Sony SRP-L300 User manual

1
Warning .........................................
Precautions ....................................
1. Outline .....................................
2. Glossary ...................................
3. Controls and Functions ..........
4. Basic Operation.......................
5. Internal Signal Flow ...............
6. Digital Signal Processing
Block ........................................
7. Parameter Change ..................
8. Program Store and Recall ......
9. Lock Functions ........................
10. Digital Input and Output .......
11. Main Specifications ................
12. External Dimensions...............
Preset Program .............................
Digital Limiter/Delay
SRP-L300
2-346-314-11(2)
Operating Instructions
© 2001 Sony Corporation
POWER
ON OFF
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
INPUT LEVEL
CH-1 CH-2
OVER
OUTPUT LEVEL
CH-1 CH-2
INPUT
ANALOG
DIGITAL
PLL
LIMITER / DELAY
1 OVER/GR(dB) 36912151821242730
-
CH-1
CH-2
−+
ADJUST
−+
SELECT
PUSH ENTER/YES
EDIT PROGRAM
SYNC EXIT/NO
LOCK
BYPASS
DIGITAL LIMITER/DELAYSRP-L300
Table of Contents
2
3
5
6
7
10
11
13
25
31
36
40
41
42
43
Before operating, please read this manual carefully.
Be sure to keep it properly for future reference.

2
Notice for the Customers in the United
Kingdom
IMPORTANT
The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance
with the following code:
Blue : Neutral
Brown : Live
As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this
apparatus may not correspond with the coloured markings
identifying the terminals in your plug, proceed as follows:
The wire which is coloured blue must be connected to the
terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured
black. The wire which is coloured brown must be
connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter
L or coloured red. Do not connect either wire to the earth
terminal in the plug which is marked by the letter E or by
the safety earth symbol Yor coloured green or green-and-
yellow.
Afin d'écarter tout risque d'électrocution, garder le coffret
fermé. Ne confier l'entretien de l'appareil qu'à un
personnel qualifié.
Per evitare scosse elettriche, non aprire l'apparecchio. Per
le riparazioni rivolgersi solo a personale qualificato.
Para evitar descargas eléctricas, no abra la caja. En caso de
averia, solicite los servicios de personal cualificado
solamente.
To prevent fire or shock hazard, do not expose the
unit to rain or moisture.
To avoid electrical shock, do not open the cabinet.
Refer servicing to qualified personnel only.
WARNING
This symbol is intended to alert the user to
the presence of important operating and
maintenance (servicing) instructions in the
literature accompanying the appliance.
This symbol is intended to alert the user to
the presence of uninsulated “dangerous
voltage” within the product’s enclosure
that may be of sufficient magnitude to
constitute a risk of electric shock to
persons.
For the customers in the Netherlands
Voor de klanten in Nederland
• Dit apparaat bebat voor memory back-up een batterij
die niet vervangen hoeft te worden tijdens de
levensduur van het apparaat.
• Raadpleeg uw leverancier indien na zeer intensief of
langdurig gebruik de batterij vervangen moet worden.
Om gevaar of schade door kortsluiting te voorkomen
mag de batterij alleen vervangen worden door
vakbekwaam servicepersoneel.
• Gooi de batterij niet weg maar lever deze in als klein
chemisch afval (KCA).
NL

3
On safety (Refer to the supplied “WARNING”.)
•Should any liquid or solid object fall into the cabinet, unplug the unit and have it checked by qualified personnel before
operating it any further.
•Unplug the unit from the wall outlet if it is not to be used for an extended period of time. To disconnect the cord, pull it out
by grasping the plug. Never pull the cord itself.
On installation
•Do not install the unit in a location near heat sources such as radiators or air ducts, or in a place subject to direct sunlight,
excessive dust, mechanical vibration or shock.
•When mounting the unit on the EIA 19-inch standard rack, allow enough space of 1U or more above this unit for good
ventilation.
On operation
•Before making program source connections, be sure to turn the power switch off and unplug the unit.
•When the unit is not used, turn the power off to conserve energy and to extend the useful life of your unit.
On cleaning the cabinet
Clean the cabinet, panel and controls with a soft cloth lightly moistened with mild detergent solution. Do not use any type of
abrasive pad, scouring powder or solvent such as alcohol or benzine.
On repacking
Do not throw away the carton and the packing material. It makes an ideal container for transporting the unit.
When shipping the unit for repair work or to another location, repack it as it was.
If you have any questions or problems concerning your unit, consult your nearest Sony dealer.
PRECAUTIONS

4

5
1. OUTLINE
The SRP-L300 digital limiter/delay is provided with three signal processing algorithms.
(A) Dynamics algorithm
This algorithm consists of four independent blocks, that is, a compressor, gate/expander and limiter.
The compressor and expander can set the sensitivity of any frequency or three types of stereo links using a side
equalizer as well as setting parameters such as attack time, hold time, release time, and ratio. Moreover, various
dynamics controls can be carried out such as a Soft Knee function that can change the effect of the compressor or the
setting of the maximum attenuation in the gate/expander.
* You can use the Dynamic algorithm with simple delay.
(B) DAL-1000 algorithm
This algorithm performs the function of Sony digital recording limiter DAL-1000 with higher precision.
This algorithm can smoothly clip the peak level of a waveform while increasing the gain of a low-level signal at a
response rate free from time lag. This algorithm can also be used through combination of each delay.
(C) Tap delay algorithm
This is a 48-taps delay algorithm.
The delay time, level, and low-pass filter parameters can be set for each tap. The maximum delay time is 4.5 seconds.
This algorithm can be used for the simulation of reflected sound.
Excellent sound quality ensured by high-performance A/D and D/A converters
The SRP-L300 is provided for the dynamic range of 105 dB or more and the converter with 20-bits resolution high-
precision sampling rate A/D and D/A converter system with 48 kHz sampling rate.
This enables a low noise and high sound quality
High-precision digital signal processing are carried out using a digital signal processing unit (DSP) with 52-bits
multiplication precision.
Digital input/output terminal conforming to the AES/EBU standard
Sampling rate converter with Jitter free
This sampling rate converter converts a digital input signal into a 48 kHz internal sampling frequency signal with
crystal precision and sends it to the digital signal processing block. This produces the effect below.
1The sound quality improves due to correction of input signal control jitter with crystal precision.
2The user can freely use the sampling frequency of a digital input signal.
3The analog input signal that was converted from analog to digital in 48 kHz and 20 bits can be mixed with a
digital input signal.
In the input/output block, signals can be easily selected and switched as in analog/digital switching, mixing,
mono-mixing, and CH-1/CH-2 switching.
A maximum of 20 programs can be stored and instantaneously recalled.
A lock function is provided to protect the setting from accidental operation.
The Remote control operation using an RS-232C terminal is available.
The analog stacking output and digital through output are provided for signal distribution.

6
Algorithm
Digital signal, are processed according to a mathematical formula called an algorithm
in the digital signal processing unit. The SPR-L300 uses three different algorithms to
produce varying effects.
Parameter
Several numerical values are used in the algorithmic formulas, each value is called a
“parameter”. The “delay time”or “threshold level”are examples.
Edit
The operation which changes a parameter value is called an “edit.”
Program
A “program”in the SRP-L300 indicates the current processing state at that time, that
is, the setting state of the algorithm and parameters used.
A “preset program”and “user program”are available. The preset program is
preinstalled at the factory.
The user program is created for internal storage by the user.
Program recall and storage
Always only one program is executed during operation. A program executed at that
time is called a “temporary program.”The temporary program has used for an edit.
What the edited temporary program is memorized in the internal memory circuit as a
user program is called storage.
What the stored user program or preset program reads from memory as a temporary
program is called a recall.
Default display state
The program number, program name, and algorithm type (a,b. etc) in the upper row,
the level meter is displayed in the second row. Together, this is called “default display
state”.
In the default display state, the SRP-L300 waits for the user operation with the whole
operation state exited.
To return from the current state to the default display state, press the “EXIT/NO”
button several times.
Sync
The operation for changing CH-1 and CH-2 parameters together during editing is
called “sync.”
* No means of external sync
dBFS
These are signal level unit in a digital signal. “FS”in dBFS is an abbreviation for “full
scale.”It is a decibel representation with the digital clip level as standard.
The SRP-L300 is equipped with digital input/output terminals as well as analog
input/output terminals. Therefore, “dBFS”is used as the absolute value of a signal
level when the parameter for digital signal processing is set. For the relation between
the analog and digital levels, refer to 5-2, “Level Diagram.”
2. GLOSSARY
1 OVER/GR(dB) 36912151821242730
-
CH-1
CH-2
P01
In =
DYNAMICS(A)

7
3. CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONS
3-1. Front Panel
POWER
ON OFF
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
INPUT LEVEL
CH-1 CH-2
OVER
OUTPUT LEVEL
CH-1 CH-2
INPUT
ANALOG
DIGITAL
PLL
LIMITER / DELAY
1 OVER/GR(dB) 36912151821242730
-
CH-1
CH-2
−+
ADJUST
−+
SELECT
PUSH ENTER/YES
EDIT PROGRAM
SYNC EXIT/NO
LOCK
BYPASS
DIGITAL LIMITER/DELAY SRP-L300
1
2
3
46
57 98 %#!
"$&
1POWER button
This POWER button turns on and off the power of
the SRP-L300.
When the power is turned on, the back light on the
display screen lights and the previous signal
processing condition returns automatically.
2INPUT LEVEL knobs (CH-1 and CH-2)
The INPUT LEVEL knobs are used to adjust the
level of the input signals from the analog input
terminals.
In the center position (0 dB), a internally head room
is 20 dB with respect to the input signal of a
reference level (+4 dBs).
For how to adjust these knobs, refer to 5-2, “Level
Diagram”and 5-3, “Unity Gain.”
3OVER indicators (CH-1 and CH-2)
The OVER indicators light when signals exceeding
the maximum input level are input from the analog
input terminals.
Actually, the OVER indicators light from the level
slightly lower than the level in which a signal is
clipped.
Decrease the level using the INPUT LEVEL knobs
when they light frequently.
4OUTPUT LEVEL knobs (CH-1 and CH-2)
The OUTPUT LEVEL knobs are used to adjust the
level of the output signals from the analog output
terminals.
In the center position (0 dB), the digital full scale
output signal for digital signal processing is output
in a level of +24 dBu.
To adjust these knobs, refer to 5-2, “Level Diagram”
and 5-3, “Unity Gain.”
Note
5INPUT indicator
The input indicator selected by internal parameter
“Input Select”lights. In the analog and digital
mixing state, both the ANALOG and DIGITAL
lamps light.
For more details of the input selection, refer to 6-1,
“Input Block.”
6PLL indicator
The PLL indicator indicates that a digital signal is
properly transmitted and that the SRP-L300 receives
it.
Moreover, this indicator indicates the existence of
physical transmission. The PLL indicator also lights
when a silent signal is being transmitted because it
is not related to the level of an audio signal.
“PLL”is an abbreviation for Phase-Locked Loop.
The circuit that operates in synchronization with a
digital input signal is called a PLL circuit. The PLL
indicator lights when the PLL circuit operates
normally.
7Display
The display is used the user setting state or level
meter with a character display of 16 characters ×2
lines.
The back light goes on when the power is turned on.
8SELECT knob and SELECT (ENTER/YES)
button
Operate the knob and button as described below if
necessary.
Turn clockwise or counterclockwise.
Press.
Turn while pressing and holding.
The meaning of the operation varies depending on
the state at that time.

8
Turn the knob and button to select various items.
Press them to enter the contents of selection or to
enter “YES”for a question from the system.
In this manual, the “SELECT”knob is used for
rotation operations, and the “SELECT”button for
pressing operations.
9ADJUST knob and ADJUST button
The knob and button are mainly used to adjust the
parameter value during edit operation.
In this manual, the “ADJUST”knob is used for
rotation operations, and the “ADJUST”button for
pressing operations.
To recall the last displayed parameter again, press
the ADJUST button. The user can then immediately
start the edit operation.
For more details, refer to 7-1, “Basic Edit
Operation.”
!º EDIT button
Press this button to set and change the parameter of
a signal processing block. The “EDIT state”is then
entered.
!¡ SYNC button and SYNC indicator
The SYNC button is used to determine whether to
interlock the CH-1 and CH-2 parameters during
parameter setting and change.
For more details, refer to 7-2, “SYNC.”
!™ PROGRAM button
Press this button to recall a program from memory
or store it.
!£ EXIT/NO button
Press this button to exit the current state or return
the operation procedure by one step.
This button is also used to enter “NO”for a question
from the system.
!¢ LOCK button and LOCK indicator
Press this button to lock the operation of the
SRP-L300 and to prevent the state at that time from
being changed easily.
The LOCK indicator lights when the SRP-L300 is
locked.
For more details of the “LOCK”function, refer to
the “LOCK Function”in Section 9.
!∞ BYPASS button and BYPASS indicator
The BYPASS button is used to switch the output
signals of a non-signal processed sound (bypass
state) and signal processed sound.
The BYPASS indicator lights in the bypass state.

9
3-2. Rear Panel
R
THRU IN OUT
REMOTE(RS-232C) DIGITAL I/O ANALOG OUTPUT ANALOG INPUT
CH-2 CH-2CH-1 CH-1
STACKING
CH-2 CH-1
PUSH PUSH PUSH
63 5
7412
1ANALOG INPUT terminals (CH-1 and CH-2)
Analog audio signals are input to the ANALOG
INPUT terminals.
(The terminal is XLR-3-31.)
Electronic balancer circuit
(1: GND, 2: HOT, 3: COLD)
2ANALOG STACKING terminals (CH-1 and CH-
2)
The ANALOG STACKING terminals are directly
connected to the ANALOG INPUT terminals. These
terminals are used to input the analog input signal
of the SRP-L300 to other equipment.
(The terminal is XLR-3-32.)
Electronic balancer circuit
(1: GND, 2: HOT, 3: COLD)
3ANALOG OUTPUT terminals (CH-1 and CH-2)
The analog signals after signal processing are output
from the ANALOG OUTPUT terminals.
(The terminal is XLR-3-32.)
Electronic balancer circuit
(1: GND, 2: HOT, 3: COLD)
4DIGITAL IN terminal
Digital audio signals based on the AES/EBU format
are input to the DIGITAL IN terminal.
(The terminal is XLR-3-31.)
5DIGITAL THRU (digital through output)
terminal
The DIGITAL THRU terminal is used to input the
digital input signal of the SRP-L300 directly to other
equipment.
Since signals are output through an internal buffer,
they can also be input to multiple SRP-L300s via
series connection.
However, no signal is output when the power is
turned off. (The terminal is XLR-3-32.)
6DIGITAL OUT terminal
The digital signal after signal processing is output
from the DIGITAL OUT terminal.
The digital output signal conforms to the AES/EBU
format.
The sampling frequency is 48 kHz.
(The terminal is XLR-3-32.)
Note
For more details of the digital input and output, refer to
the “Digital Input and Output”in Section 10.
7REMOTE terminal
The REMOTE terminal is used to control the
SRP-L300 from a remote location using a personal
computer.
Use an RS-232C signal of 9600 bps during
communication (9-pin D-sub (male)). This connecter
is adapted for PC remote terminal with cross cable.
Please consult a Sony dealer for the communication
protocol.

10
4. BASIC OPERATION
The flow of basic operation is described below.
For more details of each operation, refer to the corresponding pages.
1Recall one of the P01, P02, and P03 preset programs corresponding to the
algorithm used.
For the algorithm, refer to page 13.
For the recall operation, refer to page 32.
2Execute the edit operation (change the parameter) and change the effect.
For the edit operation, refer to page 25.
3Store the created program.
For the store operation, refer to page 33.
Reference
Each preset program is used as a program of the algorithm below.
P01 (A) Start program of the dynamics algorithm
P02
(B) Start program of the DAL-1000 algorithm
P03 (C) Start program of the tap delay algorithm
The three programs are the source of program creation based on each algorithm. These programs are
based on a parameter that gives no effect when they are recalled.
The programs that were created in advance have been installed in P04 or later preset programs. These
preset programs can also be recalled or modified in parameter before use.

11
5. INTERNAL SIGNAL FLOW
5-1. Block Diagram (Including the A/D, D/A, and DIO Blocks)
The signal flow in the SRP-L300 is shown in the figure below.
• For the digital signal processing block marked with “*”, refer to the “Digital Signal Processing Block” in Section 6.
• For the fetch position of each level meter, refer to the block diagrams in “Digital Signal Processing Block” in Section 6.
• A digital output signal is always the same as the output signal of a D/A converter.
5-2. Level Diagram
In the digital area, “dBFS”(dB value with the full scale as standard) is used as the absolute
value unit of a level. The level relation between analog and digital signals is shown in the
figure below.
An analog input signal of +4 dBu is converted into a digital signal of –20 dBFS when the
INPUT LEVEL knobs are set to 0 dB. A digital output signal of –20 dBFS is converted into
an analog input signal of +4 dBu when the OUTPUT LEVEL knobs are set to 0 dB.
CH-1
CH-2
STACKING
CH-1
CH-2
ANALOG INPUT CH-1
CH-2
ANALOG OUTPUT
DIGITAL OUTPUT
REMOTE
(RS-232C)
THRU
IN
DIGITAL I/O
INPUT LEVEL
OUTPUT LEVELOVER
A/D Digital
Signal
Processing
Block
*
Decoder Sampling
Rate
Converter
CPU
Memory
Digital
Filter
D/A
D/A
Encoder
SW
Rotary Encoder
LCD
Display
(Level meter)
INPUT LEVEL INPUT
LEVEL OUTPUT LEVEL
INPUT OUTPUT LEVEL OUTPUT
+24dBu
+4dBu
0dBFS 0dBFS
-8dBFS
-20dBFS -20dBFS
-32dBFS
+24dBu
+16dBu
+4dBu
-8dBu
20dB
8dB
0dB
+12dB
-12dB
0dB
+12dB
-12dB
A/D D/ADigital signal precessing
Analog area Digital area Analog area

12
5-3. Input and Output Level Adjustment
The SRP-L300 has the input and output level knobs for analog input/output adjustment.
Each level can also be controlled in the input, main, and output blocks of a digital signal
processing unit. These blocks are described below.
1Main block of digital signal processing unit
The level control during signal processing, that is, the gain reduction by compressor
and expander operation or the corresponding gain making is collectively carried out in
this block.
2Level adjustment in input and output blocks of digital signal processing unit
This level is usually set to 0 dB (unity gain) during use.
It is recommended to use when the user wants to change only the level when the main
block of the existing program is diverted.
The level adjustment corresponding to the analog level adjustment knob can be carried
out in these blocks when digital input and output signals are used.
3INPUT LEVEL knobs
The INPUT LEVEL knobs are basically set to 0 dB during use. These knobs are
adjusted to reduce the head room during A/D and D/A conversion and to fully show
the performance of the conversion block when the input level differs from the
reference input level (+4 dBu) of the SRP-L300 or when the signal (e.g., Playback signal
of recording media) whose maximum level can be predicted is input.
(The adjustment value of the INPUT LEVEL knobs can be confirmed by the display on
an input level meter.)
Notice
During setting for head room reduction, the input/output unity gain can be maintained by
decreasing the output level proportionally to the same click as for the input level.
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
0
−12 +12
dB
INPUT LEVEL
CH-1 CH-2
OVER
OUTPUT LEVEL
CH-1 CH-2
4OUTPUT LEVEL knobs
The OUTPUT LEVEL knobs are mainly used to correct the output level when the
INPUT LEVEL knobs are changed.
In the output level, however, the adjustment value of the OUTPUT LEVEL knobs is
not reflected on the output level meter display. Therefore, the adjustment value of the
knobs must be added (or subtracted) to the display level of the output level meter.
(Analog output dBu value) = (Digital dBFS value) + 24 + (knob adjustment position
value dB)
Note
For the digital signal processing block, refer to the “Digital Signal Processing Block”in Section 6. For
the level meter, refer to 6-5, “Level Meter Display.”

13
6. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING BLOCK
The SRP-L300 mounts the following three signal processing algorithms.
(A) Dynamics algorithm
(B) DAL-1000 algorithm
(C) Tap delay algorithm
As shown below, the three algorithms contain input, output, and bypass blocks in
common with one another.
Only the main block between the input block and bypass block differs for each algorithm.
The contents of signal processing and parameters are described next for every block.
Signal processing block diagram
Note
Each parameter is described in the order below.
Parameter name
Parameter function
Variable range of parameter
For how to change the parameter, refer to the “Parameter Change”in Section 7.
CH-1
CH-2 Main block
CH-1
CH-2
CH-1
CH-2
CH-1
CH-2
CH-1
CH-2
CH-1
CH-2
ANALOG INPUT
DIGITAL INPUT
CH-1 OUTPUT
CH-2 OUTPUT
Input
block Output
block
Bypass

14
6-1. Input Block
The input block selects input signals and adjusts the level of the input signals.
Parameter
1D-IN Level
This parameter sets the adjustment of a digital input level
–30.0 dB to +12.0 dB (in units of 0.5 dB).
2Input Select
This parameter selects input signals.
Analog Normal An analog input signal is used.
Digital Normal A digital input signal is used.
Ana + Dig Normal Analog and digital input signals are mixed for use.
(The signals in CH-1 and CH-2 are mixed with each other.)
Analog CH-1 The analog input signal in CH-1 is input to both CH-1 and
CH-2 of a main block for use.
Analog CH-2 The analog input signal in CH-2 is input to both CH-1 and
CH-2 of a main block.
Analog Mono Mix The analog input signals in CH-1 and CH-2 are mixed and
input to both CH-1 and CH-2 of a main block for use.
Digital CH-1 The digital input signal in CH-1 is input to both CH-1 and
CH-2 of a main block for use.
Digital CH-2 The digital input signal in CH-2 is input to both CH-1 and
CH-2 of a main block for use.
Digital Mono Mix The digital input signals in CH-1 and CH-2 are mixed and
input to both CH-1 and CH-2 of a main block for use.
The “INPUT”indicator on the panel lights corresponding to the selected input signal.
3Input Level
This parameter sets the last level adjustment after input signals are selected
–∞, –60.0 to 0.0 dB (in units of 0.5 dB).
{
{
}
CH-1
CH-2
CH-1
CH-2
ANALOG INPUT
DIGITAL INPUT
1D-IN Level 3Input Level
2Input Select
TO MAIN BLOCK
CH-2
TO MAIN BLOCK
CH-1
TO INPUT LEVEL METER

15
6-2. Bypass Block
This block switches using the “BYPASS”button on the front panel.
However, the switching is not contained as a parameter in the program.
6-3. Output Block
This block switches output signals and adjusts the level of the output signals.
The same contents of data are always output to the analog and digital output terminals.
Parameters
1Output Mode
This parameter switches or mixes the two output (CH-1/CH-2) signals of a main block
(Mode setting).
Normal The CH-1 signal of a main block is output to the CH-1 output
terminal, and the CH-2 signal is output to the CH-2 output
terminal.
Cross The CH-1 and CH-2 signals from a main block are switched.
Mono CH-1 The CH-1 signal from a main block is output to both the CH-1
and CH-2 output terminals.
Mono CH-2 The CH-2 signal from a main block is output to both the CH-1
and CH-2 output terminals.
Mono Mix The CH-1 and CH-2 signals from a main block are mixed and
output to both the CH-1 and CH-2 output terminals.
2Output Level (CH-1/CH-2/SYNC)
This parameter sets the last output level adjustment
–∞, –60.0 to 0.0 dB (in units of 0.5 dB).
BYPASS ON
BYPASS OFF
FROM INPUT BLOCK CH-1
FROM MAIN BLOCK CH-1
FROM MAIN BLOCK CH-2
FROM INPUT BLOCK CH-2
OUTPUT BLOCK TO CH-1
OUTPUT BLOCK TO CH-2
}
CH-1
CH-2
FROM BYPASS BLOCK
CH-1 OUTPUT
CH-2 OUTPUT
TO OUTPUT LEVELMETER
2OUTPUT LEVEL1OUTPUT MODE

16
6-4. Main Block
6-4-1. (A) Dynamics algorithm
The dynamics algorithm consists of four independent blocks; a compressor, gate/
expander, limiter, and delay.
(Processing block diagram in CH-1. (The processing block diagram
in CH-2 is same as for CH-1.))
Parameters in compressor
1COMPRESSOR Trigger
This parameter determines the trigger signal of the compressor operation. It also can
set the stereo link operation.
SEPARATE The two-channel signals input to a main block are used as a
trigger signal of each channel.
LINK (MIX) The signal obtained when the two-channel signals input to a
main block are mixed 50% at a time is used as a trigger signal.
LINK (CH-1) The CH-1 signal input to a main block is used as trigger
signals in both processing channels.
LINK (CH-2) The CH-2 signal input to a main block is used as trigger
signals in both processing channels.
2COMPRESSOR On/Off
This parameter sets the compressor on/off operation.
ON/OFF
3COMPRESSOR Attack
This parameter sets the attack time of compressor operation.
AUTO 0.1 to 1000 [msec]
The attack time is automatically switched according to the input signal level when the
parameter is set to AUTO. A quick attack time is gradually switched for sudden rising
of a high-level signal, and a slow attack time for low fluctuations.
FROM INPUT BLOCK
CH-1
CH-2
!•Dynamics Delay
Delay
On/Off SIDE EQ Level detection Gain reduction /
calculation
6Threshold
7Ratio
3Attack
2On/Off
4Release
8Soft knee Level
5-1 EQ type
5-2 EQ Freq
5-3 EQ Level
1Trigger
!∞Threshold
!§Ratio
!¡Attack
!ºOn/Off
!™Hold
!¶Maximam
Gain Reduction
!£Release
!¢-1 EQ type
!¢-2 EQ Freq
!¢-3 EQ Level
9Trigger
Compresser
Expander / gate
On/Off SIDE EQ Level detection Gain reduction /
calculation
Limiter Delay
@ºOn/Off
@¡Threshold
!ªDynamics
Level
To limiter GR
level meter
To dynamics GR
level meter
@™Delay

17
4COMPRESSOR Release
This parameter sets the release time of the compressor operation.
AUTO, 47 to 4700 [msec]
The release time is automatically switched according to the input signal level when the
parameter is set to AUTO.
5COMPRESSOR Side EQ
An equalizer is used for the trigger signal of the compressor operation. This parameter
sets the frequency sensitivity of the compressor operation.
5-1 COMPRESSOR Side EQ Type
This parameter selects the type of equalizer.
OFF/HPF/LPF/BPF/PEAKING
5-2 COMPRESSOR Side EQ Frequency
This parameter selects the frequency of an equalizer.
The frequency of an equalizer cannot be set when the type of
equalizer is OFF.
200/250/315/400/500/630/800/1k/1.25k/1.6k/2k/2.5k/3.15k/4k/5k/6.3k/8k/
10k/12.5k/16k [Hz]
5-3 COMPRESSOR Side EQ Level
The level of an equalizer is set when the type of equalizer is PEAKING.
It cannot be set when the type of equalizer is other than PEAKING.
–10/–8/–6/–4/–2/0/+2/+4/+6/+8/+10 [dB]
∗Q of a bandpass filter is 4.0 fixed.
∗Q of a peaking filter is 1.0 fixed.
∗The sync switching in the three parameters of an equalizer is collectively carried
out by “Type.”
6COMPRESSOR Threshold
This parameter sets the level in which the compressor operation is initiated
0 to –60 [dBFS] (in units of 1 dBFS).
7COMPRESSOR Ratio
This parameter sets the compression ratio of compressor operation.
1.0 to –α[:1]
8COMPRESSOR Soft Knee Level
This parameter sets the compressor operation, that is, the range of change in soft knee.
Compression is initiated from the level lower than the set threshold level in proportion
to the soft knee level.
As the set value becomes lower, the soft knee comes nearer the “hard knee”.
1 to 18 [dB] (in units of 1 dB).
Parameters in expander/gate
9EXPANDER Trigger
This parameter determines the trigger signal of expander/gate operation. It also can
set the stereo link operation.
SEPARATE The two-channel signals input to a main block are used as a
trigger signal of each channel.
LINK (MIX) The signal obtained when the two-channel signals input to a
main block are mixed 50% at a time is used as a trigger signal.
LINK (CH-1) The CH-1 signal input to a main block is used as trigger
signals in both processing channels.
LINK (CH-2) The CH-2 signal input to a main block is used as trigger
signals in both processing channels.

18
!º EXPANDER On/Off
This parameter sets the expander/gate ON/OFF operation.
ON / OFF
!¡ EXPANDER Attack
This parameter sets the attack time of the expander/gate operation.
0.1 to 1000 [msec]
!™ EXPANDER Hold
This parameter sets the hold time of the expander/gate operation.
47 to 4700 [msec]
!£ EXPANDER Release
This parameter sets the release time of the expander/gate operation.
47 to 4700 [msec]
!¢ EXPANDER Side EQ
An equalizer is used for the trigger signal of the expander/gate operation. This
parameter sets the frequency sensitivity of the expander/gate operation.
!¢-1 EXPANDER Side EQ Type
This parameter selects the type of equalizer.
OFF / HPF / LPF / BPF / PEAKING
!¢-2 EXPANDER Side EQ Frequency
This parameter selects the frequency of an equalizer.
The frequency of an equalizer cannot be set when the type of equalizer is OFF.
200/250/315/400/500/630/800/1k/1.25k/1.6k/2k/2.5k/3.15k/4k/5k/6.3k/8k/
10k/12.5k/16k [Hz]
!¢-3 EXPANDER Side EQ Level
The level of an equalizer is set when the type of equalizer is PEAKING.
It cannot be set when the type of equalizer is other than PEAKING.
–10/–8/–6/–4/–2/0/+2/+4/+6/+8/+10 [dB]
∗Q of a bandpass filter is 4.0.
∗Q of a peaking filter is 1.0.
∗The sync switching in the three parameters of an equalizer is collectively carried
out by “Type.”
!∞ EXPANDER Threshold
This parameter sets the level in which the expander/gate operation is initiated.
The gain is reduced in a level of less than the set level
–10 to –90 [dBFS] (in units of 1 dBFS).
!§ EXPANDER Ratio
This parameter sets the compression ratio of expander/gate operation.
1.0 to 16 [1:]
!¶ EXPANDER Maximum Gain Reduction
This parameter sets the maximum attenuation value (dB) during expander/gate
operation.
The gain of more than this value is not reduced irrespective of the setting of other
parameters
–2 to –60 [dB] (in units of 2 dB).

19
Parameters related to compressor and expander/gate
!• DYNAMICS Delay
This parameter sets the delay time in a compressor and expander.
A “zero attack”can be virtually carried out by setting the delay time corresponding to
the attack time.
0.0 to 500.0 msec
!ª DYNAMICS Level
This parameter sets gain-make value in a compressor and expander.
The compressor and expander perform only the gain reduction. Therefore, the
parameter adjusts the whole level
0.0 to +40.0 dB (in units of 0.5 dB).
Parameters in limiter
@º LIMITER On/Off
This parameter sets the limiter ON/OFF operation.
ON / OFF
@¡ LIMITER Threshold
This parameter sets the level in which the limiter operation is initiated.
0 to –30 dBFS (in units of 1 dBFS)
∗The limiter operates for the gain-make signal in a dynamics level.
The limiter should be used to suppress a suddenly excessive signal. Avoid using it
in the state where the limiter operates continuously. This causes distortion. (The
operation can be confirmed using the gain reduction meter of a limiter.)
@™ Parameters in Delay
This parameter sets the delay time:
0.000 to 4000.000 msec.
The change in the level obtained by (A) DYNAMICS algorithm is shown in the figure
below.
0
Expander/Gate Threshold
Compressor Threshold
Expander/Gate Ratio
Output [dBFS]
Input [dBFS]
Soft Knee Level
Dynamics Level
Maximum Gain Reduction
Limiter Threshold
(Soft Knee Range)
Compresser Ratio

20
6-4-2. (B) DAL-1000 algorithm
This is an algorithm for which the Sony digital audio limiter (DAL-1000) was
implemented. The algorithm can raise the average level of a digital signal in which the
head room was ensured to prevent a hard clip from occurrence and that was converted
from analog to digital in a lower level.
This algorithm is a soft clipper. In other words, the algorithm increases the gain in a low
level while operating the waveforms at a time delay-free response rate peculiar to the
digital processing. It also smoothly clips almost the same level as for a full case.
Selection of type
•In this algorithm, types A and B, whose effects differ, can be selected.
•Types A and B differ in the level where the gain and clip in a linear area are initiated.
•Type A is suitable for setting a high gain for the low-level source.
However, notice that the distortion during clipping also increases when the input level
becomes high.
•Type B is lower in gain than type A, but it has less distortion.
Setting of ratio
•The level of an effect can be changed using the parameter of a ratio.
•The maximum effect is obtained when a ratio is 100%. No effect is obtained when it is
0%.
•The gain in linear areas also changes when a ratio changes.
0%
Retio 70%
Type 100%
Input level[dBFS]
6dB
0–10–20–30
–30
–20
–10
0Output level[dBFS]
4.6dB
TypeB(100%)
TypeA.B(0%)
TypeA(100%) Nonlinear area
Input level [dBFS]
6dB
0-10-20-30
-30
-20
-10
0
3.5dB
Output level [dBFS]
area
Nonlinear