Nikon Eclipse E400 POL User manual

Nikon
Polarizing
Microscope
ECLIPSE
E400
POL
Instructions

Thank you for purchasing the Nikon products.
This
instruction
manual
is
written
for
the
users
of the
Nikon
Polarizing
Microscope
ECLIPSE E400 POL.
To
ensure
correct
usage,
read
this
manual
carefully
before
operating
the
instrument.
e
It
is
prohibited
to
reproduce
or
transmit
this
manual
in
part
or
whole
without
Nikon's
expressed
permission.
e
The
contents
of
this
manual
are
subject
to
change
without
notice.
e
Some
of
the
products
described
in
this
manual
may
not
be
included
in
the
set
you
have
purchased.
+
Although
every
effort
has
been
made
to
ensure
the
accuracy
of
this
manual,
if
you
note
any
points
that
are
unclear
or
incorrect,
contact
your
nearest
Nikon
representative.
Warning/Caution Symbols Used in This Manual
Although Nikon products are designed to provide you with the utmost safety during
use, incorrect usage or disregard of the instructions can cause personal injury or
property
damage.
For
your
safety,
read
the
instruction
manual
carefully
and
thoroughly
before
using
the
instrument.
Do
not
discard
this
manual
but
keep
it
near
the
product
for
easy reference.
In
this
manual,
safety
instructions
are
indicated
with
the
symbols
shown
below.
Be
sure
to
follow
the
instructions
indicated
with
these
symbols
to
ensure
correct
and
safe
operation.
Symbol Meaning
Disregarding instructions marked with this symbol may lead
WARNING
to
death
or
serious
injury.
Disregarding instructions marked with this symbol may lead
CAUTION =.
to injury or property damage.
PP
Meaning of Symbols Used on the Eguipment
Symbol Meaning
Caution for heat.
MA This marking on the lamp cover calls your attention on the
following;
e Lam cover becomes very hot during and immediately after
the illumination.
e Risk of burns. Do not touch the lamp cover during and
immediately after the illumination.
e Make sure that the lamp cover is sufficiently cool before
the lamp replacement.

YANI
1. Intended product use
This
microscope
should
only
be
used
for
microscopic
observation.
Do
not
use
it
for
any
other purpose.
2. Do not disassemble
Disassembling
may
cause
malfunction
and/or
electrical
shock.
Do
not
disassemble
any
parts
other
than
those
mentioned
in
this
manual.
If
you
notice
any
malfunction,
notify
your
nearest Nikon representative.
3. Input voltage
Make
sure
that the
input
voltage
indicated
on
the
back
panel
of
the
microscope
is
the
same
as
your
regional
voltage.
If
not
the
same,
do
not
use
the
microscope;
instead,
notify
your
nearest
Nikon
representative
immediately.
If
the
microscope
is
used
with
the
wrong
input
voltage,
a
short
circuit
or
fire
may
result,
causing the damage of the microscope.
4. Power cord
To
prevent
electrical
shock,
always
tum
off
the
power
switch
(flip
it
to
the
“O”
side)
before
connecting
or
disconnecting
the
power
cord.
Use
only
the
following
power
supply
cord
set.
Using
the
wrong
power
cord
could
result in damage or fire.
* For 100-120V area
UL
Listed,
detachable
cord
set,
3
conductor
grounding
type
SVT,
No.
18
AWG
rated
at
125V, 7A minimum.
In
case
of
using
the
extension
cord,
use
only
the
power
supply
cord
with
the
PE
(protective
earth) wire.
* For 220-240V area
3
pole
power
supply
cord
set,
which
must
be
approved
according
to
EU/EN
standards.
_
Class
I
equipment
should
be
connected
to
PE
(protective
earth)
terminal.
In
case
of
using
the
extension
cord,
use
only
the
power
supply
cord
with
the
PE
(protective
earth) wire.
5.
Heat
from
the
light
source
The
lamp
and
the
lamp
cover
become
extremely
hot.
To
avoid
burns,
do
not
touch
the
lamp
cover
while
the
lamp
is
lit
or
for
thirty
minutes
after
it
has
been
turned
off.
Furthermore,
in
order
to
avoid
the
risk
of
fire,
do
not
place
fabric,
paper
or
highly
flammable
materials
such
as
gasoline,
petroleum
benzine,
paint
thinner
or
alcohol
near
the
lamp
cover
while
it
is
lit
or
for
about
thirty
minutes
after
it
has
been
turned
off.
The
back
of
the
microscope
also
becomes
hot
during
use.
Although
this
is
not
a
malfunction,
be
careful
not
to
touch
the
back
of
the
microscope
when
it
is
hot.

[caution
1.
Only use the specified halogen lamp
The
power
supply
unit
in
the
microscope
provides
the
power
for
the
halogen
lamp
that
serves
as
the
microscope
light
source.
This
unit
can
supply
power
for
a
halogen
lamp
of
up
to
6V-30W.
The
specified
lamp
must
be
used,
otherwise,
the
microscope
could
be
damaged.
Specified lamp: 6V-30W halogen lamp (PHILIPS 5761)
Precautions for replacing the lamp
To
prevent
burns,
allow
the
lamp
to
cool
for
at
least
thirty
minutes
after
turning
off
the
power
switch before
replacing
it.
Furthermore,
to
prevent
electrical
shock
and
damage
to
the
microscope,
always
turn
off
the
power
switch
(flip
it
to
the
“O”
side)
and
unplug
the
power cord before replacing the lamp.
After
replacing
the
lamp,
be
sure
to
attach
the
lamp
cover
securely.
Never
light
the
lamp
without its cover.
Do not wet the microscope
If
the
microscope
gets
wet.
a
short
circuit
may
result
that
could
damage
it
or
make
it
extremely
hot.
If
you
accidentally
spill
a
liquid
on
the
microscope.
immediately
turn
off
the
power
switch
(flip
it
to
the
“O”
side)
and
unplug
the
power
cord.
Then
use
a
dry
cloth
to
wipe
away
the
moisture.
If
any
liquid
gets
inside
the
microscope,
do
not use
it;
instead,
notify your nearest Nikon representative.
Weak electromagnetic waves
This
microscope
emits
weak
electromagnetic
waves.
The
accuracy
of
any
precision
electronic
eguipment
may
be
adversely
affected
if
positioned
too
close.
If
the
microscope
affects
TV
or
radio
reception,
move
the
radio
or
TV
further
away
from
the
microscope.
Precautions for installation
Be
careful
not
to
pinch
your
hands
or
fingers
when
installing
the
microscope.
This
microscope
is
a
precision
optical
instrument,
and
using
or
storing
it
under
unsuitable
conditions
may
damage
it
or
may
have
an
adverse
effect
on
its
accuracy.
See
“Installation
location”
on
p.28
and
always
use
the
microscope
in
a
suitable
environment.
Precautions for moving the microscope
Securely hold the microscope by the base of
the arm from the back.
Do not grasp the focus knobs, eyepiece tube,
stage, etc. when carrying the microscope.
This could cause the part to come off,
resulting in damage to the microscope.
Be careful not to hit the lamp cover against
the other objects when lifting up or placing
the microscope.
This microscope is a precision optical
instrument, so handle it carefully and do not
Subject it to a strong physical shock. (The
accuracy of the objective in particular may be
adversely affected by even a weak physical
shock.)

CONTENTS
Warning/Caution
SymbolsUsedinThisManual
..................................................
1
N
WARNING
nr
스
2
ZN
CAUTION
....................,
3
Ш
Names
of
Component
Parts
and
Operational
Parts
a.
6
F
Microscopic
Procedure
...
se
..
.
8
EJ
Operation
of
Each
Part
…
14
EN
Coarse
and
fine
focus
KNODS
nni
14
1.
Rotation
of
the
coarse
and
fine
focus
knobs
and
vertical
movement
of
the
stage
un
…
14
2.
Adjusting
the
torque
of
the
coarse
focus
køb
ccoo
na
14
3.
Соагзе
AS
A
eee
15
Trinocular
eyepiece
tube
emme
16
1.
Ориса]
рав
зе|есвол
..................
ии.
16
2.
Vertical
如
be
adapter
cc
mm
16
3.
Optical
path
selection
lever
cicking...........................
eee
16
Diopter
adjustment
ii
17
EJ
Interpupillary
distance
adjustment
mmm
17
Condenser..............
италии,
18
1.
Focusing
and
centering
A
18
2.
Condenser
aperture
diaphragm...............
이
19
3.
Swing-out
the
top
lens
of
the
condenser
20
Field
diaphragm
.
20
A
..
..20
Е
Auto-photo
switch
(for
photomicrography)
-
21
Oil-immersion
operation
(using
an
oil-immersion
type
of
objective
and
condenser
...............
июню,
21
Onientation
of
polarizing
plates
(Polarizer
and
Analyzer)
tries
22
Focusing
and
centering
the
Bertrand
lens
.
-
ere
23
P-CL
1/44
&
tint
plate
..
23
Centering
the
objectives
ic
…
24
K
Circular
graduated
stage
for
polarizing
microscope...
run
emma
24
Use
of
optional
accessories
(Sold
Separately)
„25
1.
P-CS
Sénarmont
Compensator
...
....
sen
25
2.
P-CQ
Quartz
wedge
................,
.
..
26
3.
Attachable
Mechanical
Stage
....
.
НИ
27
Assembly
ee
Mana
ran
28
TroubleshootingTables...............................
.
34
[A
Care
and
Maintenance
.
.
38
Specifications
and
З4апдагас
..........................
39

Names
of
Component
Parts
and
Operational
Parts
If
the
microscope
has
not
yet
been
assembled,
see
chapter
“4.
Assembly”
first.
Binocular
eyepiece tube
Polarizing
intermediate tube
Diopter
adjustment rin
Bertrand lens
centering screw
Y
Analyzer slider
P-CL 1/44 & tint plate
A
Revolving
nosepiece
Specimen clip 0
Coo
Objective
centering
screws
Substage
Objective
Condenser
clamp
-
screw
Vernier
— |
Coarse torque adjust- OW |
ment ring (TORQUE) |
ment ring (TORQUE) |
Coarse focus knob OWN |
asr ccus no9 |
Stage rotation
clamp screw
Circular
Fine
focus
knob
OM
||
:
graduated
stage
so
TU
SER
Brightness
adjuster
ali
:
=
a
ce
Stage
clamp
screw
(LAMP)
|
O)
=
“tr
Cp
ES)
LITE
X
EX
Polarizer
IG
à
9
(Bottom
of
the
condenser)
Orientation plate
WV
Auto-photo voltage
selection switch

1.
Names
of
Component
Parts
and
Operational
Parts
Bertrand lens focus
ring
_
SU
Intermediate
tube
à
p
k
сатр
screw
Bertrand
lens
turret
ZDA
lam
screw
|
Condenser top lens
swing-out knob
Condenser aperture
scale
Coarse
focus
stopper
ring (CLAMP)
Condenser aperture
diaphragm ring
Fine focus knob
Power switch
Field lens
Field diaphragm ring
Tool
holder
Rating
label
(Holds a hexagonal screwdriver and two centering screws.)
Lamp cover
AC input connector
Power cord

Microscopic
Procedure
The
general
procedure
for
microscopy
is
described
below.
For
details
on
each
step,
refer
to
the
corresponding
item
in
chapter
“3.
Operation
of
Each
Part.”
If
the
microscope
has
not
yet
been
assembled,
see
chapter
“4.
Assembly”
first.
Turn on the power.
(Flip
the
switch
to
the
“|”
side.)
ER
Flip
the
switch
to
the
“
|"
side.
As
soon
as
the
power
comes
on,
the
switch
lights.
Set
the
brightness
adjuster
to
give
H
the
desired brightness.
:
Pressing
the
auto-photo
switch
will
set
the
voltage
for
the
brightness
that
provides
the
best
color
eproduction.
(p.21)
Insert filters NCB11 into the
optical path.
NCB11 improves color
reproduction. (p.20)
Push
in
the
analyzer
slider
of
the
intermediate
tube
to
remove
the
analyzer
from
the
optical
path.
Push in the
analyzer slider.
Put
the
Bertrand
lens
turret
in
the
“O”
position
to
remove
the
Bertrand
lens
from
the
optical
oa
|
=
-
path.
e
izi
=
CEE
—
[EI
Turn
the
turret
to
the
“O”
position.
3

Move the 10x objective into the
optical path.
Rotate the revolving nosepiece
until the 10X objective clicks into
place.
Set the specimen in place with the
cover glass facing up.
Raise the condenser as high as it
À will go.
Fully open the field diaphragm and
condenser aperture diaphragm.
2. Microscopic Procedure
B Set the 10x
/ objective.
Cover giass
facing up
Set the
specimen.
四 Fully open
= the condenser
aperture
diaphragm.
SS
| 图
Ell Raise the condenser. L
El Fully open the
field diaphragm.
+

Loosen
the
coarse
focus
stopper
ring.
Rotate
it
in
the
direction
opposite
the
arrow
on
the
base
as
far
as
it
Set
the
optical
path
to
100%
of
the
binocular
eyepiece
when
using
the
trinocular
eyepiece
tube.
(p.16)
Turn
the
diopter
adjustment
ring
of
the
right
eyepiece
(containing
the
crosshairs)
and
focus
on
the
crosshairs.
Focus
on
the
specimen.
(p.14)
9 В
— Bd Loosen the coarse
focus stopper.
+
Focus on
T
the
reticle
crosshairs.
a
N
1
\
i
1
!
1
\
f
%
é
M
之
σοι
Focus on the specimen.
%
10

Adjust the diopter of the left
J eyepiece. (p.17)
Adjust the interpupillary distance.
| (Р.17)
16 Center the objective. (p24)
Focus and center the condenser.
(p.18)
2. Microscopic Procedure
Adjust the
diopter ring
O
E
Adjust the
interpupillary
distance.
K
pi YZ
L ME
z
Focus the
condenser.
x
11

1 8 Switch to any desired objective
and view the specimen.
Rotate the revolving nosepiece to
its click-stop position.
In the case of using an oil-
immersion objective, apply oil
while being careful that air bubbles
do
not
form
between
the
end
of
the
objective and the specimen.
1
9
Manipulate
the
coarse
focus
knob
q
or
fine
focus
knob
to
re-focus
on
= the specimen.
Close
the
field
diaphragm
so
that
it
is
just
outside
the
field
of
view.
(p.20)
Close
the
condenser
aperture
diaphragm
to
about
70
~
80%
of
the
numerical
aperture
of
the
objective.
(p.19)
Switch the objective.
—
7 ゲ (9
oso
/
Г y SS >
/
a
|
É
Readjust the focus.
5
EQ Adjust the condenser
aperture diaphragm.
Adjust the field diaphragm.
This
completes
the
procedure
for
microscopy
for
normal
observation.
Refer
to
the
following
for
details
regarding
the
microscopy
procedures
for
“Orthoscopic
Observation”
and
“Conoscopic
Observation”.

2. Microscopic Procedure №
M
Orthoscopic
Observation/Conoscopic
Observation
BE
The
following
provides
an
explanation
of
the
characteristic
observation
method
of
polarizing
microscopes
along
with
the
microscopy
procedure.
If
normal
microscopy
has
not
yet
been
completed.
refer
to
the
previous
section
and
complete
normal
microscopy.
Orthoscopic Observation
© In this method, the specimen is observed with
the polarizer and analyzer placed in the
optical path.
e Operation
Pull out the analyzer slider and move the
analyzer into the optical path.
e In this case. the shape of the specimen is
visible (direction of optical axis) and the
optical properties relative to the direction of
the thickness of the specimen can be
observed.
Conoscopic Observation
e In this method, in addition to the polarizer
and analyzer, the Bertrand lens is also moved
into the optical path when observing a
specimen.
e Operation
Move the analyzer into the optical path, and
place the Bertrand lens turret of the
intermediate tube in position “B” to move the
Bertrand lens into the optical path. (Refer to
p.23 for details regarding the focusing
procedure.) Place the P-CL 1/44 & tini plate
in the hollow position. Use an objective
having a large numerical aperture (high
magnification: normally 40 or higher).
Analyzer and Bertrand Jens
in the optical path -
e
Specimens
can
be
observed
from
various
angles
with
diascopic
light
in
the
form
of
a
single
image.
Differing
from
orthoscopic
observation,
however,
the
shape
of
the
specimen
itself
is
not
visible
with
this
observation.
The
settings
of
each
part
in
orthoscopic
microscopy
and
conoscopic
microscopy
are
summarized
below.
Orthoscopic
Observation
Conoscopic
Observation
To investigate the vibration direction and birefringence
To distinguish between uniaxial and biaxial
Furpose
of
of
observation
light
by
observing
the
extinction
and
properties
and
observe
the
optic-axial
angle
interference
color
due
to
the
specimen.
and
optical
characteristics
in
minerals.
Top
lens
of
10x
or
higher
IN
IN
the
condenser
|
4x
or
lower
OUT
Bertrand
lens
OUT
(Turret
position:
O)
IN
(Turret
position:
B)
.
—
80%
of
1
Aperture
10x
or
higher
2
th
5
이어
numerical
aperture
Circumscribed
the
circumference
of the
diaphragm
conoscopic
field
of
view
(or
fully
opened)
4X
or
lower
Fully
opened
; i
i
i
fe
Field
10X
or
higher
the
creping
ape
cs
view
erence
of
Circumscribed
the
circumference
of the
diaphragm
orthoscopic
field
of
view
4x
or
lower
Fuliy
opened

Operation
of
Each
Part
Coarse
and
fine
focus
knobs
1.
Rotation
of
the
coarse
and
fine
focus
knobs
and
vertical
movement
of
the
stage
ren
Rotating
the
fine
focus
knob
one
step
moves
the
stage
1
pm.
Rotating
the
fine
focus
knob
one
complete
turn
moves
the
stage
0.1
mm.
Rotating
the
coarse
focus
knob
one
complete
turn
moves
the
stage
12
mm.
The
coarse/fine
focus
stroke
(range
of
vertical
motion)
for the
stage
is
2
mm
up
and
28
mm
down
from
the
reference
(focused)
position.
Direction
of
coarse/fine
focus
knobs
and
stage
vertical
motion
Never
atiempt
either
of
the
following
actions.
These
actions
will
damage
the
microscope.
e
Rotating
the
left
and
right
knobs
in
opposite
directions
at
the
same
time.
e
Continuing
to
rotate
the
coarse
focus
knob
after
the
stage
has
reached
the
limit
of
its
motion.
2.
Adjusting
the
torque
of
the
coarse
focus
knob
It
is
possible
to
adjust
the
torque
of
the
coarse
focus
knob.
\
\
To
increase
the
torque,
turn
the
torque
adjustment
ring
(TORQUE)
located
behind
the
coarse
focus
knob
in
the
direction
of
the
arrow
on
the
microscope
base
(i.e.,
the
counter-clockwise
direction).
To
reduce
the
torque,
turn
the
ring
in
the
direction
opposite
to
the
arrow
(i.e.,
the
clockwise
direction).
To increase
the torque
14

3. Operation of Each Part à
| 3. Coarse focus stopper MI
Clamp the coarse
focus stopper
Purpose of the coarse focus stopper
The
coarse
focus
stopper
marks
the
stage
position
at
which
the
specimen
is
in
focus
by
restricting
the
movement
of
the
coarse
focus
knob.
(Movement
of
the
stage
by
the
fine
focus
knob
is
not
restricted.)
Once
the
coarse
focus
stopper
has
been
clamped
in
position,
the
coarse
focus
knob
cannot
be
used
to
move
the
stage
any
higher.
In
effect,
once
the
coarse
focus
knob
has
been
clamped
in
place
at
the
focus
position,
a
rough
focus
can
be
attained
the
next
time
simply
by
tuming
the
coarse
focus
knob
as
far
as
it
will
go.
This
feature
is
convenient
when
viewing
similar
specimens
one
after
another.
Using the coarse focus stopper
With
the
specimen
in
focus,
turn
the
coarse
focus
stopper
ring
as
far
as
it
will
go
in
the
direction
of
the
arrow
on
the
base
of
the
microscope
(about
3/4
revolution).
The
coarse
focus
stopper
is
now
clamped
in
position.
When
changing
the
specimen,
lower
the
stage
by
turning
only
the
coarse
focus
knob.
After
changing
the
specimen,
gently
raise
the
stage
by
turning
only
the
coarse
focus
knob
as
far
as
it
will
go.
The
specimen
should
be
roughly
in
focus
when
the
stage
has
been
raised
as
far
as
it
will
go;
use
the
fine
focus
knob
to
bring
the
specimen
into
perfect
focus.
If
the
coarse
focus
stopper
is
not
being
used,
be
sure
to
turn
the
coarse
focus
stopper
ring
in
the
direction
opposite
to
the
arrow
on
the
microscope
base
as
far
as
it
will
go.
15

Я
Trinocular
eyepiece
tube
The
optical
path
selection
lever
can
be
used
to
select
the
wa
between
the
binocular
part
and
the
vertical
tube.
Lever
position
區, FIM en +:
πι
BINO4 | >>
F Proro 十 区
3
A
photomicrographic
vertical
tube
adapter
is
provided
as
standard
eguipment
that
allows
a
photomicrographic
eguipment
to
be
installed.
To
install
the
adapter,
insert
it
into
the
vertical
tube
and
clamp
three
screws
with
the
provided
screwdriver.
Replace
this
adapter
with
the
optional
TV
vertical
tube
adapter
when
using
a
TV
camera.
Optical
path
selection
lever
clicking
There
is
a
switch
identified
by
“NO
CLICK”
on
the
bottom
surface
of
the
eyepiece
tube.
Turn
the
switch
in
the
direction
of
the
arrow
with
the
hexagonal
screwdriver
provided
to
disengage
the
clicking
action
of
the
optical
path
selection
lever.
Disengaging
the
clicking
action
minimizes
small
vibrations
produced
by
operating
the
lever.
α
1.
Optical
path
selection
И
y
to
divide
the
amount
of
light
Light proportion
binocular vertical
part
100
20
0
tube
0
80
100
2.
Vertical
tube
adapter
nes
16

3. Operation of Each Part -
Е Diopter adjustment
The diopter difference between both eyes is adjusted by
adjusting the diopter. In the case of a polarizing
Microscope, since an eyepiece containing crosshairs is
used for the right eye, the procedure for adjusting the
diopter differs from that of an ordinary microscope.
To begin with, turn the diopter adjustment ring on the
right eyepiece to bring the crosshairs in the eyepiece into
focus 1]. Next, focus on a specimen on the stage while
viewing with the right eye, and then turn the diopter
adjustment ring on the left eyepiece ‘2] and bring the
specimen into focus.
El Interpupillary distance adjustment
Before adjusting the interpupillary distance, perform
steps MI to [E] in chapter “2 Microscopic Procedure” so
that the specimen is in focus with the 10x objective.
Adjust the interpupillary distance so that the view field
for each eye is at the same position on the specimen.
Doing so wil] make observation through the binocular
eyepiece with both eyes easier.
17

回 Condenser
1.
Focusing
and
centering
때 때
때
재
000
Eyepiece
view
field
Eyepiece
view
field
Focus
and
center
the
condenser
so
that
the
light
passing
through
the
condenser
forms
the
image
at
the
correct
position
on
the
specimen
(i.e.,
at
the
center
of
the
optical
path).
Before
focusing
and
centering
the
condenser,
perform
steps
I]
to
Bl
in
chapter
“2
Microscopic
Procedure”
so
that
the
specimen
is
in
focus
with
the
10x
objective.
Close
the
field
diaphragm
to
its
minimum
setting.
Tum
the
condenser
focus
knob
so
that
the
image
of
the
field
diaphragm
is
formed
on
the
specimen.
3
Make
rough
adjustments
with
the
condenser
centering
screws
so
that
the
image
of
the
field
diaphragm
appears
at
the
center
of
the
eyepiece
view
field.
4
Move
the
40x
objective
into
the
optical
path.
Turn
the
fine
focus
knob
to
focus
on
the
specimen.
5
Turn
the
condenser
focus
knob
so
that
the
image
of
the
field
diaphragm
is
formed
on
the
specimen.
6
Adjust
the
condenser
centering
screws
so
that
the
image
of
the
field
diaphragm
appears
at
the
center
of
the
eyepiece
view
field.
This
adjustment
is
easier
to
make
if
you
adjust
the
size
of
the
field
diaphragm
to
be
Slightly
smaller
than
the
eyepiece
view
field.
N
må
18

3. Operation of Each Part
JM
2.
Condenser
aperture
diaphragm
me
Numerical
Aperture
40x58, Ge
00/0.17 WD 0,65 ~
4010.65 »
ea wom
= =
0.65 x 0.7 ~ 0.8 = 0.455 ~ 0.52
Ш Orthoscopic Microscopy
The
aperture
diaphragm
is
important
because
it
is
related
to
the
resolution,
contrast.
depth
of
focus
and
brightness
of
the
optical
image.
Turning
the
condenser
aperture
diaphragm
ring
changes
the
size
of
the
aperture
diaphragm.
As
the
aperture
diaphragm
is
stopped
down,
resolution
and
brightness
are
reduced
while
contrast
and
depth
of
focus
are
increased.
Conversely,
as
the
aperture
diaphragm
is
opened,
resolution
and
brightness
are
increased
while
contrast
and
depth
of
focus
are
reduced.
It
is
not
possible
to
adjust
one
pair
of
characteristics
without
affecting
the
other.
Generally,
a
satisfactory
image
with
appropriate
contrast
can
be
obtained
with
an
aperture
setting
that
is
70%
to
80%
of
the
numerical
aperture
of
the
objective.
The
numerical
aperture
is
indicated
on
the
barrel
of
each
objective.
An
indication
of
40x/0.65
means
that
the
magnification
is
40x and
the
numerical
aperture
is
0.65.
If
the
aperture
diaphragm
is
stopped
down
too
far,
the
resolution
is
reduced;
therefore,
except
when
viewing
a
nearly
transparent
specimen,
we
do
not
recommend
stopping
down
the
aperture
to
less
than
60%
of
the
numerical
aperture
of
the
objective.
Adjusting
the
size
of
the
aperture
diaphragm
according
to
the
condenser
scale
Since
the
condenser
scale
indicates
the
numerical
aperture,
adjust
the
aperture
diaphragm
ring
according
to
the
scale.
(Normally,
the
index
on
the
aperture
diaphragm
ring
should
be
aligned
with
the
scale
line
corresponding
to
70%
to
80%
of
the
numerical
aperture
of
the
objective.)
Adjusting the size of the aperture diaphragm using the Bertrand lens
Insert
the
Bertrand
lens
into
the
optical
path
(by
placing
in
position
“B”).
Turn
the
diaphragm
control
ring
to
stop
down
the
aperture
diaphragm
to
its
minimum
setting.
Turn
the
Bertrand
lens
focus
ring
to
focus
on
the
aperture
diaphragm.
Turn
the
diaphragm
control
ring
to
adjust
the
aperture
diaphragm.
(This
is
normally
adjusted
to 70-80%
of
the
field
of view.)
Ш Conoscopic Microscopy
In the case of conoscopic microscopy, the condenser aperture diaphragm functions as a field
diaphragm on the conoscopic image surface. Stop down the diaphragm until it circumscribes the
circumference of the field of view of the conoscopic image (pupil of the objective).
19

3.
Swing-out
the
top
lens
of
the
condenser
a
The
top
lens
of
the
swing-out
condenser
can
be
moved
outside
the
optical
path with
the
swing-out
knob.
During
normal
orthoscopic
microscopy
or
conoscopic
microscopy,
the
top
lens
is
used
while
positioned
in
the
optical
path.
During
orthoscopic
microscopy
using
a
low-power
objective
of
4x
or
lower,
swing
out
the
top
lens.
During
measurement
of
retardation
or
evaluation
by
interference
color,
swing
out
the
top
lens
(the
condenser
aperture
diaphragm
may
be
stopped
down)
and
illuminate
with
light
that
is
as
parallel
to
the
optical
axis
as
possible.
G Field diaphragm
The
field
diaphragm
restricts
illumination
to
the
area
on
the
specimen
being
viewed.
Turning
the
field
diaphragm
ring
changes
the
size
of
the
field
diaphragm.
For
normal
observation,
the
size
of
the
diaphragm
should
be
slightly
larger
than
the
boundary
of
the
view
field.
If
a
broader
area
than
necessary
is
illuminated,
stray
light
will
enter
the
view
field,
creating
flaring
and
reducing
the
contrast
of
the
optical
image.
The
correct
setting
of
the
field
diaphragm
is
especially
important
in
photomicrography;
generally,
good
results
are
obtained
by
stopping
down
the
field
diaphragm
to
just
slightly
larger
than
the
area
that
will
be
reproduced
on
the
film,
i.e.,
the
size
of
the
photo
frame.
Two
filters
are
available
as
accessories
for
this
microscope.
Place
the
filter
on
the
field
lens
to
improve
color
reproduction
or
to
adjust
the
brightness.
[color
balancing
filter)
E
For
color
balance
adjustment
and
color
photomicrography
For brightness adjustment
ismission.rate: 6%)...
|
For
retardation
measurement
and
contrast
adjustment
“| Place
on
the field
lens.)
20