Xaoc Devices KOSZALIN User manual
stereo vc
frequency
shiftor
Model of 1964
operator’s manual rev. 1964/1.0
KOSZALIN
SALut
Thank you for purchasing this Xaoc Devices
product. Koszalin is a stereo frequency shift-
-
nential and linear frequency modulation as
well as full stereo feedback under voltage
control. Frequency shifting results in a linear
translation of the signal spectrum, which
produces a variety of atonal sounds. It should
not be confused with frequency scaling, also
known as pitch shifting. Complex phase can-
cellation patterns occurring with frequency
shifting and deep feedback produce spectac-
ular barber-pole effects.
Koszalin offers direct controls over feedback
amount, feedback routing, and feedback re-
sponse. It also facilitates frequency modula-
tion of any stereo audio signal, thanks to the
linear TZFM input. Koszalin is a digital mod-
INStALLAtION
The module requires 10hp worth of free space
in the Eurorack cabinet. Always turn the
power off before plugging the module into
the bus board using the supplied 16-pin/16-
pin ribbon cable, paying close attention to
power cable pinout and orientation. The red
stripe indicates the negative rail and should
match the –12v mark on the bus board and
the unit. Koszalin is internally secured against
-
ping the 16-pin header may cause serious
damage to other components of your system
because it will short circuit the +12V and +5V
power lines. Always pay particularly close at-
tention to the proper orientation of your rib-
bon cable on both sides!
The module should be fastened by mounting
the supplied screws before powering up. To
better understand the device and avoid com-
mon pitfalls, we strongly advise the user to
read through the entire manual before use.
mOduLe OVerVIeW
shift knob 1used for setting the amount
of frequency shifting applied to the input
bent exponentially in both directions from
In other words, the scale is stretched propor-
tionally around zero, which facilitates great-
er precision in setting a low shift amount.
Three ranges are set with the range switch
2
-
reo input signals should be patched into the
pair of input jacks 3. The input indica-
tor 4shows the volume of the input using
light intensity and color, gradually changing
from green to yellow and red when the sum
exceeds 16Vpp.
Two pairs of stereo outputs are available for
independent access to the signal being shifted
up 5
shifted down 6(towards lower frequencies,
including and beyond 0Hz; more on that be-
2
module
explained
3
front panel
overview
8
11
4
10
12
6
1
14
7
13
5
2
9
3
4
frequency
shifting
The functions of these two pairs effectively
swap when the shift knob is turned to the left
of 0Hz, or a negative control voltage is applied.
Two ±5V range CV inputs are available for
modulating the amount of frequency shift:
exp fm 7for exponential control and lin
tz fm 8for linear control. The sensitivity
of the exponential input is switched together
with the range switch, while the sensitivity
of the linear input is controlled by the atten-
uator 9
Koszalin provides several internal feedback
options. The regen switch 10 determines
internal feedback routing: from downshifted
signals, upshifted signals, or both combined
feedback amount is controlled with the re-
gen knob 11 , and CV plugged into the corre-
sponding jack 12 . The temporal character of
the feedback effect depends on the density
parameter, controlled by knob 13 and/or CV
via the corresponding input below 14 .
WhAt IS freQueNcY ShIftING?
Frequency shifting is a process that affects all
spectral components of a signal by changing
their frequencies by an equal number of Hz.
For example: if the input is a periodic wave-
form with a 1kHz frequency, it usually con-
tains the 1kHz component plus the harmonic
overtones: 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz, etc. When this
signal is shifted by 200Hz the result contains
That means the new components are no lon-
signal is inharmonic and non-periodic.
-
fect to pitch shifting, which results in scaling
the frequencies by the same factor. So, for
example, applying a factor of 1.2 would re-
sult in a signal that contains 1.2kHz, 2.4kHz,
3.6kHz, 4.8kHz, etc.—still a harmonic signal,
just with a different pitch.
Technically, shifting of the spectrum is achieved
that is much more complex than a simple mul-
tiplication, which is sometimes inappropriately
called ring modulation.
A common fallacy says modulation is the same
as adding and subtracting signals, which is
nonsense since multiplying is not adding and
subtracting. Instead, this type of modulation
-
-
nents in such a way that their frequencies are
added and subtracted.
and offers two new signals: one with frequen-
cies shifted up and one with frequencies shift-
phase rotation, and quadrature modulations,
note:
summing both down- and upshifted signals
reduces the effect to a mere multiplication
NeGAtIVe freQueNcIeS?
Consider a point rotating on a circle at X
rpm. When observed along one dimension, it
would oscillate sinusoidally with a frequency
of X/60 Hz (because there are 60 seconds in
-
quency decreases towards 0Hz, but when we
stop the circle and change the direction, the
frequency starts rising again—towards the
negative frequency values.
Sinusoids with negative frequencies are in-
distinguishable from those with positive
frequencies, except when crossing zero. This
zero-crossing is why through-zero frequency
5
negative
frequencies
frequency shifting vs. frequency scaling
04000 6000
Amplitude
8000 10001000
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Spectrum of original signal
04000 6000
Amplitude
8000 10001000
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Spectrum of frequency shifted signal
04000 6000
Amplitude
8000 10001000
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Spectrum of frequency scaled signal
reflecting negative frequency back to positive
-500 500 1000
Amplitude
1500 20000-200 200
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Frequency shifted signal
Signal as we hear it
Original signal
effects
of feedback
6
modulation sounds different than positive-only
FM. Frequency shifting by increasing negative
amounts has a distinctive effect that at some
point, the original frequencies approach zero,
cross it, and then start to increase again (see
frequency being 300Hz, turning the shift
knob counterclockwise to the -300Hz position,
i.e., 30 with the x10 switch engaged (while lis-
tening to the up shifted outs
the original frequency, so the result reaches
hear it, the frequency appears to be increasing,
even though it actually moves towards -inf.
Interestingly, shifting a harmonic signal down
moves its fundamental to an inaudible DC. At
the same time, all the overtones move down by
one position, thus producing a harmonic signal
again. Further shifting, however, causes its fun-
frequency, as opposed to its other components,
which still decrease toward zero; thus, the sig-
nal becomes increasingly inharmonic.
the effectS Of feedBAcK
Feeding a frequency-shifted signal back to the
input of the shifter creates a cascade of shifts
because part of the signal is shifted multiple
time-frequency response of frequency shifting with feedback
20 000
Gain
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
5 000
10 000
15 000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
patch
ideas
7
times. If the shift is slight, a comb response
is created resembling a very deep, resonant
spectacular barber-pole effect. Koszalin offers
two controls of this behavior through its re-
gen and density knobs and CV inputs.
are available via the regen switch. The left
and middle positions select feedback creat-
ed from the downshifted and upshifted ste-
reo pair of outputs, respectively. Finally, the
rightmost position selects combi with the
left channel from the down shifted out
and the right channel from the up shift-
ed out. The combined feedback position is
useful when patching both stereo channels in
SOuNd QuALItY cONSIderAtIONS
Koszalin is designed to operate on audio sig-
nals with Eurorack levels; therefore, a ±5V
input is recommended. For best audio quality,
avoid using very quiet signals and amplifying
the output to compensate. Conversely, avoid
overdriving the input with very hot signals—
use the color input indicator LED as a general
guide for optimal signal level. Due to internal
gain staging, there is a chance of amplifying
noise from the bus board; hence, the quality
of power supply and distribution impact the
output signal. We recommend using linear, and
to a lesser extent, hybrid (switching converters
since they are quieter than switching-type
power regulators. Additionally, we suggest
coupling between modules which can cause
interference and instability.
PAtch IdeAS
-
tor to the left or right input of Koszalin. Set
the shift knob to zero and set regen to zero.
lin tz
fm
the small attenuator to taste—now you have
an FM operator. You can replace the input si-
nusoid with any other signal, e.g., from a sam-
note: the
result of modulation will smear and diminish
when you add feedback.
input, take the right up shifted out and
patch to the left input, then listen from the
left down shifted out. These two shifts
will cancel, but the interesting part is what
happens in-between. Set the regen switch to
combi and turn the regen knob up. Manip-
ulate the amount of shift and density for
with an extraordinary response. Try pinging
different effect.
AcceSSOrY
Our Coal Mine black panels are available for
all of Xaoc Devices modules. Sold separately.
mAIN
feAtureS
Full stereo
frequency shifting
with 2 inputs
and 4 outputs
3 ranges of shift:
50Hz, 500Hz,
and 5kHz
Independent
exponential and
linear thru-zero
control inputs
Internal feedback
under voltage
control
techNIcAL
detAILS
Eurorack synth
compatible
10hp, skiff
friendly
Current draw:
+140mA/-30mA
Reverse power
protection
WArrANtY termS
XAOC DEVICES WARRANTS THIS PRODUCT TO BE FREE OF DEFECTS IN MATERIALS OR WORKMANSHIP
AND TO CONFORM WITH THE SPECIFICATIONS AT THE TIME OF SHIPMENT FOR ONE YEAR FROM THE
DATE OF PURCHASE. DURING THAT PERIOD, ANY MALFUNCTIONING OR DAMAGED UNITS WILL BE
REPAIRED, SERVICED, AND CALIBRATED ON A RETURN-TO-FACTORY BASIS. THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT
COVER ANY PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM DAMAGES DURING SHIPPING, INCORRECT INSTALLATION OR
POWER SUPPLY, IMPROPER WORKING ENVIRONMENT, ABUSIVE TREATMENT, OR ANY OTHER OBVIOUS
USER-INFLICTED FAULT.
LeGAcY SuPPOrt
IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG WITH A XAOC PRODUCT AFTER THE WARRANTY PERIOD IS OVER, NO
NEED TO WORRY, AS WE’RE STILL HAPPY TO HELP! THIS APPLIES TO ANY DEVICE, WHEREVER, AND
WHENEVER ORIGINALLY ACQUIRED. HOWEVER, IN SPECIFIC CASES, WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CHARGE
FOR LABOR, PARTS, AND TRANSIT EXPENSES WHERE APPLICABLE.
returN POLIcY
THE DEVICE INTENDED FOR REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT UNDER WARRANTY NEEDS TO BE SHIPPED IN
THE ORIGINAL PACKAGING ONLY AND MUST INCLUDE A COMPLETED RMA FORM. XAOC DEVICES CAN
NOT TAKE ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED DURING TRANSPORT. SO BEFORE SENDING
UNSOLICITED PARCEL WILL BE REJECTED AND RETURNED!
GeNerAL INQuIrIeS
FOR USER FEEDBACK SUGGESTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION TERMS, FEEL FREE TO CONTACT XAOC DEVICES AT
THE CURRENT PRODUCT LINE, USER MANUALS, FIRMWARE UPDATES, TUTORIALS, AND MERCHANDISE.
EASTERN BLOC TECHNOLOGIES MADE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CONTENT COPYRIGHT © 2022 XAOC DEVICES. COPYING, DISTRIBUTION, OR
ANY COMMERCIAL USE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND REQUIRES THE WRITTEN PERMISSION BY XAOC
DEVICES. SPECIFICATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT PRIOR NOTICE. EDITING BY BRYAN NOLL.
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