Teledyne Lecroy WavePulser 40iX User manual

WavePulser 40iX
High-speed Interconnect Analyzer
Getting Started Guide

933197-00 Rev A
II
WavePulser 40iX
Getting Started Guide
© 2021 Teledyne LeCroy, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unauthorized duplication of Teledyne LeCroy documentation materials is strictly prohibited. Customers are permitted to
duplicate and distribute Teledyne LeCroy documentation for internal educational purposes only.
WavePulser and Teledyne LeCroy are trademarks of Teledyne LeCroy, Inc. Other product or brand names are trademarks
or requested trademarks of their respective holders. Information in this publication supersedes all earlier versions.
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
933197-00 Rev A,
April, 2021
700 Chestnut Ridge Road
Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977
1.800.5.LECROY •teledynelecroy.com

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 1
Welcome
Thank you for buying a Teledyne LeCroy product. We’re certain you’ll be pleased with the detailed features unique to our instruments. This guide is
intended to help you set up a WavePulser and learn some basic operating procedures, so you're quickly making measurements.
See the WavePulser User Manual for detailed information on the operational features of the WavePulser. The manual installs with the WavePulser software
and can be displayed by selecting Help > Contents from the WavePulser menu bar.
Introduction
Introducing WavePulser 2
WavePulser Approach 3
Set Up
Safety 4
WavePulser Hardware 6
System Set Up 8
Connecting Cables 10
Basics
WavePulser Application Window 12
Basic Configuration 14
Advanced Configuration 16
Viewing TDR/TDT Waveforms 17
Viewing Frequency Domain Results 18
Viewing Time Domain Results 19
Viewing the Smith Chart 20
Calculating Loss (Delta-L) 21
Result Actions 21
Importing S-parameters 22
Exporting S-parameters 23
Saving/Recalling Other Data 23
Working With Result Traces 24
Changing the Display 26
Cursors 26
Measurements and Statistics 27
Math 27
Memories (Reference Waveforms) 28
Pass/Fail Testing 28
Using SI Studio with WavePulser 29
Maintenance
Cleaning 32
Software Updates 32
Service 33
Support 34
Warranty 34
Reference
Touchstone File Format 35
Operational Notes 35
Certifications 36

933197-00 Rev A
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Key Specifications
Detailed specifications are on the product datasheet at teledynelecroy.com.
Number of Ports 4
Connector Type 2.92 mm K
Operating Frequency Range DC to 40 GHz
Rise Time 8.5 ps
Frequency Domain Measurements Single-ended and Mixed-mode S-parameters
Time Domain Measurements Impedance Prole, Impulse Response, Step Response, Rho
Calibration Method Internal, automatic SOLT
Key Features
• S-parameters DC to 40 GHz, single- and mixed-mode
• Impedance Profile with <1 mm resolution, differential and common-mode
• Internal, automatic OSLT calibration
• USB-connected, small, lightweight
• Flexible measurement display
• Remove effects from fixtures, connectors and cables
• Emulate eye diagrams with CTLE, DFE and FFE equalization
• Advanced jitter analysis
INTRODUCTION
Introducing WavePulser
WavePulser 40iX is the ideal single measurement tool for high-speed
hardware designers and test engineers. The combination of S-parameters
(frequency domain) and Impedance Profiles (time domain) in a single
acquisition, with a deep toolbox for simulation, emulation, de-embedding
and time-gating, provides unmatched characterization insight.
Designed for High Speed Interconnect Analysis
WavePulser is designed specifically for high-speed interconnect analysis.
It validates, debugs and troubleshoots interconnectivity issues in serial
data cables, channels, connectors, vias, backplanes, printed-circuit
boards, chip and SoC packages. It is simple to set up and use.
Internal, Automatic Calibration
WavePulser calibration standards are built-in (included in the standard
unit) and calibration is always automated, simple and fast—make one
connection to the DUT and press Go. WavePulser does not require
the purchase of additional, external calibration standards. In fact,
WavePulser's TDR/TDT-based approach is independent of setup, making
calibration less likely.
Full-range DC to 40 GHz
WavePulser provides results to DC and extending to 40 GHz of bandwidth,
so TDR step response and time-gated and/or emulated physical layer
signal responses can avoid extrapolations for low-frequency and DC
response—ideal for interconnect systems.

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 3
WavePulser Approach
WavePulser uses time domain reflectometry to characterize a DUT’s elec-
trical behavior by stimulating the DUT with impulses and measuring reflec-
tion and transmission. Once a measurement is configured, all phases
proceed without any user intervention whatsoever. This is accomplished
using an internal switch matrix assembly that routes pulses to internally
connected standards and to the front panel ports. After acquiring calibrat-
ed measurements of the DUT, post-processing calculations are performed
such as de-embedding, time-gating, etc. The post-processing calculations
can even be reconfigured and new results calculated without the need for
new measurement acquisitions.
SOLT Calibration Phase
In the calibration phase, pulses are routed to internal short, open, load,
and thru standards while measurements are made of these standards.
The measurements are processed along with measurements made at the
factory to provide an internal self-calibration at the instrument ports.
TDR/TDT Measurement Phase
In the DUT measurement phase, pulses are routed out to the DUT through
the front panel bulkhead connector and cables. Multiple acquisitions are
taken with the DUT pulsed at each port.
S-parameter Calculation Phase
On the host PC, the WavePulser application uses algorithms to apply the
calibration to the DUT measurements and to de-embed the instrument
cables to provide calibrated DUT measurements at the DUT ports. In this
phase, any further processing is performed, such as fixture and adapter
de-embedding, time-gating and physicality enforcements.
INTRODUCTION
Pulser/
Sampler
Pulser/
Sampler
Pulser/
Sampler
DUT
CABLES
ADAPTORS
Internal Calibration Reference Plane
De-embedded Measurement Reference Plane
Optional Manual Calibration Reference Plane
Measurement Reference Plane
FIXTURE
C
ABLE
S
WAVEPULSER PORTS
Switch System & Internal Standards
Pulser/
Sampler

933197-00 Rev A
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Power and Ground
Use only the Power button to power down. Do not power down by
switching off a connected battery/power strip or pulling the AC line cord
from the outlet while the instrument is turned on.
CAUTION. In "Standby Power" mode the instrument is still
connected to the AC supply. The only way to fully power down the
instrument is to physically disconnect the power cord from the AC
outlet. We recommend unplugging the instrument if it will remain
unused for a long period of time
Use only the power cord shipped with the instrument and certified for
the country of use.
The instrument is provided with a 10A/250V 18AWG rated grounded cord
set containing a molded three-terminal polarized plug and a specific
IEC-60320 (Type C13) connector for making line voltage and safety
ground connections.
Maintain ground. The AC inlet ground is connected to the frame of the
instrument. For adequate protection against shock, connect line cords
only to outlets with safety ground contacts.
WARNING. Interrupting the protective conductor inside or outside
the WavePulser, or disconnecting the safety ground terminal,
creates a hazardous situation. Intentional interruption is prohibited.
Operating Environment
Use indoors only.
Use only within the operational environment listed. Do not use in wet or
explosive environments.
Temperature 5 °C to 40 °C
Humidity Maximum RH 80% (non-condensing) up to 30 °C
decreasing linearly to RH 50% at 40 °C
Altitude Up to 10,000 ft (3,048 m) at or below 30 °C
Safety
To maintain the instrument in a correct and safe condition, observe gener-
ally accepted safety practices in addition to the precautions specified here.
CAUTION of potential damage
to equipment, or WARNING of
potential bodily injury. Refer to
manual. Do not proceed until the
information is fully understood
and conditions are met.
WARNING. Risk of electric shock
or burn.
Electrostatic Discharge Warning.
Frame or chassis terminal
Alternating current
Power On/Standby Power
Symbols
AC Power 100-240 VAC (±10%) at 50/60/400 Hz (±5%)
Automatic AC Voltage Selection
Consumption
Maximum Operating 40 W / 40 VA
Standby 2 W / 2 VA
SET UP

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 5
SET UP
ESD Precautions
CAUTION. The WavePulser is sensitive to damage by Electrostatic
Discharge. Always wear the supplied grounding wrist strap and
take standard ESD precautions when using the WavePulser.
Connect the strap to the ground terminal on the front of the WavePulser.
CAUTION. Cables are capacitors. Always park the relays (p.11) and
discharge the center conductor of the WavePulser cables to
ground before connecting them to the WavePulser unit or the DUT.
Failure to do so may result in electrical damage to the pulser/
samplers that is not warrantable. Do not connect or disconnect
cables during measurements or TDR/TDT acquisitions when the
relays are engaged.
General Precautions
Connect and disconnect cables properly. Turn only the nut on the cable
connector to tighten/loosen cables, do not rotate the pins.
Do not remove the covers or inside parts. Refer all maintenance to
qualified service personnel.
Use only as intended by manufacturer.
Do not operate with suspected failures. Check the unit and cables
regularly. If any part is damaged, or you suspect the protections haved
been impaired, cease operation immediately and secure the instrument
from inadvertent use.
Cleaning
Keep product surfaces clean and dry. Follow instructions on p.32.
Cooling
The instrument relies on forced air cooling with an internal fan and
ventilation openings. An internal fan control circuit regulates the fan speed
based on the ambient temperature. This is performed automatically after
start-up with no manual intervention required.
Care must be taken to avoid restricting the airflow around the openings at
the side and rear of the instrument.
Do not block the cooling vents. Leave a minimum four-inch gap
(10 cm) between the instrument and the nearest object. Do not
allow foreign matter to enter through the vents.
Calibration
The recommended factory calibration interval is one year. Calibration
should be performed by qualified personnel only. See p.33 for instructions
on returning the instrument to Teledyne LeCroy Service.
Center Conductor
(discharge to ground)
Shield

933197-00 Rev A
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A. Power On/Standby Power Button
B. Port 1 - Port 4 Connectors
C. Ground Terminal
D. USBTMC Port
E. AC Power Inlet
WavePulser Hardware
SET UP
A
B
C
D
E
Front View Rear View

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 7
The WavePulser ships with high-phase stability cables that are calibrated
and serialized to the WavePulser unit, along with the S-parameter les for
de-embedding each cable.
Cables
The cables utilize 2.92 mm K connectors.
The connector head on the end of the cable to be connected to the
WavePulser has a colored band matching the color of the port to which it
is calibrated. Always be sure to connect the cable to the matching port so
that the proper S-parameter le is used to de-embed the cable. See p.10.
We recommend leaving the cables attached once connected to the
WavePulser; there is no need to remove them when not in use.
CAUTION. Cap exposed cable connectors with the supplied end
caps to keep them clean when not in use.
SET UP
SI Kit (Optional)
The SI Kit is delivered with the WavePulser-40iX-Bundle or may be
purchased as an optional accessory. This option enables the Signal Integrity
Studio (SI Studio) tools within the WavePulser application.
The SI Kit also includes:
• USB license key for standalone use when disconnected from WavePulser
• Multi wrench
• 4 female-female cable adapters
• OSLT Cal Kit for performing the User 2nd-tier Calibration procedure
• Torque wrench

933197-00 Rev A
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Install WavePulser Software
1. Visit teledynelecroy.com/support/softwaredownload and click the
link to WavePulser Downloads > WavePulser Software.
2. Enter the required model information and account login to download
the installer for your operating system. If you don’t yet have an
account, create one now.
3. On the host PC, unzip the installer and double-click
WavePulserInstallerxx.exe to launch the WavePulser Setup Wizard.
4. Follow the wizard prompts. We recommend taking the full installation.
At minimum, you will need the WavePulser application and the drivers.
5. When installation is complete, reboot.
6. Follow with the initialization procedure.
CAUTION. The installation may take several minutes and appear to
stop at points. Do not power down the host at any point during the
installation process. Do not connect the WavePulser to the host
prior to software installation.
SET UP
System Set Up
The WavePulser system consists of the WavePulser unit, cables and
application host computer.
Fully assembled WavePulser system connected to DUT
Host System Requirements
The WavePulser application host PC must meet the following requirements:
• x64 Windows
® 10 Pro operating system
• 2.4 GHz or higher processor
• 4 GB or more RAM
• 2 GB or more free HDD space for the installed application
• Minimum 1280x780 pixel display, 1920x1080 recommended
• Minimum USB 2.0 high-speed port, USB 3.0 recommended

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 9
WavePulser Folder Structure
The WavePulser application installs folders for calibration and data les on
the host PC in C:\LeCroy\WavePulser. Following are key subfolders:
\Adapters, \Cables and \Fixtures store .SNP les used for de-embedding.
Files for the supplied cables are copied to \Cables during initialization.
\Applications stores les generated by SI Studio applications.
\CustomDSO stores scripts dening custom math or measurements. The
installed les are examples.
\Documentation contains the WavePulser User Manual.
\Gating stores 2-port Gating Elements that are saved when applying
impedance peeling or port extension to shift the measurement reference
plane inside the DUT.
\HardCopy stores image les (.JPG, .PNG, etc.) saved using Print.
\Measurements stores .ZIP les saved using Save Measurement.
\Results stores .SNP les saved by the WavePulser application. May also
be used to store Touchstone les to be imported into WavePulser.
\Scripts stores scripts used by the application.
\SecondTierCalibration stores factory 2nd-tier calibration les (.L12T).
\Setups stores .LSS conguration les, both most recent state (Current*)
which is reloaded at startup, and those saved using Save Setup.
\Tables stores .TXT or .CSV les of saved table data.
\User Calibration stores manual and second-tier calibration les created
by users.
\Waveforms stores .TRC les of saved waveform data.
Initialize the System
1. Connect the WavePulser to a grounded AC power outlet.
2. With the host PC on, connect the WavePulser to the host using the
provided USB cable.
3. Press the WavePulser Power On button.
4. Wait approximately 10 seconds for Windows to detect the new
hardware and load the necessary device drivers.
5. On the host PC, double-click the Start WavePulser desktop icon or use
the Windows Start menu to launch the WavePulser application.
If you see "No Hardware Detected," you may have launched before the
drivers finished loading. Repeat initialization.
Leave the USB cord connected during use, and exit the application before
shutting down the unit. If you do disconnect or power down the WavePulser
with the application still open, close the application and repeat initialization.
The application will not automatically reconnect if the connection is lost.
CAUTION. Turn off Sleep or Hibernate power settings while using
the WavePulser. Interrupting the connection from the WavePulser
to the host PC during operation may cause system failure.
Run SelfTest
After initializing, run SelfTest to ensure there are no missing calibration files
or other errors.
1. Pess the Setup button on the WavePulser menu bar.
2. Open the Instrument Setup dialog and select Run SelfTest.
3. If you are alerted to any errors, click SelfTest Log and review the findings.
If necessary, contact Teledyne LeCroy Customer Support to resolve errors.
SET UP

933197-00 Rev A
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Connecting to WavePulser
1. Attach the color-coded connector to the matching color port on the
WavePulser. Press the cable straight into the port, then turn the silver
nut on the connector until it is nger tight.
2. Use a torque wrench to secure the connection. Apply 12 in•lb of torque.
CAUTION. Do not rotate the connector itself to secure the
connection. Doing so can damage the pin in the head.
We recommend that once attached the cables remain on the WavePulser
unit. There is no need to remove them when not in use.
Connecting Cables
Proper Handling of Cables
• Always use the supplied grounding wrist strap when handling cables
to avoid ESD damage.
• Discharge cables before connecting them to the WavePulser or DUT.
• Use the proper adapter when connecting cables to DUTs, or when
connecting other than the supplied cables to the WavePulser.
• Do not excessively bend or apply force to the sides of the cables.
• Do not step on, kink or deform cables in any way, as they are integral
to good measurement results.
• Keep cable connector heads clean. Cover the connectors with the
provided end caps when not in use.
Relay Parking
The WavePulser switch matrix relays are “parked” by default, meaning the
internal pulser/sampers are disconnected from the output, and the output
presents a 50 Ohm load that can deal with any ESD event. The relays re-
engage when you initiate an acquisition.
Before connecting/disconnecting cables, always go to WavePulser Setup
> Instrument Setup and click Park Relays to ensure the relays are parked.
This will protect the pulser/samplers from ESD damage.
SET UP

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 11
Conrming Cable De-embedding
During installation, .S2P les for de-embedding the cables are transferred
from the WavePulser SD card to the host application. To conrm that the
correct les have been copied to the correct elds:
1. Go to WavePulser Setup > Instrument Setup.
2. Make sure De-embed Cables is checked.
3. Conrm that the .S2P le in Port1 - Port4 matches the serial number of
the cable connected to that port, which appears on the DUT-end of the
cable. If not, browse to and select the correct le.
Connecting to DUT
Attach the free ends of the cables to the DUT, using adapters if required.
Take care to not rotate the connector head, only turn the nut to tighten.
To simplify software configuration and standardize S-parameter files:
• Connect single-ended cables to the same number port on the
WavePulser as on the DUT.
• Follow the convention of attaching differential output to 1 and 2, and
common mode to 3 and 4.
If you must change the port ordering due to physical limitations, or have
done so accidentally when connecting cables, the port assignments can
be corrected in the software. See p.15.
Using Other Cables
Additional steps must be taken to use cables other than those supplied
with the WavePulser. See p.35.
CAUTION. Never connect male SMA cables directly to the 2.92 mm
K inputs on the front of the WavePulser.
SET UP

933197-00 Rev A
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A. Menu Bar
B. Action Buttons
C. Grid
D. Cursors
E. Level Indicators
F. Time/Frequency Indicators
G. Trace Descriptor Boxes
H. Setup Dialogs
WavePulser Application Window
The WavePulser application user interface contains these prinicpal elements:
A B
C D
E
F
G
H
BASICS

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 13
Trace descriptor boxes appear along the bottom of the grid, one for
each open trace. They adjust in size and detail as more are opened. See
the WavePulser User Manual for a description of what the different trace
descriptor boxes show.
Cursors show where
measurement points have
been set on traces. Drag cursor
indicators to quickly reposition
the measurement point. Cursor
readouts appear on the trace
descriptor box and below the
grid.
Dialogs appear at the bottom
of the display for entering data.
The initial, collapsed view shows
the required settings. Click the +
symbol to expand the dialog and
see optional settings.
BASICS
A drop-down menu bar lets you access set up dialogs and other functions.
If an action can be “undone” (such as a zoom), a small
Undo button appears at the far right of the menu bar.
Click this to return to the previous configuration.
Action buttons on the menu bar execute the measurement sequence:
Open main Setup dialog to reconfigure measurement
Initiate sequencer at next required phase
Initiate in Continuous mode, starting next
measurement immediately after the last is complete
Stop sequencer and return to idle state
Recalculate S-parameters (after reconfiguring)
The grid displays the Result traces and other types of traces you choose
to create, such as Zoom, Memory or Math traces. It can be configured to
show different grid modes. The graticule scale is shown along the axes.
Trace Level and Time/Frequency indicators appear at the edge of the
grid, color-coded to match the corresponding trace. Drag indicators up/
down or left/right to reposition the trace.
Expanded Setup dialog shows
optional physicality settings.
Trace zero level
(name label)
More points off grid
(arrow)
Trace zero time/frequency
(triangle)

933197-00 Rev A
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Set Up Acquisition
It is important to set a sufficiently long acquisition so that there is time
enough for the response to die to zero before the next pulse is sent. If
any energy is left in the signal path, or the impulse response is cut off, the
resulting S-parameters will be incorrect.
In End Freq, enter what is to be the last frequency point in the output
S-parameter file.
Enter the Num(ber of) Points in S-parameter files and Result traces.
Note: Num Points+1 is the total number of sample points in the Result
traces and number of data points in the output S-parameter files. The
first point is DC and the last the End Freq.
BASICS
Basic Conguration
The Setup dialog contains all the basic settings required for making any type of meaurement. See the WavePulser User Manual for detailed instructions on
using these settings. Choose Setup from the menu bar to open the dialog.
As you modify the End Freq and Num Points, you'll notice the values for
Delta Freq and Time Length change. The goal is for the impulse response
to fit into the calculated Time Length. This is especially important if you
will be using the results for simulation. The general rule is:
Time Length = 1/Delta Freq x 2
The Acquisition Length is equivalent to the Pulser Rep Period, or
1/Pulser Rep Rate. The impulse response of a system must be less than
that number, or time aliasing will occur. A good rule of thumb is to select
a number at least 5X the electrical length of the channel, although 2X is
acceptable if the channel is lossy. Use the shortest number you can.

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 15
BASICS
Configure Ports
If you've connected single-ended inputs to the same number port on the
WavePulser as on the DUT (1 to 1, 2 to 2, etc.), and none of the ports have
been skipped, you need only enter the Num(ber of) Ports in use.
If you wish to calculate mixed-mode S-parameters or change any port
assignments, click + to expand, then check Enable and click Configure.
Single-ended
In the Port Configuration window, click Config DUT and specify the
number of ports on each side of the DUT. Working outward, map
WavePulser Port number (blue) to User/DUT Port number (green) to
Touchstone File Line number (yellow). The table bottom left shows how
the output file will be ordered.
If any ports are not used, or you wish to omit the line from the
Touchstone file, choose Xin the corresponding block.
Single-ended configuration switching WavePulser port and DUT port numbers
Mixed-mode
Mixed-mode configuration differs from single-ended only in that you must
map physical ports to each side of the differential pairs. Click Config and
choose differential to "merge" the green DUT blocks, then select which
number differential pair this is called on the display and in the output file.
If you wish to remove either the Common Mode or Differential Mode
values from the output file, choose Xin the yellow block.
Mixed-mode configuration of differential pairs
Choose Accuracy
Choose an Accuracy setting from the Sequence Control section of the
Setup dialog. The Accuracy determines the time of pulsing-sampling
in seconds and hence the number of waveforms averaged during each
phase of the measurement process. Increasing Accuracy will increase
dynamic range, but also the time required to measure. The system
performs 5000 pulses per second of acquisition. The expected time to
results is displayed on the dialog.
First, perform a brief Preview acquisition and view the impedance profile
to ensure that your settings are producing the expected waveforms, then
acquire in Normal for measuring. Reserve Extra and Custom for when you
need very high dynamic range (e.g., measuring Crosstalk).
Calibration files are reused until policy dictates, and DUT waveforms
until Acquisition Length, Num Ports or Accuracy changes. If you want to
acquire a fresh set of files before measuring, click Clear Cal or Clear DUT.
Initiate Sequencer
When your setup is complete, initiate the sequencer by clicking the Go
button on the Setup dialog or on the menu bar.
Do not connect/disconnect the DUT during measurements.

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Physicality
You can choose to Enforce Passivity, Reciprocity, or Causality in the
results. The software adjusts for these during the calculation phase,
eliminating the need for post-processing. Limit Impulse Response can
help remove noise by removing unnecessary effects. Use the same rule
as for determining Time Length to choose an impulse response time limit.
Adapter/Fixture De-embedding
If you wish to de-embed any cable adapters or fixtures in use, select the
types of de-embedding to apply, then Browse to and select the .SNP files
to use. Copy files to: C:\LeCroy\WavePulser\Adapters or \Fixtures
Custom Calibration
The default policy Recalibrate Periodically every 20 min. is sufficient for
warranted performance, but you can change the calibration interval or
policy. Auto calibration uses the internal switch matrix and standards.
BASICS
Advanced Configuration
The following settings are optional. If your test setup calls for them, click the +button to expand the Setup dialog. You can apply these settings following
acquisition, then just Recalculate the results. See the WavePulser User Manual for more information on using these features.
If you wish to used saved calibration data or are using the external Cal
Kit, click the Calibration button and set up Manual calibration. User and
Factory Second Tier calibrations can be added to the base calibration.
Result Actions
On completion of the measurement sequence, the WavePulser can
execute preset actions, such as saving the S-parameters to a Touchstone
file. Click the Result Actions button to make selections. See p.23.
Reference Plane Gating
Click the Gating button to change the S-parameter reference plane via
port extension or by applying a peeling algorithm.
Join Preferences
Click View Join Preferences to set rules about how S-parameter traces
(Snand Rn) are joined so that they rescale ("zoom") together.

WavePulser Getting Started Guide 17
Viewing TDR/TDT Waveforms
Raw, uncalibrated TDR/TDT waveforms can be acquired and displayed as either an impulse response or step response for a crude impedance prole.
Because they respond quickly to manipulation of the DUT, TDR/TDT traces are also useful for checking signal integrity at different points on the circuit.
Turn Pulse On for each port to which to send the pulse, then turn Trace On for each port from which you wish to view the response.
The pulser/samplers are extremely sensitive to ESD damage. Park relays and do not begin acquisition until cables are fully connected. Do not leave
TDR/TDT acquisitions running when connecting/disconnecting devices from the ports.
BASICS

933197-00 Rev A
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Viewing Frequency Domain Results
Using the measurements calculated from the calibrated TDR/TDT waveforms, the WavePulser application generates Result traces (Sn), which plot a
single S-parameter measurement. Result traces can be analyzed with standard tools such as Cursors, Measure and Math, or used as inputs to SI Studio.
Go to WavePulser Setup > Result Display. Next to each trace you wish to display, check On, then select the S-parameter and Result to view.
BASICS
Frequency results Magnitude in Decibels, Magnitude as Amplitude/Attentuation, Real Component, Imaginary Component, Phase in Degrees, Phase in Radians