Radio Shack TRS-80 User manual

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A Special Note on Model III Computer Graphics •••
Be sure to use the GCLS command ("clear the Graphics
Screen") at TRSDOS READY when you first turn on your
computer. Otherwise, random graphics may appear on the
Screen.
Thank You
lIadlelllaeK
A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
FORT WORTH, TEXAS 78102·
8759223
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND LICENSE OF RADIO SHACK COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE
PURCHASED FROM A RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTER, RETAIL STORE OR FROM A
RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEE OR DEALER AT ITS AUTHORIZED LOCATION
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computer Graphics Operation Manual
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TRS-8~· Computer Graphics Operation Manual Copyright
1982, All Rights Reserved, Tandy Corporation.
Reproduction or use without express written permission from
Tandy Corporation, of any portion of this manual is
prohibited. While reasonable efforts have been taken in the
preparation of this manual to assure its accuracy, Tandy
Corporation assumes no liability resulting from any errors
or omissions in this manual, or from the use of the
information obtained herein.
TRSDOS· Operating System Copyright 198~, 1981, Tandy
Corporation, All Rights Reserved.
BASIC Software Copyright 198~, Microsoft, Inc., All Rights
Reserved, Licensed to Tandy Corporation.
BASICG Software Copyright 1982, Microsoft, Inc., All
Rights Reserved, Licensed to Tandy Corporation.
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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Contents
To Our eus tamers. ...................................... .. 4
1/ Computer Graphics Overview •..•.••••..••••.••••.•.•••.• 7
Starting-Up .
Comm.ands •••••••••••••••••••••••• •' •••••••••••
2/ Graphics
BASICG BASIC (BASICG)
••...••••....••••••.•••••••••. 12
13
14
3/ Graphics utilities 59
4/ Graphics Subroutine Library (FORTRAN) •••••••••••••..• 91
5/ Programming the Graphics Board ••.••••...•..•.••••.•• 114
Appendix A/ BASICG/Utilities Reference Summary ••••••••• 117
Appendix B/ BASICG Error Messages ••..••••.•••••.•.••.•• 12~
Appendix C/ Subroutine Language Reference Summary •.•••. 125
Appendix 0/ Sample Programs
BAS leG. .................................•....... .. 127
Printing Graphics Displays ••.•..•...•••••••..•.••• 133
FORTRAN Sample Programs •..•••••...••••••••..••••.• 135
Appendix E/ Base Conversion Chart ••.••••.•.•.••.•••..•• 152
Appendix F/ Pixel Grid Reference •.••••••.•.•••.•.•••.•• 156
Appendix G/ Line Style Reference ..•.•••.•••••...•••..•. 162
Index. ............................................... .. 163
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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To Our Customers •••
The TRS-8~® Computer Graphics package revolutionizes your
Model III by letting you draw intricate displays from simple
program instructions. With the highly-defined Graphics
Screen, the list of practical applications is nearly
endless!
The TRS-8~ Computer Graphics package includes a:
Computer Graphics Diskette
Computer Graphics Operation Manual
However, before you can use this package, your Model III
must have 48K of RAM (Random Access Memory) and one disk
drive. Your computer must also be modified by a qualified
Radio Shack service technician. The only difference you'll
notice is a cable which protrudes from the bottom of the
Model III case. Do not attempt to disconnect this cable!
This cable is provided to allow you to attach peripheral
devices (such as a hard disk) to the I/O Bus Jack of the
Model III. The cable connector which is attached directly to
the I/O Bus Jack (see Point A in the figure below) must be
firmly attached for the Computer Graphics package to work.
A
Included on the Graphics diskette are:
TRSDOS 1.3
Disk BASIC
Graphics BASIC (BASICG)
Graphics Subroutine Library (GRPLIB)
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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Graphics Utilities
Sample Programs in BASICG and FORTRAN.
To print graphic displays, you can use any Radio Shack
printer that has graphic capabilities such as Line Printer
VII (26-1167), Line Printer VIII (26-1168), DMP-l~~
(26-1253), DMP-2~~ (26-1254), DMP-4~~ (26-1251), or DMP-5~~
(26-1252).
You can also utilize the Graphics Subroutine Library with
several languages, including, but not limited to FORTRAN
(26-22~~) •
About This Manual •••
For your convenience, we've divided this manual into five
sections plus appendixes:
Computer Graphics Overview
Graphics BASIC (BASICG) Language Description
Graphics utilities
FORTRAN Description
Programming the Graphics Board
Appendixes
This package contains two separate (but similar) methods for
Graphics programming:
Graphics BASIC (BASICG)
Graphics Subroutine Library
If you're familiar with Model III TRSDOS
ft
and BASIC, you
should have little trouble in adapting to Graphics BASIC.
If you want to review BASIC statements and syntax, see your
Model III Operation and BASIC Language Reference Manual
and Model III Disk System Owner's Manual. Then read
Chapters 1, 2 and 3, along with Appendixes A, B, E, and F of
this manual.
If it's Graphics applications in FORTRAN you're after, refer
to the TRS-8~ FORTRAN manual. Then read Chapters 1, 2, 3,
and 4 as well as Appendixes C, D, E, and F of this manual.
Note: This manual is written as a reference manual for the
TRS-8~ Computer Graphics package. It is not intended as a
teaching guide for graphics programming.
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computer Graphics
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Notational Conventions
Operation Manual
The following conventions are used to show syntax in this
manual:
CAPITALS
lowercase underline
<ENTER>
...
filespec
punctuation
delimiters
Any words or characters which
are uppercase must be typed in
exactly as they appear.
Fields shown in lowercase
underline are variable
information that you must
substitute a value for.
Any word or character contained
within brackets represents a
keyboard key to be pressed.
Ellipses indicate that a field
entry may be repeated.
A field shown as filespec
indicates a standard TRSDOS
file specification of the form:
filenamejext.password:d
Note that with TRSDOS 1.3, d
(Drive) can be any number
from ~-3.
Punctuation other than ellipses
must be entered as shown.
Commands must be separated from
their operands by one or more
blank spaces. Multiple
operands, where allowed, may be
separated from each other by a
comma, acomma followed by one
or more blanks, or by one or
more blanks. Blanks and commas
may
not appear within an
operand.
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computer Graphics operation Manual
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1/ Computer Graphics Overview
Graphics is the presentation of dimensional artwork. With
TRS-8~ Computer Graphics, the artwork is displayed on a
two-dimensional plane -- your computer screen. Like an
artist's easel or a teacher's blackboard, the screen is a
"drawing board" for your displays.
TRS-8~ Computer Graphics has two colors:
Black (OFF)
White (ON)
Graphics programming is different from other types of
programming because your ultimate result is a pictorial
display (bar graph, pie chart, etc.) rather than textual
display "(sum, equation, etc.). This is an important
distinction. After working with graphics for a while, you'll
find yourself thinking "visually" as you write programs.
In computer-generated graphics, displays can include tables,
charts, graphs, illustrations and other types of artwork.
Once they're created, you can "paint" displays with a
variety of styles and shapes, or even simulate animation.
The Computer Graphics program uses a "high-resolution"
screen. The more addressable points or dots (called
"pixels") on a computer's screen, the higher the resolution.
A lower resolution screen has fewer addressable pixels.
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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PIXEL- .......
Lower resolution Higher resolution
Figure 1. Resolution
Since the TRS-8~ has high-resolution -- 64~ pixels on the
X-axis (~ to 639) and 24~ pixels on the Y-axis (~ to 239)
you can draw displays that have excellent clarity and
detail.
How TRS-8~ Computer Graphics Works
The concept of graphics is fairly simple. Each point on the
screen can be turned ON (white) or OFF (black).
When you clear the Graphics Screen, all graphic points are
turned OFF.
Therefore, by setting various combinations of the pixels
(usually with a single command) either ON or OFF, you can
generate lines, circles, geometric figures, pictures, etc.
The Graphics Subroutine Library, which is part of the
Computer Graphics package, contains subroutines which
provide the same capabilities, as well as similar names and
parameters, as the commands and functions in Graphics BASIC.
The main difference between the Subroutine Library and
BASICG is the manner in which coordinates are specified
(e.g., BASICG coordinates are specified as arguments for
each command while the Subroutine Library specifies
coordinates with a separate subroutine call). Another
difference concerns the names of a few routines (e.g., LINE
vs. LINEB vs. LINEBF, etc.). All of these differences will
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computer Graphics Operation Manual
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be described in detail in the appropriate sections of this
manual.
The Graphics Screen
TRS-8~ Computer Graphics has two "screens" -- Text and
Graphics. (We'll call them screens, although they are really
modes.) Both screens can act independently of each other and
make use of the computer's entire display area.
The Text Screen, also referred to as the "Video Display," is
the "normal" screen where you type in your programs. The
Graphics Screen is where graphic results are displayed. Both
screens can be cleared independently. Note: The Graphics
Screen will not automatically be cleared when you return to
TRSDOS. It will be cleared when you re-enter BASICG.
The Graphics Screen cannot be displayed at the same time as
the Text Screen.
While working with Computer Graphics, it might be helpful to
imagine the screen as a large Cartesian coordinate plane
(with a horizontal X- and a vertical Y-axis). However,
unlike some coordinate systems, TRS-8~ Computer Graphics'
coordinate numbering starts in the upper-left corner
(~,~) -- and increases toward the lower-right corner
(639,239). The lower-left corner is (~,239) and the
upper-right corner is (639,~).
Since the screen is divided into X-Y coordinates (like the
Cartesian system), each pixel is defined as a unique
position. In TRS-8~ Computer Graphics, you can directly
reference these coordinates as you draw.
About Ranges •••
Some TRS-8~ Computer Graphics commands accept values within
the Model III integer range (-32768 to 32767), instead of
just ~ to 639 for X and ~ to 239 for Y. Since most of the
points in the integer range are off the screen, these points
are part of what is called Graphics "imaginary" Cartesian
system.
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computer Graphics Operation Manual
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(0,0)
(0,239)
(639,0)
(639,239)
Figure 2. Graphics Visible Screen
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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Y (0, -32768)
(-,-)
(+,-)
x(- 32768,0) -------- (0,0) (+32767,0)
(-,+)
(0,32767)
(+,+)
Figure 3. Graphics "Imaginary· Cartesian System.
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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2/ Graphics BASIC
Graphics BASIC (BASICG) vs. BASIC
The Graphics BASIC file on the supplied diskette is named
BASICG.
Program files created under BASICG are not directly loadable
with BASIC files (and vice versa). If you attempt to load a
BASIC
file in compressed format from BASICG (and vice
versa), an NB error may occur. See Appendix B for a list of
BASICG error messages.
If you want to load a file from one BASIC to the other to
the other, we recommend that you first save the file in
ASCII format (SAVE"filenarne/ext",A).
You can then load and run aBASIC file from either BASICG or
BASIC. You cannot run programs that contain BASICG
statements while in BASIC.
Important Note: Because of memory limitations, some programs
(i.e., some application programs) will not run in BASICG.
BASICG
uses approximately 6.5K more memory than BASIC. When
you enter BASIC with ~ files, there are 39,282 bytes free.
When you enter BASICG with ~ files, there are 32,675 bytes
free. Some Graphics Commands use Free Memory. This means
that the larger your BASIC programs are, the more
limitations on your Graphics capabilities.
Each Graphics program statement has a specific syntax and
incorporates a Graphics BASIC command or function.
Table 1 gives a brief description of the BASICG commands; Table 2
lists the BASICG functions. This section of the manual will
describe each statement and function in detail.
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Computer Graphics
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Operation Manual
============================================================
BASICG Commands
============================================================
Command
CIRCLE
Description
Draws a circle, arc, semicircle, etc.
GLOCATE
Sets the Graphics Cursor and the direction
for putting characters on the Graphics
Screen.
LINE
Draws a line from the startpoint to the
endpoint in the specified line style and
color. Also creates a box.
PRESET
Sets an individual dot (pixel) OFF (or
ON) •
PSET
Sets an individual dot (pixel) ON (or
OFF) •
SCREEN
Selects the Graphics or Text Screen.
====================================================== =====~
Table 1
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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============================================================
BASICG Functions
============================================================
Function
&POINT
Description
Returns the OFF/ON color value of a
pixel.
Table 2
Starting-Up
Before using the diskette included with this package, be
sure to make a "safe copy" of it. See your Model III Disk
System Owner's Manual for information on BACKUP.
To load BASICG:
1. Power up your System according to the start-up procedure
in your Model III Disk System Owner's Manual.
2. Insert the backup diskette into Drive ~.
3. Initialize the System as described in the "Operation"
section of the Model III Disk System Owner's Manual.
4. When TRSDOS Ready appears, type:
BASICG <ENTER)
The Graphics BASIC start-up prompts, followed by the READY
prompt <», appear and you are in Graphics BASIC. You can
now begin BASICG programming.
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Computer Graphics
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Operation Manual
Remember that Model III numeric values are as follows:
============================================================
Model III Numeric Values
============================================================
Numeric
Type
Range
Storage
Requirement
Example
Integer
-32768, 32767 2 bytes
24~, 639, -l~
Double-
Precision
-1*l~38,_l*1~-38 8 bytes
+1*1~38,+1*1~-38
Up to 17 significant
digits (Prints 16)
l23~~~~.~~
3.1415926535897932
============================================================
Table 3
With each BASICG command or function, there are various
.~ options which you mayor may not include in a program
statement (depending on your needs). Each option is
separated from the previous option by a delimiter, usually a
comma. When
you do not specify an available option (e.g.,
you use the default value) and you specify subsequent
options, you must still enter the delimiter or a Syntax
Error will result. (See your Model III Operation and BASIC
Language Reference Manual for more information).
Because you are dealing with two distinct screens, the
Graphics Screen and the Text Screen, we strongly urge you to
read the description of the SCREEN command before
continuing.
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computer Graphics Operation Manual
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CIRCLE
Draws Circle, Semicircle, Ellipse, Arc, Point
The CIRCLE command lets you draw five types of figures:
Circle
c=J
o
Ellipse Arc Pie-Slice
•
Point
Figure 4. Types of Displays with CIRCLE
With CIRCLE, you can enter values for PI (and 2 x PI) up to
37 significant digits without getting an overflow error.
3.1415926535897932384626433832795~28841
6.2831853~7179586476925286766559~~57682
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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However, you'll probably only be able to visually detect a
change in the circle's start and end when PI is accurate
to a few significant digits (e.g.~.l, 6.28, etc.). The
start and end values can't be more than 2 x PI (e.g.,
6.2832 will not work) or an Illegal Function Call error will
occur.
(~)
Centerpoint
The (~) coordinates in the CIRCLE statement specify the
centerpoint of the figure. ~ and yare numeric
expressions in the integer number range.
Example
CIRCLE (~)'I.
CIRCLE (32~,12~),I.
Center
Figure 5. Center of Circle
r
Radius
The radius of a circle is measured in pixels and is a
numeric expression in the integer range. Radius is the
distance from the centerpoint to the edge of the figure.
Although a negative value will be accepted by BASICG, the
results of using a negative value are unpredictable.
The radius is either on the X-axis or Y-axis, depending on
the aspect ratio (see arlo If the aspect ratio is greater
than 1, the radius is measured on the Y-axis. If the aspect
ratio is less than or equal to 1, the radius is measured on
the X-axis.
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Computer Graphics Operation Manual
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Example
l~ CIRCLE(32~,12~),1~~
This example draws a circle. The radius is l~~ and the
centerpoint is (32~,12~).
c
Color
You can set the ON/OFF (white/black) color of a figure's
border and radius lines (see start/end) by specifying a
numeric value of 1 or ~.
If you omit color, BASICG uses 1 (ON/white).
Border
Figure 6. Border of Circle
start/end
Startpoint/Endpoint of Circle
The range for start and end is ~ to 6.283185 (2 x PI).
If you do not enter start and end, the default values of
~ and 6.28 respectively, are used.
A negative start or end value will cause the respective
radius to be drawn in-addition to the arc (i.e., it will
draw a "piece of the pie"). The actual start and endpoints
are determined by taking the absolute value of the specified
start and endpoints. These values are measured in radians.
Note: Radius will not be drawn if start or end is -~.
To draw a radius with start or end as ~, you must use
-~.~~~ •.• ~l.
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