................................6-5
Figure 6.2-5 — Error Plot ....................................................................................................................................................6-5
Figure 6.2-6 — Error vs. Motion Step Size .........................................................................................................................6-6
Figure 6.2-7 — Hysteresis Plot ............................................................................................................................................6-7
Figure 6.2-8 — Real vs. Ideal Position ...............................................................................................................................6-7
Figure 6.2-9 — Pitch, Yaw, and Roll Motion Axes .............................................................................................................6-8
Figure 6.2-10 — Pitch, Yaw and Roll ..................................................................................................................................6-8
Figure 6.2-11 — Wobble ......................................................................................................................................................6-8
Figure 6.2-12 — Position, Velocity, and Average Velocity ................................................................................................6-9
Figure 6.3-1 — Servo Loop ................................................................................................................................................6-11
Figure 6.3-2 — P Loop .......................................................................................................................................................6-12
Figure 6.3-3 — PI Loop ......................................................................................................................................................6-13
Figure 6.3-4— PID Loop ....................................................................................................................................................6-13
Figure 6.3-5 — Trapezoidal Velocity Profile ....................................................................................................................6-14
Figure 6.3-6 — PID Loop with Feed-Forward ...................................................................................................................6-14
Figure 6.3-7 — Tachometer-Driven PIDF Loop ................................................................................................................6-15
Figure 6.4-1— Trapezoidal Motion Profile ......................................................................................................................6-16
Figure 6.4-2 — Position and Acceleration Profiles ..........................................................................................................6-16
Figure 6.4-3 — Origin Switch and Encoder Index Pulse .................................................................................................6-17
Figure 6.4-4 — Slow-Speed Origin Switch Search ........................................................................................................... 6-18
Figure 6.4-5 — High/Low-Speed Origin Switch Search ...................................................................................................6-18
Figure 6.4-6 — Origin Search From Opposite Direction .................................................................................................6-18
Figure 6.5-1 — Encoder Quadrature Output ....................................................................................................................6-19
Figure 6.5-2 — Optical Encoder Scale..............................................................................................................................6-20
Figure 6.5-3 — Optical Encoder Read Head ....................................................................................................................6-20
Figure 6.5-4 — Single-Channel Optical Encoder Scale and Read Head Assembly ....................................................... 6-20
Figure 6.5-5 — Two-Channel Optical Encoder Scale and Read Head Assembly ..........................................................6-21
Figure 6.6-1 — Stepper Motor Operation .........................................................................................................................6-22
Figure 6.6-2 — Four-Phase Stepper Motor .......................................................................................................................6-22
Figure 6.6-3 — Phase Timing Diagram ............................................................................................................................6-23
Figure 6.6-4 — Energizing Two Phases Simultaneously .................................................................................................6-23
Figure 6.6-5 — Timing Diagram, Half-Stepping Motor ....................................................................................................6-24
Figure 6.6-6 — Energizing Two Phases with Different Intensities .................................................................................6-24
Figure 6.6-7 — Timing Diagram, Continuous Motion (Ideal) ........................................................................................6-24
Figure 6.6-8 — Timing Diagram, Mini-Stepping ..............................................................................................................6-24
Figure 6.6-9 — Single Phase Energization .......................................................................................................................6-25
Figure 6.6-10 — External Force Applied ..........................................................................................................................6-25
Figure 6.6-11 — Unstable Point ........................................................................................................................................6-25
Figure 6.6-12 — Torque and Tooth Alignment.................................................................................................................6-26
Figure 6.6-13 — DC Motor .................................................................................................................................................6-27
Figure 6.7-1 — Simple Stepper Motor Driver ...................................................................................................................6-29
Figure 6.7-2 — Current Build-up in Phase ........................................................................................................................6-29
Figure 6.7-3 — Effect of a Short ON Time on Current .....................................................................................................6-29
Figure 6.7-4 — Motor Pulse with High Voltage Chopper .................................................................................................6-30
Figure 6.7-5 — DC Motor Voltage Amplifier ....................................................................................................................6-30
Figure 6.7-6 — DC Motor Current Driver .........................................................................................................................6-31
Figure 6.7-7 — DC Motor Velocity Feedback Driver........................................................................................................6-31
Figure 6.7-8 — DC Motor Tachometer Gain and Compensation ....................................................................................6-32
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