Fluke RaySafe 452 User manual

Users Manual
Radiation Survey Meter
RAYSAFE 452

RaySafe 45
PN 5000195-1.00
June 019,
© 019 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject to change without notice.
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
ID label
USERS MANUAL EN ...................................................................
BENUTZERHANDBUCH DE.......................................................
MANUAL DE USUARIO ES ........................................................
MANUEL UTILISATEUR FR ........................................................
MANUALE D’USO IT .................................................................
取扱説明書 JA ....................................................................
MANUAL DO USUÁRIO PT_BR ...............................................
࣐ېەӅ ZH ........................................................................

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
ABOUT RAYSAFE  ..................................................................
GETTING STARTED .......................................................................
ACTIONS AND SETTINGS .............................................................
Screen overview ............................................................................... 
Store measurements ........................................................................ 
Access stored measurements .......................................................... 
Lids and quantities ........................................................................... 
Buttons and menus .......................................................................... 
MEASURE WITH LID .....................................................................
Measurement parameters ................................................................ 
Intermittent radiation sources ........................................................ 
MEASURE WITHOUT LID ............................................................
Measurement parameters .............................................................. 
Activity calculation .......................................................................... 
RAYSAFE VIEW ...........................................................................
MAINTENANCE ...........................................................................
Charge the battery ......................................................................... 
Cleaning .......................................................................................... 
Storage ........................................................................................... 
Service ............................................................................................ 
ERRORS AND SYMBOLS ............................................................
Instrument errors ............................................................................ 
Other display symbols .................................................................... 
Symbols on labels .......................................................................... 
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................
General ........................................................................................... 
Radiology ........................................................................................ 
Sensor position ............................................................................... 
Angular response – *() ............................................................. 
Angular response – Kair ................................................................. 
Typical energy response ................................................................ 
SOFTWARE LICENSES ................................................................
WARRANTY .................................................................................
SERVICE AND SUPPORT CONTACTS .........................................
sers Manual (EN)

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
ABOUT RAYSAFE 45
The RaySafe 45 is a hand-held device designed for monitoring
and measuring radiation levels indoors and temporarily outdoors, in
nuclear, industrial and medical applications.
ARNING The RaySafe 452 does not replace any radiation
protection equipment.
ARNING The RaySafe 452 is not a replacement for personal
or legal dosimeters.
ARNING The RaySafe 452 is not approved for use in
environments with explosive atmosphere.
ARNING Use RaySafe 452 only as specified or the protection
provided in the design may be compromised.
ARNING Take special care when measuring on intermittent
radiation sources, such as pulsed X-rays or linear
particle accelerators (linacs). See "Intermittent
radiation sources" on page 10.
The RaySafe 45 (the instrument) is used with dierent lids, or without
lid, to quantify dose, dose rate, mean photon energy, counts and
count rate.
The instrument consists of two automatically handled sensor systems:
1. A Geiger-Müller pancake, used at low dose rates and, without lid,
as an α / β / γ (alpha, beta, gamma) counter.
. A cluster of solid-state sensors, used at medium to high dose
rates.
AB
C
D
E
B
F
G
Figure 1. Instrument overview.
A: Display. B: Lid. C: USB connector for charger
and computer.
D: Buttons (center, left, right, up, down). E: Tripod screw mount.
F: Solid-state sensors behind carbon fiber cover. G: Geiger-Müller pancake
behind steel grid.
NOTE The entrance window of the Geiger-Müller pancake ( G in
Figure 1 on page 4), is very fragile and should never
be touched. The Geiger-Müller pancake is also sensitive to
mechanical shock.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
GETTING STARTED
Power on the instrument with a long press (approximately 3 seconds)
on the center button ().
3 s
Figure 2. Power on.
The instrument starts to measure after about 5 seconds.
Position the instrument with the sensors towards the radiation source.
The instrument will switch between its dierent sensor systems and
adapt its averaging times automatically.
Measurement quantities change with the lid. See "Lids and quantities"
on page 7.
Figure 3. Position with the sensor area facing the radiation source.
Power o with a long press on the center button. The instrument
automatically stores a log of rate values with 1 second resolution.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
ACTIONS AND SETTINGS
Screen overview
A
B
C
D
µGy/h
µGy
keV
µGy/h^
507
503
503
0.82
µSv/h
nSv
keV
µSv/h^
282
56
65.4
30.4
Figure 4. Screen overview.
A. Status symbols: measurement sound, battery and display
backlight.
B. Current dose rate or count rate. The displayed quantity and unit
change with lid and settings. See Table 1 on page 7 for more
information.
C. Rate bar. The rate bar shows the current rate, without averaging,
updated 4 times per second. The scale is logarithmic and covers
the specified rate range.
D. Varying content: current measurement parameters, settings,
stored measurement, error screen or confirmation screen,
depending on user interaction and environmental conditions.
Store measurements
Manually store a measurement with a short press on the center
button.
Storing a measurement saves and resets all displayed readings.
A measurement will also be stored automatically:
• When mounting or unmounting a lid.
• When the instrument powers o.
• When an error state interrupts the ongoing measurement.
• After 4 hours of continuous measurement.
Access stored measurements
All stored measurements can be accessed using a computer
running RaySafe View. See "RaySafe View" on page 1 . Recent
measurements have a rate log with 1 second resolution, displayed in
RaySafe View as a waveform.
Measurements stored since last power-on can be accessed in
the instrument display. Press the down arrow to view the stored
measurements. See Figure 5 on page 6. Step between
measurements using the left and right arrow buttons.
2/3
µSv/h
0.15
µSv
keV
mSv/h^
---
1.42
10.3
µSv/h0.11
3/3
µSv/h
0.13
nSv
keV
µSv/h^
56
72.4
260
µSv/h30.4
1/3
µSv/h
0.11
µSv
keV
µSv/h^
72
145
1.73
µSv/h120
Figure 5. Access stored measurements.
After 10 days of logging, or 4000 stored measurements, the oldest
entries will be cyclically overwritten.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Lids and quantities
Depending on model, the instrument is equipped with dierent sets of
lids with dierent filter compositions.
The lids have bayonet mounts. Align the line on the lid with the line on
the instrument, bring together and turn to fasten the lid.
Figure 6. Mount a lid.
LID NAME DOSE QUANTITY UNITS
Ambient Ambient dose equivalent, *() Sv, rem
Air kerma
Air kerma, Kair Gy
Absorbed dose to air, Dair rad
Exposure, XR
Without lid Counts (α, β, γ) cps, cpm
Table 1. Lids and measured quantities.
Change the measurement unit in the settings menu. See "Buttons and
menus" on page 7.
The instrument is calibrated with its associated lid(s), and shall only be
used with the lid(s) provided with the instrument. Calibration date and
serial number are printed on the lid label.
NOTE Before exposing the instrument to water or dust, make sure
that the rubber sealing is intact and clean, that the lid is
properly mounted, and that nothing is connected to the USB
connector.
Buttons and menus
Figure 7. Center button.
A long press on the center button powers on or o the instrument.
When the instrument shows the measurement screen, a short press on
the center button stores a measurement. At all other screens, a short
press on the center button returns the measurement screen.
Figure 8. Arrow buttons.
The measurement screen is the default screen after power on. Press
up from the measurement screen to access settings.
Press left or right as indicated on the screen to step between
selectable settings. The setting is changed immediately. Press the
center button to return to the measurement screen.
Press down from the measurement screen to access stored
measurements. The stored measurements are sorted in chronological
order, from right to left.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
There are two shortcuts:
• A long press on the left arrow button toggles the measurement
sound (on/o).
• A long press on the right arrow button toggles the display
backlight (on/o).
Menu structure
About
Information screen with firmware version (FW), serial
number (S/N), checksum for adjustment data (CRC),
and adjustment date (Adj.).
Alarm level
Select a rate alarm level: O, Test, or a level from a
selection spread over the range of the current rate
quantity.
Unit Change measurement unit. Dependent on lid status.
See "Lids and quantities" on page 7.
Measurement
sound
Turn on or o the measurement sound. Each pop
sound corresponds to a discharge of the Geiger-
Müller pancake, to a maximum frequency of 500
pops per second.
Backlight Turn on or o the display backlight.
Measurement
screen
Current measurement parameters, default screen
after power on.
Stored
measurements
Access measurements stored since the instrument
was last powered on. See "Access stored
measurements" on page 6.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
MEASURE WITH LID
Select which lid to use (Ambient or Air kerma).
1. Mount the lid.
. Position the instrument with the sensors (the flat area of the lid)
facing the radiation source.
The instrument handles its two sensor systems seamlessly, for both
continuous sources of radiation, and for intermittent sources. See
"Intermittent radiation sources" on page 10.
The instrument has no zero adjust functionality, and measurements
include background radiation.
Measurement parameters
Dose and dose rate
Dose is all dose accumulated during the current measurement.
Dose rate uses an algorithm that detects radiation changes with a
response time of a few seconds or less, but may in some cases need
more time to stabilize, according to Table on page 9.
DOSE RATE
(µGy/h, µSv/h)
DOSE RATE
(mrad/h, mR/h, mrem/h)
TIME TO MAX
STABILITY
≤ . ≤ .  s
. .  s
 .  s
 .  s
   s
   s
   s
≥  ≥   s
Table 2. Dose rate stabilization times.
NOTE Dose rate readings may need additional time to stabilize on
a lower value after high radiation levels, due to afterglow of
scintillators in the solid-state sensors.
NOTE The instrument is not sensitive to neutrons. This has been
tested using thermal neutrons from a moderated 241Am-Be
source. The response was found to be less than 5 % of the
neutron ambient dose equivalent.
Peak dose rate
Peak dose rate is the highest displayed dose rate reading since last
reset. See definition of dose rate.
NOTE The instrument detects muons, created when interstellar high
energy particles from the Milky Way crashes into the Earth’s
atmosphere. The muons interact with the solid-state sensors
(when measuring with lid) and create short (1–2 s) dose rate
pulses of approximately 100 times background. At sea level,

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
the instrument typically detects a few muons per day, but
at higher altitudes, for example when travelling by air, the
number increases to hundreds per day.
Mean photon energy
Mean photon energy uses a moving average of up to 10 seconds.
The averaging time is shortened whenever a change in dose rate is
detected.
Intermittent radiation sources
Dose is accurate for short pulse lengths due to the fast dead time
corrections and sensor algorithms. See Figure 9 on page 10.
Pulse length (ms)
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Figure 9. Performance on intermittent radiation, for temperatures up to30°C
(86°F).
Green area : Response within ±20 % of the response at continuous
radiation.
Dose rate is averaged over 1 second or longer, and updated once per
second. Therefore, the instrument needs a radiation pulse of at least
seconds to reliably measure the rate of the pulse. It is possible to
manually calculate the rate of a shorter pulse using the measured
dose and a known pulse length.
When measuring on continuously repeating pulses, for example from
pulsed fluoroscopy or linacs, the instrument measures average dose
rate. If the duty cycle is known, it can be used as a correction for
calculating the radiation rate in the pulses.
NOTE At temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) the instrument’s ability to
handle radiation from intermittent sources gradually declines
with increasing temperature.
MEASURE WITHOUT LID
When measuring without lid, for example on a potentially
contaminated surface:
1. Unmount the lid. When measuring without lid, the active sensor is
the Geiger-Müller pancake, G in Figure 1 on page 4.
. Turn on the measurement sound.
Tip: Long press on the left arrow button toggles the measurement
sound on or o.
3. Hold the instrument close to, but not in contact with, the surface.
4. Scan the surface slowly, approximately 1cm/s (½ inch per
second).

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
The instrument counts discharge avalanches in the Geiger-Müller
pancake, caused by alpha, beta and gamma radiation. After each
discharge, the pancake takes some tens of microseconds to recharge,
called the dead time. The instrument corrects for the eect of this
dead time each millisecond, automatically.
The instrument has no zero adjust functionality, and measurements
include background radiation.
Measurement parameters
Counts
Counts is the sum of all discharge events during the current
measurement, corrected for dead time every millisecond.
Count rate
Count rate uses an algorithm that detects changes in radiation with a
response time of a few seconds or less, but may in some cases need
more time to stabilize. See Table 3 on page 11.
Count rate is averaged over 1 second or longer, and updated once per
second, why the instrument needs a stable radiation level for at least
seconds to reliably measure the rate.
RATE
(cps)
RATE
(cpm)
TIME TO MAX
STABILITY
≤ . ≤   s
.   s
   s
   s
  k  s
  k  s
  k  s
≥  ≥  k  s
Table 3. Count rate stabilization times.
Peak count rate
Peak count rate is the highest displayed count rate since last reset.
See definition of count rate.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Activity calculation
The approximate activity of detected nuclides can be calculated
from count rate, see Table 4 on page 1 . For non-listed nuclides,
interpolate using the decay type and particle energy.
RADIONUCLIDE DECAY
(Emax , MeV)
TYPICAL ACTIVITY
PER COUNT RATE
(Bq/cps), (dpm/cpm)
C β− (.) 
Co β− (.) 
Cl β− (.) 
Sr / Y β− (. / .) 
Pu α (.) 
Am α (.) 
Table 4. Conversion factors from count rate to activity.
Table 4 on page 1 is based on measurements made with 3 mm
distance between the instrument housing (without lid) and an Al plate
with a thin layer of radionuclide (wide area class source according
to ISO 8769: 010). Under other measurement conditions, for example
dierent physical properties of the sample, such as thickness, size and
purity, these conversion factors may underestimate the activity.
Example: The instrument reads 20 cps (1200 cpm) above background
at a short distance from an Americium-241 containing particle. The
activity of the particle is at least 20 cps × 8 Bq/cps = 160 Bq (1200 cpm
× 8 dpm/cpm = 9600 dpm).
RAYSAFE VIEW
µGy/h
nGy
keV
µGy/h^
118
50
58.3
58.3
µGy/h
58.3
Figure 10. Connect instrument to RaySafe View.
Use the USB cable provided with the instrument to connect to a
computer running RaySafe View.
RaySafe View includes:
• Real-time display of readings.
• Remote control of the instrument (change settings, store
measurements).
• Import of measurements stored in the instrument.
• Data analysis of rate log in waveform.
• Possibility to save measurements on the computer.
• Data export to Microsoft Excel and to csv files.
Download RaySafe View from www.flukebiomedical.com.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
MAINTENANCE
Charge the battery
Figure 11. Connect the USB charger.
To charge the battery, connect the instrument's USB connector to an
indoor wall socket with the supplied charger. You can also charge with
a USB power bank, or by connecting to a USB port on a computer, but
charging is faster with the supplied charger (approximately 3 hours
from empty to full battery).
NOTE If using the instrument while the battery symbol is red, the
instrument may automatically power o at any time.
ARNING Make sure that the USB connector on the instrument
is clean and dry before connecting a cable.
Cleaning
Clean the instrument with lid mounted using a damp cloth and mild
detergent.
The instrument is not water resistant with the lid o. If the instrument
is contaminated with the lid o, gently wipe the contaminated area
with a cloth and make sure that the instrument and lid are dry before
mounting the lid.
Storage
Store the instrument powered o and with a lid mounted.
Service
Contact the manufacturer for service. See "Service and support
contacts" on page 1.
NOTE RaySafe 452 has no user serviceable parts.
ERRORS AND SYMBOLS
Instrument errors
Self tests are performed at startup, and continuously during operation.
µSv/h
---
µSv/h
31.8
µSv/h
nSv
keV
µSv/h^
282
56
65.4
30.4
1 2 3
Figure 12.
1 : Error screen. 2 : Confirmation screen. 3 : Measurement screen.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
If an error occurs, the measurement screen is blocked by an error
symbol on red background (1 in Figure 1 on page 13), and the
instrument emits a beep every fifteenth second. While the screen is
red, the instrument does not measure.
If the error ends, the instrument automatically starts a new
measurement while the error symbol remains on black background
(2 in Figure 1 on page 13). Press the center button to confirm the
symbol and to view the ongoing measurement (3 in Figure 1 on page
13).
ERROR
SYMBOL TYPE ACTION
Instrument error (#,
#, #, #, #, #)
Restart the instrument. If the error remains,
contact support. See "Service and support
contacts" on page .
Dose rate too high The dose rate is outside the specification.
Increase the distance to the radiation source to
lower the rate.
Instrument too cold Let the instrument warm up to above −°C
(− °F).
Instrument too warm Let the instrument cool down to below °C
( °F).
Correct type of lid
not detected
Mount a lid supplied with the instrument and/or
make sure that the lid is properly mounted. Some
instrument models require a lid to operate.
Other display symbols
SYMBOL TYPE MEANING
New measurement
started
After  hours of continuous measurement, the
instrument automatically stores a measurement
and starts a new measurement. Confirm this
with a press on the center button to return to the
measurement screen.
Corrupt
measurement
This stored measurement is corrupt, and can not
be displayed.
Symbols on labels
SYMBOL MEANING
Manufacturer
Article number
Serial number
Conforms to European Union directives.
This product complies with the WEEE Directive marking requirements.
The axed label indicates that you must not discard this electrical/
electronic product in domestic household waste. Product Category:
With reference to the equipment types in the WEEE Directive Annex
I, this product is classed as category  “Monitoring and Control
Instrumentation” product. Do not dispose of this product as unsorted
municipal waste.
WARNING – RISK OF DANGER. Consult user documentation.
Conforms to relevant Australian Safety and EMC standards.

15
RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
SYMBOL MEANING
BC
Conforms to the Appliance Eciency Regulation (California Code of
Regulations, Title , Sections  through ), for small battery
charging systems.
MET Laboratories, Inc. Certification covers UL -/CSA C.
No. --. MET Laboratories, Inc. has not evaluated this device
for reliability or ecacy of its intended functions.
None of the China RoHS restricted substances are present above
permitted levels.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
General
Safety standard Complies with IEC -:, pollution degree 
Radiation meter standard Complies with IEC -:, except EMC which
complies with IEC -:, and except alarm
sound level
Dimensions  x  x  mm (. x . x . inches)
Weight . kg (. pounds)
Display  x  pixel color LCD, sunlight readable, backlit
Rate alarm  dB(A) at  cm ( inches)
Operating temperature − – + °C (− – + °F)
Storage temperature − – + °C (− – + °F)
Battery charging temperature + – + °C (+ – + °F)
Atmospheric pressure  –  kPa, altitude up to  m (  ft)
IP code IP (dust proof and water resistant) according to IEC
:–, with lid mounted, seals intact and
nothing connected to USB connector
Humidity, without lid <  % relative humidity, non-condensing
Battery life Up to  h
Battery Built-in rechargeable lithium-ion, mAh
Connector USB micro ( V DC, . A),
for communication and charging
Mounting Standard ¼” tripod thread on handle
Data storage  stored measurements and
 days of dose rate log with  s resolution
Software RaySafe View (for remote control, analysis and data
export)
Radiology
Ambient dose equivalent, *(10)
Range  µSv/h –  Sv/h ( µrem/h –  rem/h)
Rate resolution . µSv/h ( µrem/h) or  digits
Dose resolution . nSv (. µrem) or  digits
Energy range  keV –  MeV
Energy response >  µSv/h ( mrem/h)
and T <  °C ( °F)
± %,  keV –  MeV
± %, <  keV or >  MeV
otherwise ± %,  keV –  MeV
− % – + %, <  keV or
>MeV
Minimum X-ray pulse length ms at T < °C (°F)
Minimum linac frequency,   Hz at T < °C (°F)
Rate response time ~ s to detect a step from . to  µSv/h
( to µrem/h)
IEC - energy range keV –  MeV,
angle of incidence ±°
IEC - dose rate range µSv/h –  Sv/h ( µrem/h –  rem/h),
non-linearity < ± %
IEC - dose range µSv –  Sv ( µrem – . krem),
coecient of variation <  %
Units Sv
rem ( rem = / Sv)

16
RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Air kerma, Kair
Range  µGy/h –  Gy/h ( µR/h –  R/h)
Rate resolution . µGy/h ( µR/h) or  digits
Dose resolution . nGy, (. µR) or  digits
Energy range  keV –  MeV
Energy response>  µGy/h (. mR/h)
and T <  °C ( °F)
± %,  keV –  MeV
± %,  MeV –  MeV
otherwise ± %,  keV –  MeV
− % – + %, MeV –  MeV
Minimum X-ray pulse length ms at T <  °C ( °F)
Minimum linac frequency,   Hz at T <  °C ( °F)
Rate response time ~ s to detect a step from . to  µGy/h
( to µR/h)
Units Gy
rad ( rad = / Gy)
R ( R = /. Gy)
Mean photon energy, Ē
Range  keV –  keV
Uncertainty  % at <  keV,  % otherwise
Defining standard ISO -:
Minimum dose rate µSv/h ( mrem/h) or  µGy/h (. mR/h),
at T<°C ( °F)
Counter (α, β, γ)
Detector type Geiger-Müller pancake
Window Mica, . –  mg/cm
Sensitive area . cm, behind  % open steel grid
Range  cps –  kcps ( cpm – . Mcpm)
Rate resolution . cps ( cpm) or  digits
Counter resolution  count or  digits
Dead time correction Automatic, linearity within − % – + %
Typical background at .µSv/h . cps (cpm)
Typical gamma sensitivity, Cs  cps / µGy/h ( cpm / mR/h)
Rate response time ~ s to detect a step from  to  cps
( to cpm)
Units cps
cpm ( cpm = / cps)
π emission sensitivityRadionuclide Decay (Emax)Typical
eciency
C β− (. MeV)  %
Co β− (. MeV)  %
Cl β− (. MeV)  %
Sr / Y β− (. / .MeV)  %
Pu α (. MeV)  %
Am α (. MeV)  %
FOOTNOTES
1. The instrument uses a Geiger-Müller pancake at low rates and a cluster of solid-state sensors at higher rates.
The rate where the solid-state sensors are fully engaged gradually increase with temperature, for temperatures
above 30 °C (86 °F).
. Limit where the response is within ± 0 % of the response at continuous radiation. Above 30 °C (86 °F) the
instrument’s ability to handle low linac pulse rates and short X-ray pulses gradually declines with increasing
temperature.
3. Refers to the microwave pulse repetition frequency of typical medical linear accelerators. Each pulse has a
typical duration of a few µs.
4. Ranges where the instrument fulfills IEC 60846-1: 009.
5. Above 30 °C (86 °F) the minimum dose rate gradually increases with increasing temperature.
6. Measured at 3 mm distance between instrument housing (without lid) and wide area class sources according
to ISO 8769: 010.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Sensor position
Figure 13. Sensor reference direction, reference plane and reference point.

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Angular response – *(10)
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
20 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Solid-state sensors
(> 20 µSv/h (2.3 mrem/h) ,
T < 30 °C (< 86 °F))
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
20 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Geiger-Müller pancake
(< 6 µSv/h (0.7 mrem/h))
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
20 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Solid-state sensors
(> 20 µSv/h (2.3 mrem/h) ,
T < 30 °C (< 86 °F))
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
20 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Geiger-Müller pancake
(< 6 µSv/h (0.7 mrem/h))

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Angular response – Kair
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
33 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Solid-state sensors
(> 20 µGy/h (2.3 mR/h) ,
T < 30 °C (< 86 °F))
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
33 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Geiger-Müller pancake
(< 6 µGy/h (0.7 mR/h))
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
33 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Solid-state sensors
(> 20 µGy/h (2.3 mR/h) ,
T < 30 °C (< 86 °F))
0°
45°
90°
270°
225° 135°
180°
315°
33 keV
65 keV
207 keV
662 keV
1.25 MeV
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4 Geiger-Müller pancake
(< 6 µGy/h (0.7 mR/h))

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RaySafe 45 – Users Manual (EN)
Typical energy response
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
10 keV 100 keV 1 MeV 10 MeV
H*(10) Solid-state sensors (> 20 µSv/h (2 mrem/h), T < 30 °C (< 86 °F))
Geiger-Müller pancake (< 6 µSv/h (0.6 mrem/h))
125I 241Am 99mTc 131I
PET Nuclides
137Cs 60Co 16N
Linac, Nuclear power
Industrial X-ray
Diagnostic X-ray
Mammography
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
10 keV 100 keV 1 MeV 10 MeV
K
air
125I 241Am 99mTc 131I
PET Nuclides
137Cs 60Co 16N
Linac, Nuclear power
Industrial X-ray
Diagnostic X-ray
Mammography
Solid-state sensors ( > 20 µGy/h (2.3 mR/h) , T < 30 °C (< 86 °F))
Geiger-Müller pancake ( < 6 µGy/h (0.7 mR/h) )