Atmel AT90S2313 User manual

1
Features
•Utilizes the AVR®RISC Architecture
•AVR - High-performance and Low-power RISC Architecture
– 118 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Up to 10 MIPS Throughput at 10 MHz
•Data and Nonvolatile Program Memory
– 2K Bytes of In-System Programmable Flash
Endurance 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 128 Bytes of SRAM
– 128 Bytes of In-System Programmable EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Programming Lock for Flash Program and EEPROM Data Security
•Peripheral Features
– One 8-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler,
Compare, Capture Modes and 8-, 9- or 10-bit PWM
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-chip Oscillator
– SPI Serial Interface for In-System Programming
– Full Duplex UART
•• Special Microcontroller Features
– Low-power Idle and Power Down Modes
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
•• Specifications
– Low-power, High-speed CMOS Process Technology
– Fully Static Operation
•Power Consumption at 4 MHz, 3V, 25°C
– Active: 2.8 mA
– Idle Mode: 0.8 mA
– Power Down Mode: <1 µA
•I/O and Packages
– 15 Programmable I/O Lines
– 20-pin PDIP and SOIC
•Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 6.0V (AT90S2313-4)
– 4.0 - 6.0V (AT90S2313-10)
•Speed Grades
– 0 - 4 MHz (AT90S2313-4)
– 0 - 10 MHz (AT90S2313-10)
Description
The AT90S2313 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
Rev. 0839E–04/99
8-bit
Microcontroller
with 2K bytes
In-System
Programmable
Flash
AT90S2313
Pin Configuration PDIP/SOIC
(continued)

AT90S2313
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AT90S2313 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consump-
tion versus processing speed.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly
connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction
executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times
faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
Figure 1. The AT90S2313 Block Diagram

AT90S2313
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The AT90S2313 provides the following features: 2K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash, 128 bytes EEPROM,
128 bytes SRAM, 15 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, flexible timer/counters with compare
modes, internal and external interrupts, a programmable serial UART, programmable Watchdog Timer with internal oscilla-
tor, an SPI serial port for Flash Memory downloading and two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, timer/counters, SPI port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power
down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external
interrupt or hardware reset.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology. The on-chip In-System Program-
mable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining an enhanced RISC 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT90S2313 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT90S2313 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C compilers, macro
assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.
Pin Descriptions
VCC
Supply voltage pin.
GND
Ground pin.
Port B (PB7..PB0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). PB0 and PB1
also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip analog comparator. The
Port B output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When pins PB0 to PB7 are used as inputs and
are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not active.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S2313 as listed on page 48.
Port D (PD6..PD0)
Port D has seven bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors, PD6..PD0. The Port D output buffers can sink 20 mA.
As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not active.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S2313 as listed on page 53.
RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for more than 50 ns will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses
are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

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Crystal Oscillator
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an
on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 2. Either a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device
from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. Oscillator Connections
Note: When using the MCU Oscillator as a clock for an external device, an HC buffer should be connected as indicated in the figure.
Figure 3. External Clock Drive Configuration
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
C2
C1
MAX 1 HC BUFFER
HC

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Architectural Overview
The fast-access register file concept contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access
time. This means that during one single clock cycle, one ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) operation is executed. Two operands
are output from the register file, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the register file - in one clock
cycle.
Figure 4. The AT90S2313 AVR RISC Architecture
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bits indirect address register pointers for Data Space addressing - enabling
efficient address calculations. One of the three address pointers is also used as the address pointer for the constant table
look up function. These added function registers are the 16-bits X-register, Y-register and Z-register.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic functions between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register
operations are also executed in the ALU. Figure 4 shows the AT90S2313 AVR RISC microcontroller architecture.
In addition to the register operation, the conventional memory addressing modes can be used on the register file as well.
This is enabled by the fact that the register file is assigned the 32 lowermost Data Space addresses ($00 - $1F), allowing
them to be accessed as though they were ordinary memory locations.

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The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, Timer/Counters,
A/D-converters, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data Space locations follow-
ing those of the register file, $20 - $5F.
The AVR has Harvard architecture - with separate memories and buses for program and data. The program memory is
accessed with a two stage pipeline. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the
program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-system
Programmable Flash memory.
With the relative jump and call instructions, the whole 1K address space is directly accessed. Most AVR instructions have a
single 16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address program counter (PC) is stored on the stack. The stack is effec-
tively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the
usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are
executed). The 8-bit stack pointer SP is read/write accessible in the I/O space.
The 128 bytes data SRAM + register file and I/O registers can be easily accessed through the five different addressing
modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
Figure 5. Memory Maps

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A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional global interrupt enable bit in the status
register. All the different interrupts have a separate interrupt vector in the interrupt vector table at the beginning of the
program memory. The different interrupts have priority in accordance with their interrupt vector position. The lower the
interrupt vector address the higher the priority.
General Purpose Register File
Figure 6 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose registers in the CPU.
Figure 6. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
All the register operating instructions in the instruction set have direct and single cycle access to all registers. The only
exception is the five constant arithmetic and logic instructions SBCI, SUBI, CPI, ANDI, ORI between a constant and a
register and the LDI instruction for load immediate constant data. These instructions apply to the second half of the regis-
ters in the register file - R16..R31. The general SBC, SUB, CP, AND, OR and all other operations between two registers or
on a single register apply to the entire register file.
As shown in Figure 6, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping them directly into the first 32 loca-
tions of the user Data Space. Although the register file is not physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory
organization provides great flexibility in access of the registers, as the X, Y and Z registers can be set to index any register
in the file.
70Addr.
R0 $00
R1 $01
R2 $02
…
R13 $0D
General R14 $0E
Purpose R15 $0F
Working R16 $10
Registers R17 $11
…
R26 $1A X-register low byte
R27 $1B X-register high byte
R28 $1C Y-register low byte
R29 $1D Y-register high byte
R30 $1E Z-register low byte
R31 $1F Z-register high byte

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X-register, Y-register, and Z-register
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are the address
pointers for indirect addressing of the Data Space. The three indirect address registers X, Y and Z are defined as:
Figure 7. X, Y, and Z Registers
In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment and
decrement (see the descriptions for the different instructions).
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose working registers. Within a
single clock cycle, ALU operations between registers in the register file are executed. The ALU operations are divided into
three main categories - arithmetic, logical and bit-functions.
In-System Programmable Flash Program Memory
The AT90S2313 contains 2K bytes on-chip In-System Programmable Flash memory for program storage. Since all
instructions are 16- or 32-bit words, the Flash is organized as 1K x 16. The Flash memory has an endurance of at least
1000 write/erase cycles.
The AT90S2313 Program Counter PC is 10 bits wide, thus addressing the 1024 program memory addresses.
See page 57 for a detailed description on Flash data downloading. See page 10 for the different addressing modes.
EEPROM Data Memory
The AT90S2313 contains 128 bytes of EEPROM data memory. It is organized as a separate data space, in which single
bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access
between the EEPROM and the CPU is described on page 38 specifying the EEPROM address register, the EEPROM data
register, and the EEPROM control register.
For the SPI data downloading, see page 65 for a detailed description.
15 0
X - register 7 0 7 0
R27 ($1B) R26 ($1A)
15 0
Y - register 7 0 7 0
R29 ($1D) R28 ($1C)
15 0
Z - register 7 0 7 0
R31 ($1F) R30 ($1E)

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SRAM Data Memory
The following Figure 8 shows how the AT90S2313 Data Memory is organized:
Figure 8. SRAM Organization
The 224 Data Memory locations address the Register file, I/O Memory and the data SRAM. The first 96 locations address
the Register File + I/O Memory, and the next 128 locations address the data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with
Pre-Decrement and Indirect with Post-Increment. In the register file, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing
pointer registers.
The Direct addressing reaches the entire data address space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode features 63 address locations reach from the base address given by the Y and Z
register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X,
Y and Z are used and decremented and incremented.
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O registers and the 128 bytes of data SRAM in the AT90S2313 are all
directly accessible through all these addressing modes.
Register File Data Address Space
R0 $00
R1 $01
R2 $02
……
R29 $1D
R30 $1E
R31 $1F
I/O Registers
$00 $20
$01 $21
$02 $22
……
$3D $5D
$3E $5E
$3F $5F
Internal SRAM
$60
$61
$62
…
$DD
$DE
$DF

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Program and Data Addressing Modes
The AT90S2313 AVR RISC Microcontroller supports powerful and efficient addressing modes for access to the program
memory (Flash) and data memory. This section describes the different addressing modes supported by the AVR architec-
ture. In the figures, OP means the operation code part of the instruction word. To simplify, not all figures show the exact
location of the addressing bits.
Register Direct, Single Register Rd
Figure 9. Direct Single Register Addressing
The operand is contained in register d (Rd).
Register Direct, Two Registers Rd and Rr
Figure 10. Direct Register Addressing, Two Registers
Operands are contained in register r (Rr) and d (Rd). The result is stored in register d (Rd).