Commodore 2031 User manual

Table of Contents
Chapter1
General Description 1
Introduction 1
The Manual - A Learning Tool 2
General Hardware Information 3
Front Panel 3
Back Panel 4
Interior Configuration 4
The Diskette 4
Specifications 5
Care of the 2031 5
Care of the Diskettes 7
Unpacking the Disk Drive 7
Chapter 2
Preparing Your Disk Drive 9
Connecting the Disk Drive To The Computer 9
Performing the Power-On Test 10
Inserting The Diskette Into The 2031 12
The 2031 Performance Test 12
Chapter 3
Learning How To Use Your Floppy Disk Drive 15
The Block Availability Map (BAM) 16
The Disk Operating System (DOS) 17
Disk Maintenance Commands 18
NEW 18
HEADER (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 20
Initializing The 2031 20
The Directory 20
LOAD$ 21
DIRECTORY (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 21
Printing The Directory 21
VALIDATE 22
COLLECT (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 22
COPY 23
COPY (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 24
CONCAT (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 24
RENAME 24
RENAME (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 25
SCRATCH 26
SCRATCH (BASIC 4.0 Direct Command) 26
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Chapter 4
BASIC Commands For Data Handling 27
BASIC Commands Associated With Floppy Disk Drives 27
SAVE and DSAVE (Writing a Program to a Diskette) 28
LOAD and DLOAD (Reading a Program from a Diskette 29
VERIFY 30
OPEN 31
DOPEN 32
CLOSE 32
DCLOSE 33
Closing the Command Channel 33
Closing the Data Channel 34
PRINT# 34
INPUT # 36
GET# 37
RECORD# 37
Quickload Feature (BASIC 4.0) 38
Moving A Tape Program to Disk 39
Chapter 5
Advanced Disk Programming 41
Commodore Disk Operating System (DOS) 41
Disk Utility Command Set 42
BLOCK-READ 44
BLOCK-WRITE 44
BLOCK-EXECUTE 45
BUFFER POINTER 45
BLOCK-ALLOCATE 45
MEMORY 46
MEMORY-WRITE 46
MEMORY-READ 47
MEMORY-EXECUTE 47
USER 47
File Types 49
File Formats 49
Chapter 6
Advanced File Handling 55
Special Open and Close Statements for Direct Access 55
Random Access Example 56
To create A File 57
To Add A Record 58
To See A Record 59
To Change A Record 60
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Getting The Directory of Listings 60
Ending the Program 60
Relative Files 60
Relative File Components 61
Side Sectors 61
Relative File Expansion 61
I O Channels 62
Spanning 63
Print Termination 63
Creating A Relative File 65
Expanding A Relative File 65
Accessing A Relative File 66
Chapter 7
Simplifying The Use Of Commodore Disk Related Commands 71
Loading The DOS Support Program 71
Using The DOS Support Symbols: > and @ 71
Loading the Program With The / 73
Loading And Running A Program With Up Arrow 73
Special DOS Support Information 73
Changing Device Number 74
Chapter 8
Error Messages - Pattern Matching File Names - Disk Commands 75
Requesting Error Messages: Commodore Disk Drives 75
Description of DOS Messages 77
Pattern Matching 80
User's Quick Reference: Disk Commands 82
Chapter 9
Random Example Program Listing 85
Chapter 10
Index 91
List of Illustrations
Figure Title Page
1 Model 2031 Rear View 8
2 Floppy Disk Hookup 10
3 Position for Diskette Insertion 11
4 Expanded View of a Single Sector 53
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List of Tables
Table Title Page
1 Suggested Reading List 4
2 Specifications: Model 2031 Single Drive Floppy Disk 6
3 Standard Jump Table 48
4 Block Distribution By Track 50
5 2031 BAM Format 50
6 2031 Directory Header 51
7 Directory Format 51
8 Directory Entry Format 52
9 Sequential Format 52
10 Program File Format 52
11 Relative File Format 62
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Chapter 1
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
With the purchase of your Commodore 2031 Floppy Disk Drive, you have
greatly enhanced the computing power of your disk-oriented Commodore
Computer system. The system has been designed around the central concept of
providing you, the user, with large file-handling capabilities supported by
BASIC programming commands and further simplified by Disk Operating Sys-
tem (DOS) Support command abbreviations.
Because the disk drive is an "intelligent" peripheral device, its operation
requires no additional space in the computer's memory. This means you have just as
much computer memory available to you as when the disk drive is not attached.
When the disk drive is properly interface to a Commodore Computer, YOU
become an important element of the system. Your importance, however, is
measured directly with how well you understand how to effectively utilize the
hardware and software. That's why it is best to think of your computer and disk
drive as only part of a system. Grasping and understanding the concept that each
individual component acts and reacts to signals and commands from other
devices in the system will accelerate your fundamental grasp of how to operate,
control, and master the system. This concept forms the basis of this manual:
teaching you how to gain mastery of the system so that it will perform as desired.
That is the reason this manual is organized in a building block fashion; it permits
you to advance as fast as you desire.
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To get the most out of your system you should study your Computer User's
Guide and, if necessary, obtain selected manuals listed in Table 1. You will
benefit most if you first read through this entire manual before attempting to
operate the Disk Drive.
THE MANUAL - A LEARNING TOOL
This manual is designed to encourage the concept of learning by doing. Difficult
concepts and procedures have been broken down into simpler steps that lead the
user through examples which provide ample opportunity to experiment later by
returning to each command description. When possible, the command format
has been included with the command description and, as an additional aid, a
User's Quick Reference has been placed in Chapter 8 for easy access if problems
persist.
The first chapters discuss basic hardware features and permit you, right from the
start, to become familiar with the disk drive by doing the performance tests
which comprise the first essential "hands on" experience. Then, by actually using
your particular disk drive and learning to carefully follow instructions, you can
gain the necessary confidence to proceed to more comprehensive subjects.
By the time you begin Chapter 3, Learning How To Use Your Floppy Disk
Drive, you will have already used some portions of the DOS Support system
which is fully described in Chapter 7. It is actually easier to instruct a new user
by using the simplified command structure of DOS Support than attempting to
explain the entire command hierarchy at an early stage. This concept of provid-
ing you with enough essential information to complete a task, a step-by-step
description of the task, and meaningful examples is a feature of this manual
which will provide you with sufficient incentive to actually complete the task.
Problems are often accompanied with error messages. These error messages are
contained in Chapter 8 where they can be quickly referenced, if needed. The
Error Message discussions have been expanded to include:
* How to request error messages.
* Error message summary.
* Detailed error message descriptions.
For those users who have been reluctant to attempt disk programming because
of the presumed degree of difficulty, note that the entire disk command hie-
rarchy is structured in this manual from the least difficult to the more complex:
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* Commands for file manipulation and maintenance
* Commands for data handling
* Advanced programming
* Advanced file handling
* Simplified commands
Users who have attained some degree of programming skills may desire to begin
with the advanced subjects such as random access or relative files while others
may be content with just following the manual's format. In either case, this
manual has been structured to provide the user with essential information in a
logical sequence. Follow the examples, attempt the step-by-step procedures, and
learn by doing.
GENERAL HARDWARE INFORMATION
The CBM model 2031 Floppy Disk Drive, described in this manual, is a 170
K-byte capacity storage device. Its primary components consist of read/write
controls, drive motor electronics, one drive mechanism, one read/write head,
and a track positioning mechanism. Also, the disk drive conforms to IEEE-488
interface requirements.
For ease of reference, the Model 2031 Single Floppy Disk Drive will be referred
to in this manual as "the 2031".
The 2031 is operationally compatible with the following Commodore Computers:
1. Series 2001 -- 16K and 32K -- Operating With BASIC Version 3.0
2. Series 2001 -- PET 8K -- Upgraded to BASIC Version 3.0
3. Series 3000 -- 16K and 32K -- Operating With BASIC Version 3.0
4. Series 4000 -- PET 8K, 16K, and 32K -- Operating With BASIC Version
4.0
5. Series 8000 -- 32K -- Operating With BASIC Version 4.0
FRONT PANEL
The disk drive's front panel consists of an identification panel across the top, a
slot in which to insert a diskette, and a door to close after inserting the
diskette.
When the door is closed, the diskette is clamped onto the diskette spindle hub.
Also, there is a LED indicator light on the front panel. This light is called the
Drive Active Indicator; it lights when the drive is active. This LED flashes
continuously if an error has occurred; it will extinguish after the error channel
has been read.
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Back Panel
The back of the disk drive contains an IEEE-488 interface connector. Near the
panel's lower edge is the power ON/OFF switch. There is also a "slow blow" fuse,
and the AC power cord.
Interior Configuration
The interior of your 2031 contains a disk drive and all the necessary logic for
disk operation. The mechanical device is, for the most part, located beneath the
disk spindle.
The Diskette
The diskette (also known as a minifloppy, floppy diskette, minidiskette, etc.) is
similar to the standard flexible disk. You should ensure that you buy diskettes for
SOFT SECTORED FORMAT. Your Commodore dealer can supply your needs.
Table I. SUGGESTED READING LIST
Pet/CBM Personal Computer Guide. C.S. Donahue and J.K. Enger,
Osborne/McGraw-Hill. 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710
Hands-On Basic With A Pet. H.D. Peckman, McGraw-Hill, 1979
Entering BASIC. J. Sack and J. Meadows, Science Research Associates,
1973
BASIC: A Computer Programming Language. C. Pegels, Holden-Day,
Inc., 1973
BASIC Programming. J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz, Peoples Computer Co.,
1010 Doyle (PO Box 3100), Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1967
A Guided Tour of Computer Programming In BASIC. T. Dwyer,
Houghton Miflin Co., 1973
Programming Time Shared Computer In BASIC. Eugene H. Barnett,
Wiley-Interscience, L C 72-175789
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Table 1. Suggested Reading List (Continued)
Programming Language #2. Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard MA
01754
101 BASIC Computer Games. Software Distribution Center, Digital
Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA 01754
What To Do After You Hit Return. Peoples Computer Co., 1010 Doyle
(PO Box 3100), Menlo Park, CA 94025
Basic BASIC. James S. Coan. Hayden Book Co., Rochelle, Park NJ
Workbooks 1-5 T.I.S., PO Box 921, Los Alamos, NM 87544
Programming The 6502. R. Zaks, Sybex, 1978
24 Tested, Ready-To-Run Game Programs In BASIC. K. Tracton, Tab
Books, 1978
Some Basic Programs. M. Borchers and R. Poole. Osborne & Assoc.
Inc., 1978
The Channel Data Book. B. Lewis, 5950 Mandarin Ave., Goleta, CA
93017, 1978
PET And The IEEE 488 Bus(GPIP). Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Ban-
croft Way, Berkeley CA 94710
Specifications
Table 2 contains the specifications for the 2031.
CARE OF THE 2031
The disk drive should be placed on a flat surface free of vibration. It is
important that dust particles be kept at a minimum since a particle buildup will
interfere with optimum operation. If you should experience a hardware failure,
contact your Commodore dealer. Any attempt to correct the problem yourself could
result in voiding the warranty.
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Table 2. SPECIFICATIONS: MODEL 2031 SINGLE DRIVE FLOPPY DISK
STORAGE
Total capacity 174848 bytes
Sequential 168656 bytes
Relative 167132 bytes; 65536 records per file
Directory entries 144
Sectors per track 17 to 21
Bytes per sector 254
Tracks 35
Blocks 683
IC's:
Controller and Interface
6502 microprocessor
6522 I/O, interval timers
6522 I/O, interval timers
2114 (4) 4x1K RAM
PHYSICAL
Material 18 ga. steel
Dimensions
Height 6.5"
Width 15.0"
Depth 14.35"
ELECTRICAL
Power requirements USA
(domestic)
Voltage 120 VAC
Frequency 60 Hertz
Power 50 Watts
Power requirements
(international)
Voltage 100, 220, or 240 VAC
Frequency 50 Hertz
Power 50 Watts
MEDIA:
Diskettes Standard mini 5 1/4", single sided,
single density
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