Showa Denko Shodex RI-101 Installation and user guide

Shodex RI-101
Refractive Index Detector
Service and Maintenance Manual
High Sensitive Refractive Index Detector
for High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Publication No. ______________

©Copyright SHOWA DENKO K.K. 2000
All rights reserved.
Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without
prior written permission is prohibited, except as
allowed under the copyright laws Part No. XXXXX
First Edition: May 2001
Printed in Japan
Important Notice
The information contained in this manual is
subject to change without notice.
SHOWA DENKO K.K. (SHOWA DENKO) assumes
no responsibility for any errors that may appear
in this manual. This manual is believed to be
complete and accurate at the time of publication.
In no event shall SHOWA DENKO be liable for
incidental or consequential damages in
connection with or arising from the use of this
manual.
Spare Parts Availability
It is the policy of SHOWA DENKO to provide
maintenance spare parts for a period of seven (7)
years after the final production of the instrument.
Spare parts may be available after the seven (7)
year period but only on an “as available”basis.

The following is a Federal
Communication Commission advisory:
WARNING:
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate
radio frequency energy and if not installed and
used in accordance with the instruction manual
may cause interference to radio communications.
It has been tested and found to comply with the
limits for Class A computing device pursuant to
Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules, which are
designed to provide reasonable protection
against such interference when operated in a
commercial environment. Operation of this
equipment in a residential area is likely to cause
interference in which case the user at his own
expense will be required to take whatever
measures may be required to correct the
interference.

Operating Instructions
This manual is provided to help you establish
operating conditions that will make safe and
efficient.
Special considerations and precautions are also
described in this manual that shall appear in the
form of WARNING, CAUTION and NOTE as
described below. It is important that you operate and service
equipment in accordance with this manual and
any additional information that may be provided
by Showa Denko from time to time.
&note
&note
Teflon®is Registered Trademark of
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
Alerts you to potentially hazardous situations
that could result in serious injury, and how to
avoid these situation
Alerts you to situations that may cause
moderate injury and/or equipment damage,
and how to avoid these situations.
Information to help you to achieve optimal
performance from your equipment.
CAUTION
WARNING
The following Trademarks an Registered
Trademarks are found in this manual.

Before Starting:
Shodex RI-101 Refractive Index Detector is designed
to be an analytical device for pure research purpose
and may not be suitable for in vitro diagnostic
analysis. To operate Shodex RI-101 Refractive Index Detector
properly, you are strongly recommended to go
through this Operator’sManual. Improper use of
this detector shall be dangerous and may cause a
hazardous result.
Limited Warranty Policy
SHOWA DENKO warrants its products against
defects in materials and workmanship for the period
of twelve (12) months from the date of shipment out
of its factory.
SHOWA DENKO will, at its option, repair or replace
products that are proved to be defective.
The aforementioned warranty policy shall not be
applied to defects being caused by:(1) Improper or Inadequate maintenance,
adjustment, calibration or operation by the
user(s);
(2) User-supplied software, hardware,
interfacing or consumable;
(3) Unauthorized modification or misuse;
(4) Operation outside of the environmental and
electrical specifications for the product;
(5) Improper site preparation and maintenance;
or
(6) User induced contamination or leaks.

INDEX
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................1
1-1. Principle of refractive index detection...............................................................1
1-2. Specifications.....................................................................................................3
SECTION 2. UNPACKING AND INSTALLATION.........4
2-1. Installation Site Requirements...........................................................................4
2-2. Power Requirements..........................................................................................4
2-3. Unpacking and Inspection..................................................................................4
2-4. Standard Accessories........................................................................................5
2-5. Loosing the locking screws...............................................................................6
2-6. Making a connection...........................................................................................6
2-6-1. Power Line....................................................................................................6
2-6-2. Replacing Fuse.............................................................................................7
2-6-3. Tubing Connections.....................................................................................8
2-6-4. Cable Connections.......................................................................................8
2-7. Solvent Recommendations..............................................................................10
Characteristics of commonly used mobile phase......................................................12
SECTION 3. FUNCTIONAL KEYS AND DISPLAYS13
3-1. Front View.........................................................................................................13
3-2. Functional Keys and Displays..........................................................................14
3-3. Rear View...........................................................................................................15
3-4. Side View...........................................................................................................16
3-5. HOME Screen (Indicators and On-Screen Buttons)........................................17
3-6. PARAMETERS Screen (Start Up Sequence)....................................................19
3-7. PARAMETERS Screen (Operating Parameters)..............................................21
3-8. Error Messages.................................................................................................22

SECTION 4. GETTING STARTED..............................................24
4-1. Just in Case !.............................................................................................24
4-2. Start Up.............................................................................................................24
4-2-1. Unattended Start Up..................................................................................24
4-2-2. Manual Start...............................................................................................25
SECTION 5. MAINTENANCE..........................................................26
5-1. Cell Cleaning.....................................................................................................26
5-1-1. Preparations...............................................................................................26
5-1-2. Cleaning......................................................................................................26
5-2. Validation (Primarily for Customer Use)..........................................................29
5-3. Maintenance Screen (Service Use Only).........................................................30
5-4. Span Adjustment Screen (Service Use Only)..................................................31
5-5. Span Validation (Primarily for Customer Use).................................................32
SECTION 6. SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE...........................33
6-1. Corrosive Solvents ...........................................................................................33
6-2. No Flow Shutdown Versus Reduced Flow Shutdown.....................................33
6-3. Long-Term Storage ...........................................................................................33
SECTION 7. TROUBLESHOOTING.........................................34
7-1. Introduction.......................................................................................................34
7-2. Make sure how the detector itself is working..................................................34
7-3. To isolate the cause of problem.......................................................................34
7-4. Troubleshooting (Q and A)...............................................................................35
7-5. Troubleshooting (Diagnosis Flow Chart).........................................................39
7-6. Test Points on PC Boards................................................................................47
7-6-1. A/D-D/A Board (28-5025)............................................................................47
7-6-2. Main Board.................................................................................................47

SECTION 8. REPAIR SERVICES................................................48
8-1. Optical Block.....................................................................................................48
8-1-1 Dismount the optical block.........................................................................48
8-1-2 Dismantle the optical Block........................................................................50
8-2 Replacement ......................................................................................................52
8-2-1. Flow Cell Assembly....................................................................................52
8-2-2. Source Lamp..............................................................................................53
8-2-3. Optical Adjustment....................................................................................53
8-2-4. Solenoid Valve............................................................................................55
8-2-5. Main Board and A/D-D/A Board.................................................................56
8-2-6. Pre-Amp Board...........................................................................................57
8-2-7. Output Board..............................................................................................57
8-2-8. Front Panel Assembly and its components..............................................58
8-2-9. Leak Sensor................................................................................................59
Appendix 1. Shodex RI-101 Components and Subassemblies........................60
Appendix 2. Miscibility Chart of Solvents ...........................................................61

1
1
Section 1. Introduction
1-1. Principle of refractive index detection
Shodex RI-101 Refractive Index Detector (called as “Shodex RI-101”hereafter) is a
high-performance universal detector designed for analyses requiring the continuous
monitoring of the refractive index of a flowing liquid with respect to a reference.
Shodex RI-101 is a deflection or Snell type refractive index detector. Snell's law states that a
parallel light beam, when passing through a dielectric interface separating two media of
different refractive index at an angle of incidence greater than zero, will be refracted as a
function of the magnitude of difference of the refractive indices of the two media.
Snell's Law
incidentbeami
rrefracted beam
interface
Optical System of Shodex RI-101
(1) tungsten lamp (2) condense lens (3) First Slit (4) Collimator Lens
(5) Second Slit (6) Flow Cell (7) Mirror (8) Null Glass (9)Photodiode
Light from a low-power, long-lifetime tungsten lamp is collimated by a lens and slit and
passed through reference and sample cells, reflected off a mirror, passed back through the
optical cells, and focused by lenses onto a pair of photo sensing diodes (photo sensor).
n
n = = i in nd de ex x o of f r re ef fr ra ac ct ti io on n
i
i = = a an ng gl le e o of f i in nc ci id de en nc ce e
r
r = = a an ng gl le e o of f r re ef fr ra ac ct ti io on n
v
v = = v ve el lo oc ci it ty y o of f l li ig gh ht t i in n f fi ir rs st t m me ed di iu um m
n=sinr
sini=v
1
v

2
2
During operation, Shodex RI-101’s reference and sample cells are filled with mobile phase.
The reference cell is then isolated from the flow path and mobile phase flows through the
sample cell only. As long as no difference exists between the refractive indices of the media
of the two cells, there is no refraction of the light passing through them.
(1) Light Beam (2) Sample Cell (3) Reference Cell (4) Light Axis (Ns>Nr)
(5) Light Axis (Ns=Nr) (6) Distance between (4)&(5) at the photo sensor
(7)Photo sensor
Ns: Refractive Index of mobile phase in Sample Cell
Nr: Refractive Index of mobile phase in Reference Cell
The light shines on a pair of photodiodes, each of which gives an electrical signal; these
signals are amplified and the difference between the two signals is measured. Zero
refraction should generate a zero-volt difference in these signals. An electrically controlled
mechanical linkage allows the user to optimize the photodiodes’ outputs for zero deflection
via a refractive lens in the optical path. Additional circuitry enables the user to easily correct
the signal output to electronic zero.
Ns = Nr Ns > Nr
(1) photo sensor A (2) photo sensor B (3) light beam
When a change occurs in the refractive index of the mobile phase, the light passing through
the interface between the sample and reference cells is refracted, causing the light intensity
on one photodiode to increase and on the other to decrease. This difference gives a signal
having both amplitude and polarity; the signal is amplified to drive a chart recorder or
integrator.

3
3
1-2. Specifications
lConstruction Deflection type
lRefractive Index Range 1.00 to 1.75
lRange 1/4 to 512 micro-RIU
lLinearity 600 micro-RIU
lNoise =/<2.5 nRIU( Response : 1.5 seconds )
lResponse Time 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3, 6 sec.
lPolarity Positive/Negative
lAuto Zero Optical & Electrical Auto-Zero
lAuto Zero Range All Refractive Index Range
lAuto Zero Resolution =/<1 (@2mV/micro-RIU) / 4 (@8mV/micro-RIU) nRIU
lOffset Range 0 to 500mV (same with Integrator output sensitivity)
lOffset Resolution 10mV (same with Integrator output sensitivity)
lIntegrator Output 0 to 1V/FS (Sensitivity: 2mV/micro-RIU,
8mV/micro-RIU)
lRecorder Output 0 to 10mV/FS
lEvent Marker Marker out: 10% of FS
lExternal Signal Input Auto Zero, Marker, Polarity, Purge On/Off
(Contact Closure) (Capacity: >/=DC24V 0.1A)
lSignal Output (1) Ready
(Contact Closure) (2) Solvent Leak
(3) Error (One of following error occurred)
Overheating
Low Light Intensity
Null Glass Home Position Error
Lost Parameters
Optical Balance
lTemperature Control OFF , 30 to 50deg-C(1deg-C increment) : 77deg-C Temp.
Fuse
lOperator Support Automatic Start Up (Start Up Sequence)
Span/Validation Guide
Real Time Baseline Monitor
lExternal Communication RS-232C
lCell Volume 8micro-l
lMaximum Flow Rate 10 ml/min (mobile phase: pure water)
lPressure Rating 50 kPa (0.5 kgf/cm2)
lInternal Volume Inlet Port / Flow Cell: approx. 60micro-l
Flow Cell / Outlet Port: approx. 520micro-l
Total: approx. 590micro-l
lWetted Material SST316, Teflon, Quarts Glass
lPower Requirement AC100 to 240V +/-10%:50/60Hz
lPower Consumption 150VA maximum
lDimensions 260mm(W) x 200mm(H) x 400mm(D)
lWeight 13 kgs (27 lbs)

4
4
Section 2. Unpacking and Installation
2-1. Installation Site Requirements
To install Shodex RI-101, please make sure that any of followings shall be kept away
from it to prevent interference on your analysis. Refractive Index Detector, in
general, is very sensitive to the change in ambient temperature and airflow that
results a drift of baseline.
lAir fan (air-conditioner, cooler, heating equipment and ventilation)
lOpen doors or windows
lDirect sunlight
lDart or dusts
lVibration source
lElectro-Magnetic Wave or High Frequency
2-2. Power Requirements
Shodex RI-101 requires 50 or 60 Hz single-phase power source capable of providing
AC 100/240 +/-10%.
Running Shodex RI-101 on a voltage other than the
correct single-phase supply will void the warranty.
Shodex RI-101 is designed to operate with single-phase
(phase-neutral) power ONLY.
If your facility provides only phase-phase (i.e.,
three-phase) power, consult our local representative in
your area or SHOWA DENKO.
2-3. Unpacking and Inspection
This section describes in details how to install Shodex RI-101. This detector is
designed to be operator installed.
Each steps of the installation site preparation must meet
local safety, electrical, and building codes. These
codes take precedence over any recommendations in
these instructions, and compliance to them is the
responsibility of the customer.
CAUTION
CAUTION
CAUTION

5
5
Shodex RI-101 weighs 13 kgs (27 lbs). Use proper lifting
techniques to avoid potential injuries.
To remove the detector from the box, hold the bottom of
the cabinet. Never attempt to lift by front panel or
terminals.
Shodex RI-101 is packed with a number of accessories.
Do not discard the packing material until all parts are
accounted for.
Check the detector carefully for evidence of shipping
damage.
If there is any evidence of damage, any item(s) missing
in the carton or discrepancies, please notify that to the
carrier immediately and to our local representative in
your area or SHOWA DENKO at following address.
SHOWA DENKO K.K.
Specialty Chemical Division / Shodex Group
5-1, Ohgi-mati, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi,
Kanagawa 210-0867 Japan
Phone Japan(81) 44-329-0733
Facsimile Japan(81) 44-329-0794
2-4. Standard Accessories
1.P/N 4300120 Power Cord 1ea
2.P/N 4303190 Output Signal Cable 1ea
3.P/N 8809160 Inlet Tube (SST: 1.6 x 0.25 x 1000mm with nut & ferrule) 1ea
4.P/N 8809170 Outlet Tube (PTFE: 2.5 x 1.5 x 1500mm with nut & ferrule) 1ea
5.P/N 2401190 Fuse 3.15A(T3.15AL/250V)2ea
6.P/N 9408990 Operator’sManual 1ea
CAUTION
CAUTION

6
6
The power cord for the US and other AC 120V, 60 Hz
applications is terminated in a 3-prong parallel blade
plug.
Outside of the 120V, 60 Hz areas, the detector shall be
accompanied with a power cord (_________). Be sure
using appropriate power cord for your power source.
2-5. Loosing the locking screws
To prevent damage may occur during the shipment, the optical block is fixed by two
(2) locking screws (5mm Allen bolts). As you are installing Shodex RI-101, please
make sure to loosen these screws.
1. Move Shodex RI-101 to the side of a bench to make the locking screws accessible
while supporting it to prevent it from falling.
2. Loosen the locking screws, but do not remove them, using the 5mm hexagonal
key
3. Move the detector securely back onto the bench.
Once the locking screws were loosened, the rubber insulator equipped with the
optical block becomes functional and absorb an external shock or vibration.
Do not remove the screws. Do not run them out so far
that the detector’s weight rests on the screw heads
instead of its feet.
&note
Detector will not stabilize if locking screws are not
loosened.
2-6. Making a connection
2-6-1. Power Line
The power switch is located on the lower left of front panel as viewed in 4-1. The
power should be OFF before connecting the power cord to the detector. The
receptacle for the power cable is located on the rear of the detector. Refer to 4-2.
Connect the end of grounding cable to the ground terminals on the back panel and to
a known ground.
CAUTION
CAUTION

7
7
WARNING:
SHOCK HAZAR
D
Electrically conducting spills can occur when
conductive HPLC solvents are spilled on or in the
instrument.
Ground the instrument properly to protect the operator
from electrical shock. Proper grounding also protects
the instrument from power line noise.
Verify that the instrument is properly grounded through
the power line ground terminal. Do not remove or
otherwise disable the power cord's ground prong.
2-6-2. Replacing Fuse WARNING:
FIREHAZAR
D
Replace only with same type and rating of fuse.
Fuse for Shodex RI-101: P/N 2401190
3.15A(T3.15AL/250V)
To remove fuse holder
To re-install fuse holder
Turn off the power of detector.
Remove the power cord.
Push the lever located just above of
Fuse holder cover. Pull the holder
out as you hear clicking sound.
Replacing fuse.
Push the fus
e holder in until clicking
Sound is heard.
Make sure the holder is locked.

8
8
2-6-3. Tubing Connections
lConnection to the Inlet
Shodex RI-101 must be the last component in your LC
system. No detector or backpressure regulator can follow
it. Do not use narrow-bore tubing for the outlet
Hook up the narrow-bore stainless steel tubing of the Standard Accessory (0.25 mm
ID, 1M long) with the inlet(IN) port of front panel.
lConnection on the Outlet Side
Hook up Teflon®tubing (1.5 mm ID, 1.5 m long) of the Standard Accessory with the
outlet (OUT)port of front panel.Lead the opposite end of tubing into drain bottle.
Do not expose the purge valve against backpressures
greater than 50 kPa (7 psi). Also, never subject the
reference and sample cells to back pressures greater than
700 kPa (100 psi). High backpressures can break the
cells, which are difficult to replace.
2-6-4. Cable Connections
The GROUND terminals, on the lower right side of the
rear panel (see), is not the same as the recorder ground or
Integrator ground terminals. Do not interchange these
connections.
lRecorder Connection
Using the output signal cable supplied in the Standard Accessory, connect one end to
the chart recorder, white lead to recorder negative (–) terminal and red lead to
recorder positive (+). Connect the opposite end to the recorder’s10 mV terminal.
Connect the third lead to the GROUND (FG).
Red lead
White lead
CAUTION
CAUTION
CAUTION

9
9
lIntegrator Connection
Using the output signal cable supplied in the Standard Accessory, connect one end to
the integrator, white lead to integrator negative (–) and red lead to integrator positive
(+).
Connect the third lead to the GROUND (FG).
lOther Cable Connection
For the following cable connection, please use duplex lead wire.
External Signal Input:Auto Zero, Marker, and Purge On/Off
Signal out: Ready, Solvent Leak, and Error
To connect the wire:
To release the wire:
Those terminals (Auto Zero-In, Marker-In, Purge
On/Off-In, Ready-Out, Solvent Leak-Out, and Error-Out)
are for contact closure. Never apply voltage to those.
Red lead
White lead
(-) Driver
Scrape the sleeve
off for about 7 to 8
mm. Inserts the end of lead wire
while pressing the button with (-
)
driver. Then, remove the (-
) driver to
lock the wire. Make sure the wire is
firmly grabbed.
Press the button with (-) driver to r
elease
the lock while pulling the wire out.
CAUTION

1
10 0
2-7. Solvent Recommendations
General Recommendations
Grade of Solvents
HPLC grade solvents are recommended for better instrument performance and
chromatographic data.
Solvent Filtering
All solvents, including deionized water, should be filtered by in-line solvent filter.
Solvent Degassing
Solvents should be properly degassed prior to use. Solvents that are not properly
degassed may cause bubble formation in pump heads and in the detector cells potentially
causing pressure flow problems and a noisy chromatographic baseline.
Degassing is especially critical when the column temperature is elevated above room
temperature, or with solvents that have a high gas solubility, e.g., methanol. Analysis
times that run greater than 5 to 6 hours will also require degassing of solvents.
On-line (continuous) solvent degassing is most ideal to have a constant state of mobile
phase solvent over time, as the degassed solvent would start reintroducing the air.
Some solvents may corrode the wetted surfaces of the detector, if they are left in the
detector after operation. The quartz cell window is easily etched by strong bases. It is
recommended that some solvents be rinsed from the detector for overnight and
weekend storage.
The solvents used with the detector are limited by the materials used for the wetted
parts they come in contact with (e.g., quartz glass, Teflon® and 316 stainless steel).
These limitations should be considered as you are choosing mobile phase solvents.
When an organic solvent that contains halogens, such as chloroform and methylene
chloride, is used, flush out entire flow path with a solvent compatible with your
chromatographic condition. (for example, hexane or another hydrocarbon)
For isocratic work with a normal phase column, the alcohols methanol or 2-propanol,
a non-carcinogenic aromatic such as the xylenes, acetone, or an ether that is
non-volatile and not a ready producer of peroxides can be used. DO NOT use ethyl
ether.

1
11 1
If a solvent listed below is in use, flush out all the flow path sufficiently with an inert
solvent that is compatible with your chromatographic system. Buffers, acids, and
other highly ionic aqueous solutions should be flushed out with large amounts of
water (5-10 times the volume of liquid from pump head to detector outlet If you
neglect this flushing, the pump, injector, and column may become corroded and badly
damaged.
Sulfuric Acid, Boric Acid, Citric Acid, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid,
Acetic Anhydride, KOH, NaOH, Hydrazine, Sodium formate
Ammonium salts: -formate, -perchlorate, -nitrate, -citrate, -oxalate,
-sulfate, -H2PO4, K2CO3
K, Na salts: -bicarbonate, -chlorate, -nitrite
Following solvents should be avoided.
Hydrohalogenic, Metal Halides >2M, KCl, Ammonium Halides,
Ammonium Formate, All hypochlorites, Tetrachloromethane
Acids: HCl, HF, etc.
Fluorocarbon solvents will alter Teflon® over long
exposure. Flush with pentane or another light
hydrocarbon.
&note
If you want to replace one solvent with an immiscible one,
flush out the existing mobile phase with an intermediary
solvent inter-miscible with your initial and final solvents.
For example, you want to replace water in your HPLC
with chloroform; water and chloroform are immiscible.
Replace the water in your system with 2-propanol, which
is freely miscible with water and chloroform. When you
are certain all water is removed, replace the 2-propanol
with chloroform. See the Miscibility Chart in Appendix.
CAUTION

1
12 2
Characteristics of commonly used mobile phase
(Those in bold should not be employed)
Fire PointPolarity
E2(Al2O3)Viscosity
CP20deg-CRefractive
Index UV Cut-off
(nm)
Flash
Point
(deg-C) (deg-C) Upper Lower
Vapor
Density Boiling Point
(deg-C)
Gravity
Fluoroalkanes -0.25 1.25
n-Pentane 0.00 0.23 1.358 210 <-40 308.9 1.5 7.8 2.5 36.1 0.6
Hexane 0.00 1.375 210 -21.7 233.9 1.2 7.5 3.0 68.9 0.7
Isooctane 0.01 1.404 210
Petroleum ether 0.01 0.3 210
n-Decan 0.04 0.92 1.412 46.1 207.8 0.8 5.4 4.9 173.9 0.7
Cyclohexane 0.04 1.00 1.427 210 -20 260 1.3 82.9 81.7 0.8
Cyclopentane 0.05 0.47 1.406 210
Diisobutylene 0.06 1.411 210
i-Pentene 0.08 1.371 -17.8 272.8 1.5 8.7 2.4 30 0.7
Carbon disulfide 0.15 0.37 1.626 380 -30 100 1.3 44 2.6 46.1 1.3
Carbon tetrachloride 0.18 0.97 1.466 265
Amyl chloride 0.26 0.43 1.413 225 12.8 343.3 1.6 8.6 3.7 106.1 0.9
-9.4 460 1.8 10.1 3.2Busy chloride 0.26 1.436 220 o-17.2 463.9 1.6 6.0 144.4
0.62-0.8 to 1.50 m-25 527.8 1.1 7.0 3.78 138.9 0.9Xylene 0.26 290 p-25 528.9 1.1 7.0 138.3
i-Propyl ether 0.28 0.37 1.368 220 -27.8 443.3 1.4 21 3.5 68.9 0.7
i-Propyl chloride 0.29 0.33 1.378 225 -32.2 593.3 2.8 1037 2.7 35 0.9
Tolune 0.29 0.59 1.496 285 4.4 536.1 1.4 6.7 3.1 110.6 0.9
n-Propyl-chloride 0.30 0.35 1.389 225 <-17.8 2.6 11.1 2.7 46.1 0.9
Chlorobenzene 0.30 0.80 1.525 32.2 637.8 1.3 7.1 3.9 132.2 1.1
Benzene 0.32 0.65 1.501 280 -11.1 562.2 1.4 7.1 2.8 80 0.9
Ethyl bromide 0.37 1.424 511.1 6.7 11.3 3.8 37.8 1.4
Ethyl ether 0.38 0.23 1.353 220 -45 180 1.9 48 2.6 35 0.7
Ethyl sulfide 0.38 0.45 1.442 290
Chloroform 0.40 0.57 1.443 245
Methylene-chlolride 0.42 0.44 1.424 245 -50 518.9 3.8 15.4 2.2 38.5 0.9
Methyl I-butyl
ketone 0.43 1.394 330
Tetrahydrofurane 0.45 1.408 220 -14.4 321.1 211.8 2.5 66.1 0.9
Ethylen dichloride 0.49 0.79 1.445 230 13.3 412.3 6.2 16 3.4 83.9 1.3
Methyl ethyl
ketone 0.51 1.381 330 -6.1 515.6 1.8 10 2.5 80 0.8
i-Nitropropane 0.53 1.400 380 48.9 420.6 2.6 3.14 131.1 1.0
Acetone 0.56 0.32 1.359 220 -17.8 537.8 2.6 12.8 2.0 56.7 0.8
Dioxane 0.56 1.54 1.422 260 12.2 180 2.0 22 3.0 101.1 1.0
Ethyl acetate 0.58 0.45 1.370 260 4.4 460 1.8 83.5 90 0.9
Methyl acetate 0.60 0.37 1.362 210 -10 501.7 3.1 16 2.6 60 0.9
Amyl alcohol 0.61 4.1 1.410 32.8 300 1.2 10.0 3.0 137.8 0.8
Dimethyl sulfoxide 0.62 2.24
Aniline 0.62 4.4 1.586 70 617.2 1.3 3.2 184.4 1.0
Dimethyl amine 0.63 0.38 1.387 275 <-17.8 312.2 1.8 10.12.5 56.7 0.7
Nitromethane 0.64 0.67 1.394 380 35 418.3 7.3 2.1 101.1 1.1
Acetonitrile 0.65 0.37 1.344 210 5.6 1.4 81.7 0.8
Pyridine 0.71 0.94 1.510 305 20 1.8 12.4 2.7 115 1.0
Butyl cellosolve 0.74 220
i-Propanol
n-Propanol 0.82 2.3 1.38 210 11.7 398.9 2.0 12 2.1 82.8 0.8
Ethanol 0.88 1.20 1.361 210 12.8 422.8 4.3 19 1.6 78.3 0.8
Methanol 0.95 0.60 1.329 210 11.1 463.9 7.3 36 1.1 63.9 0.8
Ethylene glycol 1.11 19.9 1.427 210 111.1 412.8 3.2 197.2 1.1
Acetic acid large 1.26 1.372