Hameg HM 407A User manual

1
Subject to change without notice
Oscilloscope
HM 407A
Table of contents
General information regarding the CE marking .......... 2
General Information ........................................................ 4
Symbols ......................................................................... 4
Use of tilt handle............................................................ 4
Safety ............................................................................. 4
Intended purpose and operating conditions ................. 4
EMC ............................................................................... 5
Warranty......................................................................... 5
Maintenance .................................................................. 5
Protective Switch-Off .................................................... 5
Power supply ................................................................. 5
Type of signal voltage ..................................................... 6
Amplitude Measurements............................................. 6
Total value of input voltage ........................................... 7
Time Measurements ..................................................... 7
Connection of Test Signal ............................................. 8
Controls and readout....................................................... 9
Menu ................................................................................ 22
First Time Operation ..................................................... 23
Trace Rotation TR ........................................................ 23
Probe compensation and use...................................... 23
Adjustment at 1kHz ..................................................... 23
Adjustment at 1MHz ................................................... 24
Operating modes of the vertical
amplifiers in Yt mode................................................... 24
X-Y Operation............................................................... 25
Phase comparison with Lissajous figures .................. 25
Phase difference measurement
in DUAL mode (Yt)....................................................... 25
Phase difference measurement in DUAL mode ........ 25
Measurement of an amplitude modulation ................ 26
Triggering and time base............................................. 26
Automatic Peak (value) -Triggering ............................. 26
Normal Triggering ........................................................ 27
(Slope) .................................................................... 27
Trigger coupling ........................................................... 27
Triggering of video signals........................................... 28
Line triggering (~) ........................................................ 28
Alternate triggering ...................................................... 28
External triggering........................................................ 28
Trigger indicator “TR” ................................................. 29
HOLD OFF-time adjustment ....................................... 29
(Only in analog mode).................................................. 29
Delay / After Delay Triggering ..................................... 29
(Only in analog mode).................................................. 29
Auto Set........................................................................... 31
Save/Recall ..................................................................... 31
Component Tester (analog mode)............................... 31
General......................................................................... 31
Using the Component Tester...................................... 32
Test Procedure ............................................................ 32
Test Pattern Displays................................................... 32
Testing Resistors ......................................................... 32
Testing Capacitors and Inductors................................ 32
Testing Semiconductors.............................................. 32
Testing Diodes ............................................................. 32
Testing Transistors ...................................................... 32
In-Circuit Tests............................................................. 33
Storage Mode ................................................................. 33
Signal recording modes ............................................... 34
Vertical resolution ........................................................ 34
Horizontal resolution.................................................... 34
Maximum signal frequency in storage mode ............. 34
Alias signal display ....................................................... 35
Operating modes of the vertical amplifiers ................ 35
Test Instructions ............................................................ 35
General ......................................................................... 35
Cathode-Ray Tube: Brightness and Focus,
Linearity, Raster Distortion.......................................... 35
Astigmatism Check...................................................... 35
Symmetry and Drift of the Vertical Amplifier ............. 35
Calibration of the Vertical Amplifier............................. 36
Transmission Performance.......................................... 36
of the Vertical Amplifier............................................... 36
Operating Modes:CH.I/II, DUAL, ADD, CHOP.,
INVERT and X-Y Operation.......................................... 36
Triggering Checks ........................................................ 36
Time base..................................................................... 37
Hold Off time (analog mode only)............................... 37
Component Tester....................................................... 37
Trace Alignment........................................................... 37
Service Instructions ....................................................... 37
General ......................................................................... 37
Instrument Case Removal........................................... 37
Caution ......................................................................... 38
Operating Voltages ...................................................... 38
Maximum and Minimum Brightness .......................... 38
Astigmatism control .................................................... 38
Trigger Threshold......................................................... 38
Trouble-Shooting the Instrument................................ 38
Adjustments................................................................. 39
RS232 Interface - Remote Control ............................... 39
Safety ........................................................................... 39
Operation ..................................................................... 39
RS-232 Cable ............................................................... 39
RS-232 protocol ........................................................... 39
Baud-Rate Setting........................................................ 39
Data Communication ................................................... 39
Front Panel HM407......................................................... 40
St.090798-Hüb/goRR
GB

2Subject to change without notice
KONFORMITÄTSERKLÄRUNG
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
DECLARATION DE CONFORMITE
Instruments
Herstellers HAMEG GmbH
Manufacturer Kelsterbacherstraße 15-19
Fabricant D - 60528 Frankfurt
Bezeichnung / Product name / Designation:
Oszilloskop/Oscilloscope/Oscilloscope
Typ / Type / Type: HM407
mit / with / avec: -
Optionen / Options / Options: HO79-6
mit den folgenden Bestimmungen / with applicable regulations / avec les
directives suivantes
EMV Richtlinie 89/336/EWG ergänzt durch 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EWG
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC amended by 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EEC
Directive EMC 89/336/CEE amendée par 91/263/EWG, 92/31/CEE
Niederspannungsrichtlinie 73/23/EWG ergänzt durch 93/68/EWG
Low-Voltage Equipment Directive 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC
Directive des equipements basse tension 73/23/CEE amendée par 93/68/CEE
Angewendete harmonisierte Normen / Harmonized standards applied / Normes
harmonisées utilisées
Sicherheit / Safety / Sécurité
EN 61010-1: 1993 / IEC (CEI) 1010-1: 1990 A 1: 1992 / VDE 0411: 1994
Überspannungskategorie / Overvoltage category / Catégorie de surtension: II
Verschmutzungsgrad / Degree of pollution / Degré de pollution: 2
Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit / Electromagnetic compatibility
Compatibilité électromagnétique
EN 50082-2: 1995 / VDE 0839 T82-2
ENV 50140: 1993 / IEC (CEI) 1004-4-3: 1995 / VDE 0847 T3
ENV 50141: 1993 / IEC (CEI) 1000-4-6 / VDE 0843 / 6
EN 61000-4-2: 1995 / IEC (CEI) 1000-4-2: 1995 / VDE 0847 T4-2
Prüfschärfe / Level / Niveau = 2
EN 61000-4-4: 1995 / IEC (CEI) 1000-4-4: 1995 / VDE 0847 T4-4:
Prüfschärfe / Level / Niveau = 3
EN 50081-1: 1992 / EN 55011: 1991 / CISPR11: 1991 / VDE0875 T11: 1992
Gruppe / group / groupe = 1, Klasse / Class / Classe = B
Datum /Date /Date Unterschrift / Signature /Signatur
02.03.1998
Dr. J. Herzog
Technical Manager/Directeur Technique
®
General information regarding the CE marking
HAMEG instruments fulfill the regulations of the EMC directive. The conformity test made by HAMEG is based
on the actual generic- and product standards. In cases where different limit values are applicable, HAMEG
applies the severer standard. For emission the limits for residential, commercial and light industry are applied.
Regarding the immunity (susceptibility) the limits for industrial environment have been used.
The measuring- and data lines of the instrument have much influence on emmission and immunity and therefore
on meeting the acceptance limits. For different applications the lines and/or cables used may be different. For
measurementoperation the followinghints and conditionsregardingemission and immunityshouldbe observed:
1. Data cables
For the connection between instruments resp. their interfaces and external devices, (computer, printer etc.)
sufficiently screened cables must be used. Without a special instruction in the manual for a reduced cable
length, the maximum cable length of a dataline must be less than 3 meters long. If an interface has several
connectors only one connector must have a connection to a cable.
Basically interconnections must have a double screening. For IEEE-bus purposes the double screened cables
HZ72S and HZ72L from HAMEG are suitable.
2. Signal cables
Basically test leads for signal interconnection between test point and instrument should be as short as possible.
Without instruction in the manual for a shorter length, signal lines must be less than 3 meters long.
Signal lines must screened (coaxial cable - RG58/U). A proper ground connection is required. In combination with
signal generators double screened cables (RG223/U, RG214/U) must be used.
3. Influence on measuring instruments.
Underthe presence ofstronghigh frequency electricormagnetic fields, evenwithcareful setup ofthemeasuring
equipment an influence of such signals is unavoidable.
This will not cause damage or put the instrument out of operation. Small deviations of the measuring value
(reading) exceeding the instruments specifications may result from such conditions in individual cases.
HAMEG GmbH

3
Subject to change without notice
Accessories supplied: Line Cord, Operators Manual, 2 Probes1:1/ 10:1
Screen photo of stored sinewave signals. Screen shot of measurement software.
The worldwide success of HAMEG´s HM205 and HM305 has led to the
introduction of the new microprocessor controlled HM407 Analog/Digital
oscilloscope. This instrument offers much more performance and specifications
over its predecessores. The HM407incorporates a microprocessor-basedsystem
that extensively automates operation. The majority of signals can be displayed by
simply pressing the “Autoset“ button. A “Save/Recall“ function is available for
storing frequently used setup parameters.
The increased maximum sampling rate of 100MS/s now allows to capture a
10MHzsignal in “Single“ mode with 10 samples(dots) per period. The automatic
Dot-Join function provides linear connections between the captured points,
ensuring that all digitized signals are displayed without gaps. New features are the
two reference memories, allowing their contents to be compared with the live
signal at any time. Cursors can be activated for waveform measurements. All
important parameter settings are displayed on the CRT screen. The built-in RS232-
Interface enables remote control operation and signal processing via a PC.
Unique in its price range is also the analog section of the HM407. The increased
bandwidth of 40MHz (-3dB) allows the stable display of signals up to 100MHz. As
always, the Component Tester with one-button control is a standard feature in
the HM407. This is also true for the switchable 1kHz/1MHz Calibrator which
permits you to check the transient characteristics from probe tip to the screen at
any time.
All in all, the new HM407 presents itself as a practical hands-on oscilloscope for
today’s progressive measurement requirements offering a price/performance ra-
tio that sets new standards world-wide.
Specifications
Vertical Deflection
Operating modes: Channel I or CH II separate,
Channel I and II: alternate or chopped
(Chopper Frequency approx. 0.5MHz)
Sum or Difference from Channel I and ± Ch. II,
XY-Mode: via CH I (X) and CH II (Y).
Frequency range: 2x DC to 40MHz (−3dB).
Risetime: <8.75ns. Overshoot: ≤1%.
Deflection coefficient: 14 calibrated positions
variable 2.5:1 to min. 50V/div.
1mV/div and 2mV/div: ±5% (0 to 10MHz (-3dB))
5mV/div to 20V/div: ±3% (1-2-5sequence).
Input impedance: 1MΩII 15pF.
Input coupling: DC - AC - GD (Ground)
Input voltage: max. 400V (DC + peak AC).
Triggering
Automatic(peak to peak):≤≤
≤≤
≤20Hz-100MHz(≤0.5div),
Normal: DC-100MHz, LED for trigger indication.
Slope: positive or negative.
Sources: CH I or II, line, ext.
CH I alternate CH II (≤ 0.8div.)
Coupling: AC (≥10Hz -100MHz), DC (0-100MHz),
HF (50kHz - 100MHz), LF (0 - ≤1.5kHz).
Triggering ext.: ≥0.3Vpp from DC to 100MHz
Active TV-Sync-Separator (field & line, pos, neg.)
2nd triggering (Del. Trig.): normal with level
control DC to 100 MHz.
Horizontal Deflection
Time coefficients: 1-2-5 sequence, Accuracy ±3%
Analog: 22 cal. positions from 0.5s - 50ns/div.
Digital: 25 cal. positions from 100s - 1µs/div.
Variable (analog) 2.5:1 up to 1.25s/div.
X-MAG. x10: analogto10ns/div.,dig.to0.1µs/div ±5% .
Delay: 120ms - 200ns, variable,
Hold-off time (analog):variable to approx. 10:1.
Bandwidth X-amplifier (analog): 0-3MHz (−3dB).
InputX-amplifierviaChannelII, Sensitivitysee ChannelII.
X-Y-phase shift : <3° below 120kHz.
Digital Storage
Operating modes: Refresh, Roll, Single, XY,
Envelope, Average (2 to 512 waveforms).
Automatic Dot Join function
Sample Rate: max. 100MS/s (8 bit)
Refresh rate: max. 180/s
Record length: 2048 x 8 bit per channel.
Reference memoryReference memory
Reference memoryReference memory
Reference memory: 2 x 2k x 8bit (EEPROM).
Resolution: Y: 25 points/div, X: 200 points/div.
Pre-/Posttrigger: 25, 50, 75, 100, -25, -50, -75%.
Operation / Control
Manual (front panel switches);
Auto Set (automatic parameter selection).
Save/Recall of 9 user-defined parameter settings
RS232 interface for remote control via a PC.
Remote control (Option) HZ68.
Multifunction- Interface HO79-6(Option): RS232,
IEEE-488, Centronics (Postscript, HPGL, PCL, EPSON).
Readout: Display of parameter settings.
Cursor measurement of ∆V, ∆t or ∆1/t (frequency),
separate or in tracking mode.
Component Tester
Test voltage: approx. 7Vrms (open circuit).
Test current: max. 7mArms (short circuit).
Test frequency: approx.50Hz
One test lead is grounded (Safety Earth).
GeneralInformation
CRT: D14-364GY/123 or ER151-GH/-,rectangular
screen (8x10cm) internal graticule
Acceleration voltage: approx 2000V
Trace rotation: adjustable on front panel
Calibrator: square-wave generator (tr<4ns)
≈1kHz/1MHz; Output: 0.2V ±1%.
Analog Intensitymodulation, max. +5V (TTL).
Line voltage: 100-240V AC ±10%, 50/60Hz
Power consumption: approx. 42 Watt at 50Hz.
Min./Max. ambient temperature: 0°C...+40°C
Protective system: Safety class I (IEC1010-1)
Weight: approx. 5.6kg, color: techno-brown
Cabinet: W 285, H 125, D 380 mm 3/98
Auto-Set, Save/Recall, Readout/Cursor, RS232 Interface
Analog: 2 x DC-40MHz, max. 1mV/div, Timebase 0.5s/div - 10ns/div
Triggering DC - 100MHz, Component Tester, 1MHz Calibrator
Digital: Max. Sampling Rate 100MS/s, Timebase 100s/div - 0.1µs/div
Storage 2 x 2048 x 8 bit, Reference Memory, Post/Pre-Trigger
Storage Modes: Refresh, Single, Roll, Average and Envelope
40MHz Analog-/Digital-Scope HM407

4Subject to change without notice
General Information
This oscilloscope is easy to operate. The logical arrangement
of the controls allows anyone to quickly become familiar with
the operation of the instrument, however, experienced users
are also advised to read through these instructions so that all
functions are understood.
Immediatelyafterunpacking,theinstrumentshouldbechecked
for mechanical damage and loose parts in the interior. If there
is transport damage, the supplier must be informed
immediately. The instrument must then not be put into
operation.
Symbols
ATTENTION - refer to manual
Danger - High voltage
Protective ground (earth) terminal
Use of tilt handle
To view the screen from the best angle, there are three
differentpositions (C,D,E) forsetting uptheinstrument. Ifthe
instrument is set down on the floor after being carried, the
handle automatically remains in the upright carrying position
(A). In order to place the instrument onto a horizontal surface,
thehandleshouldbeturnedtotheuppersideoftheoscilloscope
(C). For the D position (10° inclination), the handle should be
turned to the opposite direction of the carrying position until it
locks in place automatically underneath the instrument. For
the E position (20° inclination), the handle should be pulled to
release it from the D position and swing backwards until it
locks once more. The handle may also be set to a position for
horizontal carrying by turning it to the upper side to lock in the
B position. At the same time, the instrument must be lifted,
because otherwise the handle will jump back.
Safety
This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance
with IEC Publication 1010-1 (overvoltage category II, pollution
degree 2), Safety requirements for electrical equipment for
measurement, control, and laboratory use. The CENELEC
regulations EN 61010-1 correspond to this standard. It has left
thefactoryinasafecondition.Thisinstructionmanualcontains
importantinformationandwarnings whichhavetobefollowed
by the user to ensure safe operation and to retain the
oscilloscope in a safe condition.
The case, chassis and all measuring terminals are connected
to the protective earth contact of the appliance inlet. The
instrument operates according to Safety Class I (three-
conductor power cord with protective earthing conductor and
a plug with earthing contact).
The mains/line plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet
provided with a protective earth contact. The protective action
must not be negated by the use of an extension cord without
a protective conductor.
Themains/lineplugmustbeinsertedbeforeconnections
are made to measuring circuits.
The grounded accessible metal parts (case, sockets, jacks)
and the mains/line supply contacts (line/live, neutral) of the
instrument have been tested against insulation breakdown
with 2200V DC.
Under certain conditions, 50Hz or 60Hz hum voltages can
occur in the measuring circuit due to the interconnection with
other mains/line powered equipment or instruments. This can
be avoided by using an isolation transformer (Safety Class II)
between the mains/line outlet and the power plug of the
device being investigated.
Most cathode-ray tubes develop X-rays. However, the dose
equivalent rate falls far below the maximum permissible value
of 36pA/kg (0.5mR/h).
Whenever it is likely that protection has been impaired, the
instrument shall be made inoperative and be secured against
any unintended operation. The protection is likely to be impa-
ired if, for example, the instrument
• shows visible damage,
• fails to perform the intended measurements,
• hasbeen subjectedtoprolonged storageunderunfavorable
conditions (e.g. in the open or in moist environments),
• has been subject to severe transport stress (e.g. in poor
packaging).
Intended purpose and operating conditions
This instrument must be used only by qualified experts who
are aware of the risks of electrical measurement.
The instrument is specified for operation in industry, light
industry, commercial and residential environments.
Due to safety reasons the instrument must only be connected
to a properly installed power outlet, containing a protective
earth conductor. The protective earth connection must not be
broken. The power plug must be inserted in the power outlet
while any connection is made to the test device.
The instrument has been designed for indoor use. The
permissible ambient temperature range during operation is
+10°C (+50°F) ... +40°C (+104°F). It may occasionally be
subjected to temperatures between +10°C (+50°F) and -10°C
(+14°F) without degrading its safety. The permissible ambient
temperature range for storage or transportation is -40°C (-
40°F) ... +70°C (+158°F). The maximum operating altitude is
up to 2200m (non-operating 15000m). The maximum relative
humidity is up to 80%.
If condensed water exists in the instrument it should be
acclimatizedbeforeswitchingon.Insomecases(e.g.extremely
cold oscilloscope) two hours should be allowed before the
instrument is put into operation. The instrument should be
kept in a clean and dry room and must not be operated in
General Information

5
Subject to change without notice
explosive, corrosive, dusty, or moist environments. The
oscilloscopecanbeoperatedinanyposition,buttheconvection
coolingmust notbeimpaired.The ventilationholesmay notbe
covered. For continuous operation the instrument should be
used in the horizontal position, preferably tilted upwards,
resting on the tilt handle.
The specifications stating tolerances are only valid if
the instrument has warmed up for 30minutes at an
ambient temperature between +15°C (+59°F) and +30°C
(+86°F). Values without tolerances are typical for an
average instrument.
EMC
ThisinstrumentconformstotheEuropeanstandardsregarding
the electromagnetic compatibility. The applied standards are:
Generic immunity standard EN50082-2:1995 (for industrial
environment) Generic emission standard EN50081-1:1992
(for residential, commercial and light industry environment).
Thismeans that theinstrument hasbeen testedto thehighest
standards.
Pleasenotethatunderthe influenceofstrongelectromagnetic
fields, such signals may be superimposed on the measured
signals.
Under certain conditions this is unavoidable due to the
instrument’s high input sensitivity, high input impedance and
bandwidth. Shielded measuring cables, shielding and earthing
ofthedeviceundertestmayreduceoreliminatethoseeffects.
Warranty
HAMEG warrants to its Customers that the products it
manufactures and sells will be free from defects in materials
and workmanship for a period of 2 years. This warranty shall
not apply to any defect, failure or damage caused by improper
use or inadequate maintenance and care. HAMEG shall not be
obligedtoprovideserviceunderthiswarrantytorepairdamage
resulting from attempts by personnel other than HAMEG
representatives to install, repair, service or modify these
products.
In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customers
must contact and notify the distributor who has sold the
product. Each instrument is subjected to a quality test with 10
hour burn-in before leaving the production. Practically all early
failures are detected by this method. In the case of shipments
by post, rail or carrier it is recommended that the original
packingiscarefullypreserved.Transportdamagesanddamage
due to gross negligence are not covered by the guarantee.
In the case of a complaint, a label should be attached to the
housing of the instrument which describes briefly the faults
observed.If atthesame timethename andtelephonenumber
(dialing code and telephone or direct number or department
designation) is stated for possible queries, this helps towards
speeding up the processing of guarantee claims.
Maintenance
Various important properties of the oscilloscope should be
carefully checked at certain intervals. Only in this way is it
largely certain that all signals are displayed with the accuracy
on which the technical data are based. The test methods
described in the test plan of this manual can be performed
withoutgreatexpenditureonmeasuringinstruments.However,
purchase of the HAMEG scope tester HZ 60, which despite its
low price is highly suitable for tasks of this type, is very much
recommended. The exterior of the oscilloscope should be
cleaned regularly with a dusting brush. Dirt which is difficult to
remove on the casing and handle, the plastic and aluminium
parts, can be removed with a moistened cloth (99% water
+1% mild detergent). Spirit or washing benzine (petroleum
ether) can be used to remove greasy dirt. The screen may be
cleaned with water or washing benzine (but not with spirit
(alcohol) or solvents), it must then be wiped with a dry clean
lint-free cloth. Under no circumstances may the cleaning fluid
get into the instrument. The use of other cleaning agents can
attack the plastic and paint surfaces.
Protective Switch-Off
Thisinstrumentisequippedwith aswitchmodepowersupply.
It has both overvoltage and overload protection, which will
cause the switch mode supply to limit power consumption to
a minimum. In this case a ticking noise may be heard.
Power supply
The oscilloscope operates on mains/line voltages between
100VACand240VAC.Nomeans ofswitchingtodifferentinput
voltages has therefore been provided.
Thepowerinputfusesareexternallyaccessible.Thefuseholder
is located above the 3-pole power connector. The power input
fuses are externally accessible, if the rubber connector is
removed. The fuseholder can be released by pressing its
plastic retainers with the aid of a small screwdriver. The
retainersare locatedon theright andleftside ofthe holderand
must be pressed towards the center. The fuse(s) can then be
replaced and pressed in until locked on both sides.
Use of patched fuses or short-circuiting of the fuseholder is
not permissible; HAMEG assumes no liability whatsoever for
any damage caused as a result, and all warranty claims
become null and void.
Fuse type:
Size 5x20mm; 0.8A, 250V AC fuse;
must meet IEC specification 127,
Sheet III (or DIN 41 662
or DIN 41 571, sheet 3).
Time characteristic: time-lag (T).
Attention!
There is a fuse located inside the instrument within the
switch mode power supply:
Size 5x20mm; 0.8A, 250V AC fuse;
must meet IEC specification 127,
Sheet III (or DIN 41 662
or DIN 41 571, sheet 3).
Time characteristic: fast (F).
This fuse must not be replaced by the operator!
General Information

6Subject to change without notice
Type of signal voltage
The oscilloscope HM407 allows examination of DC voltages
and most repetitive signals in the frequency range up to at
least 40MHz (-3dB).
The vertical amplifiers have been designed for minimum
overshoot and therefore permit a true signal display.
The display of sinusoidal signals within the bandwidth limits
causes no problems, but an increasing error in measurement
due to gain reduction must be taken into account when
measuring high frequency signals. This error becomes
noticeable at approx. 14MHz. At approx. 18MHz the reduction
is approx. 10% and the real voltage value is 11% higher. The
gain reduction error can not be defined exactly as the -3dB
bandwidthoftheamplifiersdifferbetween40MHzand42MHz.
For sinewave signals the -6dB limit is approx. 50MHz.
When examining square or pulse type waveforms, attention
must be paid to the harmonic content of such signals. The
repetition frequency (fundamental frequency) of the signal
must therefore be significantly smaller than the upper limit
frequency of the vertical amplifier.
Displaying composite signals can be difficult, especially if they
contain no repetitive higher amplitude content which can be
used for triggering. This is the case with bursts, for instance.
To obtain a well-triggered display in this case, the assistance
of the variable holdoff function or the delayed time base may
be required. Television video signals are relatively easy to
trigger using the built-in TV-Sync-Separator (TV).
For optional operation as a DC or AC voltage amplifier, each
vertical amplifier input is provided with a DC/AC switch. DC
couplingshouldonlybeusedwithaseries-connectedattenuator
probe or at very low frequencies or if the measurement of the
DC voltage content of the signal is absolutely necessary.
When displaying very low frequency pulses, the flat tops may
be sloping with AC coupling of the vertical amplifier (AC limit
frequency approx. 1.6 Hz for 3dB). In this case, DC operation
is preferred, provided the signal voltage is not superimposed
on a too high DC level. Otherwise a capacitor of adequate
capacitance must be connected to the input of the vertical
amplifier with DC coupling. This capacitor must have a
sufficiently high breakdown voltage rating. DC coupling is also
recommended for the display of logic and pulse signals,
especiallyifthepulsedutyfactorchangesconstantly.Otherwise
the display will move upwards or downwards at each change.
Pure direct voltages can only be measured with DC-coupling.
Theinput couplingisselectable bytheAC/DC pushbutton.The
actual setting is displayed in the readout with the ” = ”symbol
for DC- and the ” ~” symbol for AC coupling.
Amplitude Measurements
In general electrical engineering, alternating voltage data
normally refers to effective values (rms = root-mean-square
value).However,forsignalmagnitudesandvoltagedesignations
in oscilloscope measurements, the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp)
value is applied. The latter corresponds to the real potential
difference between the most positive and most negative
points of a signal waveform.
Ifasinusoidalwaveform,displayedontheoscilloscopescreen,
is to be converted into an effective (rms) value, the resulting
peak-to-peakvaluemustbedividedby2x√2=2.83.Conversely,
it should be observed that sinusoidal voltages indicated in
Vrms (Veff) have 2.83 times the potential difference in Vpp.
The relationship between the different voltage magnitudes
can be seen from the following figure.
Voltage values of a sine curve
Vrms = effective value; Vp = simple peak or crest value;
Vpp = peak-to-peak value; Vmom = momentary value.
The minimum signal voltage which must be applied to the Y
input for a trace of 1div height is 1mVpp (± 5%) when this
deflection coefficient is displayed on the screen (readout) and
the vernier is switched off (VAR-LED dark). However, smaller
signals than this may also be displayed. The deflection
coefficients are indicated in mV/div or V/div (peak-to-peak
value).
The magnitude of the applied voltage is ascertained by
multiplying the selected deflection coefficient by the vertical
display height in div. If an attenuator probe x10 is used, a
further multiplication by a factor of 10 is required to ascertain
the correct voltage value.
For exact amplitude measurements, the variable control (VAR)
must be set to its calibrated detent CAL position.
With the variable control activated the deflection sensitivity
can be reduced up to a ratio of 2.5 to 1 (please note “controls
and readout”). Therefore any intermediate value is possible
within the 1-2-5 sequence of the attenuator(s).
With direct connection to the vertical input, signals up
to 400Vpp may be displayed (attenuator set to 20V/div,
variable control to 2.5:1).
With the designations
H= display height in div,
U= signal voltage in Vpp at the vertical input,
D= deflection coefficient in V/div at attenuator switch,
the required value can be calculated from the two given
quantities:
However, these three values are not freely selectable. They
have to be within the following limits (trigger threshold,
accuracy of reading):
H between 0.5 and 8div, if possible 3.2 to 8div,
U between 1mVpp and 160Vpp,
D between 1mV/div and 20V/div in 1-2-5 sequence.
Examples:
Set deflection coefficient D = 50mV/div 0.05V/div,
observed display height H = 4.6div,
required voltage U = 0.05x4.6 = 0.23Vpp.
Input voltage U = 5Vpp,
set deflection coefficient D = 1V/div,
required display height H = 5:1 = 5div.
Type of signal voltage

7
Subject to change without notice
Signal voltage U = 230Vrmsx2 √ 2 = 651Vpp
(voltage > 160Vpp, with probe 10:1: U = 65.1Vpp),
desired display height H = min. 3.2div, max. 8div,
max. deflection coefficient D = 65.1:3.2 = 20.3V/div,
min. deflection coefficient D = 65.1:8 = 8.1V/div,
adjusted deflection coefficient D = 10V/div.
ThepreviousexamplesarerelatedtotheCRTgraticulereading.
The results can also be determined with the aid of the DV
cursor measurement (please note “controls and readout”).
The input voltage must not exceed 400V, independent from
the polarity.
If an AC voltage which is superimposed on a DC voltage is
applied, the maximum peak value of both voltages must not
exceed + or - 400V. So for AC voltages with a mean value of
zero volt the maximum peak to peak value is 800Vpp.
If attenuator probes with higher limits are used, the probes
limits are valid only if the oscilloscope is set to DC input
coupling.
If DC voltages are applied under AC input coupling conditions
the oscilloscope maximum input voltage value remains 400V.
The attenuator consists of a resistor in the probe and the 1MΩ
inputresistorof theoscilloscope,whichare disabledbytheAC
inputcouplingcapacitywhenACcouplingisselected.Thisalso
applies to DC voltages with superimposed AC voltages. It also
must be noted that due to the capacitive resistance of the AC
input coupling capacitor, the attenuation ratio depends on the
signalfrequency.Forsinewavesignalswithfrequencieshigher
than 40Hz this influence is negligible.
With the above listed exceptions HAMEG 10:1 probes can be
used for DC measurements up to 600V or AC voltages (with
a mean value of zero volt) of 1200Vpp. The 100:1 probe HZ53
allows for 1200V DC or 2400Vpp for AC.
It should be noted that its AC peak value is derated at higher
frequencies. If a normal x10 probe is used to measure high
voltages there is the risk that the compensation trimmer
bridging the attenuator series resistor will break down causing
damage to the input of the oscilloscope. However, if for
example only the residual ripple of a high voltage is to be
displayedon theoscilloscope, anormal x10probeis sufficient.
In this case, an appropriate high voltage capacitor (approx. 22-
68nF) must be connected in series with the input tip of the
probe.
With Y-POS. control (input coupling to GD) it is possible to use
a horizontal graticule line as reference line for ground potential
before the measurement. It can lie below or above the horizon-
tal central line according to whether positive and/or negative
deviations from the ground potential are to be measured.
Total value of input voltage
The dotted line shows a voltage alternating at zero volt level.
If superimposed on a DC voltage, the addition of the positive
peak and the DC voltage results in the max. voltage (DC +
ACpeak).
Time Measurements
Asarule,mostsignalstobedisplayedareperiodicallyrepeating
processes, also called periods. The number of periods per
second is the repetition frequency. Depending on the time
base setting (TIME/DIV.-knob) indicated by the readout, one or
several signal periods or only a part of a period can be
displayed. The time coefficients are stated in ms/div, µs/div or
ns/div.The followingexamplesare relatedtothe CRTgraticule
reading. The results can also be determined with the aid of the
∆T and 1/∆T cursor measurement (please note “ controls and
readout”).
The duration of a signal period or a part of it is determined by
multiplying the relevant time (horizontal distance in div) by the
(calibrated) time coefficient displayed in the readout.
Uncalibrated, the time base speed can be reduced until a
maximum factor of 2.5 is reached. Therefore any intermediate
value is possible within the 1-2-5 sequence.
With the designations
L = displayed wave length in div of one period,
T = time in seconds for one period,
F = recurrence frequency in Hz of the signal,
Tc= time coefficient in ms, µs or ns/div and the relation
F = 1/T, the following equations can be stated:
However, these four values are not freely selectable. They
have to be within the following limits:
L between 0.2 and 10div, if possible 4 to 10div,
T between 10ns and 5s,
F between 0.5Hz and 100MHz,
Tc between 100ns/div and 500ms/div in 1-2-5 sequence
(with X-MAG. (x10) inactive), and
Tc between 10ns/div and 50ms/div in 1-2-5 sequence
(with X-MAG. (x10) active).
Examples:
Displayed wavelength L = 7div,
set time coefficient Tc = 100ns/div,
required period T = 7x100x10
-9
= 0.7µs
required rec. freq. F = 1:(0.7x10
-6
) = 1.428MHz.
Signal period T = 1s,
set time coefficient Tc = 0.2s/div,
required wavelength L = 1:0.2 = 5div.
Displayed ripple wavelength L = 1div,
set time coefficient Tc = 10ms/div,
required ripple freq. F = 1:(1x10x10
-3
) = 100Hz.
TV-line frequency F = 15625Hz,
set time coefficient Tc = 10µs/div,
required wavelength L = 1:(15 625x10
-5
) = 6.4div.
Sine wavelength L = min. 4div, max. 10div,
Frequency F = 1kHz,
max. time coefficient Tc = 1:(4x10
3
) = 0.25ms/div,
min. time coefficient Tc = 1:(10x10
3
) = 0.1ms/div,
set time coefficient Tc = 0.2ms/div,
required wavelength L = 1:(10
3
x0.2x10
-3
) = 5div.
Type of signal voltage

8Subject to change without notice
Displayed wavelength L = 0.8div,
set time coefficient Tc = 0.5µs/div,
pressed X-MAG. (x10) button: Tc = 0.05µs/div,
required rec. freq. F = 1:(0.8x0.05x10
-6
) = 25MHz,
required period T = 1:(25x10
6
) = 40ns.
If the time is relatively short as compared with the complete
signalperiod,anexpandedtimescaleshouldalwaysbeapplied
(X-MAG. (x10) active). In this case, the time interval of interest
can be shifted to the screen center using the X-POS. control.
When investigating pulse or square waveforms, the critical
feature is the risetime of the voltage step. To ensure that
transients, ramp-offs, and bandwidth limits do not unduly
influence the measuring accuracy, the risetime is generally
measured between 10% and 90% of the vertical pulse height.
For measurement, adjust the Y deflection coefficient using its
variable function (uncalibrated) together with the Y-POS.
controlsothatthepulseheightispreciselyalignedwiththe0%
and 100% lines of the internal graticule. The 10% and 90%
points of the signal will now coincide with the 10% and 90%
graticule lines. The risetime is given by the product of the
horizontaldistance indiv betweenthesetwo coincidentpoints
and the calibrated time coefficient setting. The fall time of a
pulse can also be measured by using this method.
The following figure shows correct positioning of the
oscilloscope trace for accurate risetime measurement.
With a time coefficient of 10ns/div (X x10 magnification
active),theexampleshownintheabove figureresults ina total
measured risetime of
ttot = 1.6div x 10ns/div = 16ns
Whenvery fastrisetimesare beingmeasured, therisetimesof
the oscilloscope amplifier and of the attenuator probe has to
be deducted from the measured time value. The risetime of
the signal can be calculated using the following formula.
In this ttot is the total measured risetime, tosc is the risetime of
the oscilloscope amplifier (approx. 8.75ns), and tpthe risetime
of the probe (e.g. = 2ns). If ttot is greater than 100ns, then ttot
can be taken as the risetime of the pulse, and calculation is
unnecessary.
Calculationoftheexampleinthefigureaboveresultsinasignal
risetime
tr= √162- 8.752- 22 = 13.25ns
The measurement of the rise or fall time is not limited to the
trace dimensions shown in the above diagram. It is only
particularly simple in this way. In principle it is possible to
measure in any display position and at any signal amplitude. It
is only important that the full height of the signal edge of
interestisvisibleinitsfulllengthatnottoogreatsteepnessand
that the horizontal distance at 10% and 90% of the amplitude
is measured. If the edge shows rounding or overshooting, the
100%should notberelatedto thepeakvalues buttothe mean
pulse heights. Breaks or peaks (glitches) next to the edge are
also not taken into account. With very severe transient
distortions, the rise and fall time measurement has little
meaning. For amplifiers with approximately constant group
delay (therefore good pulse transmission performance) the
following numerical relationship between rise time tr (in ns)
and bandwidth B (in MHz) applies:
Connection of Test Signal
In most cases briefly depressing the AUTO SET causes a
useful signal related instrument setting. The following
explanations refer to special applications and/or signals,
demanding a manual instrument setting. The description of
thecontrols isexplainedinthe section“controlsand readout”.
Caution:
When connecting unknown signals to the oscilloscope
input,always use ax10probe, automatictriggeringand
set the input coupling switch to DC (readout). The
attenuator should initially be set to 20V/div.
Sometimes the trace will disappear after an input signal has
been applied. Then a higher deflection coefficient (lower input
sensitivity) must be chosen until the vertical signal height is
only 3-8div. With a signal amplitude greater than 160Vpp and
thedeflectioncoefficient(VOLTS/DIV.)incalibratedcondition,
an attenuator probe must be inserted before the vertical input.
If, after applying the signal, the trace is nearly blanked, the
periodofthesignalisprobably substantiallylonger thantheset
time deflection coefficient (TIME/DIV.). It should be switched
to an adequately larger time coefficient.
The signal to be displayed can be connected directly to the Y-
input of the oscilloscope with a shielded test cable such as
HZ32 or HZ34, or reduced through a x10 or x100 attenuator
probe. The use of test cables with high impedance circuits is
onlyrecommendedforrelativelylowfrequencies(uptoapprox.
50kHz). For higher frequencies, the signal source must be of
low impedance, i.e. matched to the characteristic resistance
of the cable (as a rule 50Ω). Especially when transmitting
square and pulse signals, a resistor equal to the characteristic
impedance of the cable must also be connected across the
cable directly at the Y-input of the oscilloscope. When using a
50Ωcable such as the HZ34, a 50Ωthrough termination type
HZ22 is available from HAMEG. When transmitting square
signals with short rise times, transient phenomena on the
edges and top of the signal may become visible if the correct
terminationisnotused.Aterminatingresistanceissometimes
recommended with sine signals as well. Certain amplifiers,
generators or their attenuators maintain the nominal output
voltage independent of frequency only if their connection
cable is terminated with the prescribed resistance. Here it
must be noted that the terminating resistor HZ22 will only
dissipate a maximum of 2Watts. This power is reached with
10Vrms or at 28.3Vpp with sine signal. If a x10 or x100
attenuator probe is used, no termination is necessary. In this
case, the connecting cable is matched directly to the high
impedance input of the oscilloscope. When using attenuators
probes, even high internal impedance sources are only slightly
loaded (approx. 10MΩII 12pF or 100MΩII 5pF with HZ53).
Therefore, if the voltage loss due to the attenuation of the
Type of signal voltage

9
Subject to change without notice
probe can be compensated by a higher amplitude setting, the
probe should always be used. The series impedance of the
probe provides a certain amount of protection for the input of
the vertical amplifier. Because of their separate manufacture,
all attenuator probes are only partially compensated, therefore
accuratecompensationmustbeperformedontheoscilloscope
(see Probe compensation ).
Standardattenuatorprobesontheoscilloscopenormallyreduce
itsbandwidthand increasetherisetime.In allcaseswherethe
oscilloscope bandwidth must be fully utilized (e.g. for pulses
with steep edges) we strongly advise using the probes HZ51
(x10) HZ52 (x10 HF) and HZ54 (x1 and x10). This can save the
purchase of an oscilloscope with larger bandwidth.
The probes mentioned have a HF-calibration in addition to low
frequencycalibrationadjustment.Thusagroupdelaycorrection
totheupperlimitfrequencyoftheoscilloscopeispossiblewith
the aid of an 1MHz calibrator, e.g. HZ60.
In fact the bandwidth and rise time of the oscilloscope are not
noticeably changed with these probe types and the waveform
reproduction fidelity can even be improved because the probe
canbematchedtotheoscilloscopesindividualpulseresponse.
If a x10 or x100 attenuator probe is used, DC input
coupling must always be used at voltages above 400V.
With AC coupling of low frequency signals, the
attenuation is no longer independent of frequency,
pulses can show pulse tilts. Direct voltages are
suppressed but load the oscilloscope input coupling
capacitor concerned. Its voltage rating is max. 400 V
(DC + peak AC). DC input coupling is therefore of quite
specialimportancewithax100attenuationprobewhich
usually has a voltage rating of max. 1200 V (DC + peak
AC). A capacitor of corresponding capacitance and
voltage rating may be connected in series with the
attenuator probe input for blocking DC voltage (e.g. for
hum voltage measurement).
With all attenuator probes, the maximum AC input voltage
mustbederatedwithfrequencyusuallyabove20kHz.Therefore
the derating curve of the attenuator probe type concerned
must be taken into account. The selection of the ground point
on the test object is important when displaying small signal
voltages. It should always be as close as possible to the
measuring point. If this is not done, serious signal distortion
may result from spurious currents through the ground leads or
chassis parts. The ground leads on attenuator probes are also
particularly critical. They should be as short and thick as
possible. When the attenuator probe is connected to a BNC-
socket,a BNC-adapter,shouldbeused. Inthisway groundand
matching problems are eliminated. Hum or interference
appearing in the measuring circuit (especially when a small
deflection coefficient is used) is possibly caused by multiple
groundingbecauseequalizingcurrentscanflowintheshielding
of the test cables (voltage drop between the protective
conductor connections, caused by external equipment
connected to the mains/line, e.g. signal generators with
interference protection capacitors).
Controls and readout
The following description assumes that the operating mode
“COMPONENT TEST”isswitchedoff.
Allimportantmeasuring
parameter settings are displayed in the screen readout when
the oscilloscope is on.
The LED indicators on the large front panel facilitate operation
and provide additional information. Electrical end positions of
controls are indicated by acoustic signal (beep).
Allcontrols,exceptthepower switch(POWER),thecalibration
frequency pushbutton (CAL. 1kHz/1MHz), the FOCUS control
and the trace rotation control, are electronically set and
interrogated. Thus, all electronically set functions and their
current settings can be stored and also remotely controlled.
Some controls are only operative in the digital mode or have a
differentfunction.Explanationspertainingtothemareindicated
with the hint “storage mode only”.
The large front panel is, as is usual with Hameg oscilloscopes,
is marked with several fields.
ThefollowingcontrolsandLEDindicatorsarelocatedonthe
top, to the right of the screen, above the horizontal line:
(1) POWER- Pushbuttonand symbols for ON (I)and OFF (O).
After the oscilloscope is switched on, all LEDs are lit and
an automated instrument test is performed. During this
time the HAMEG logo and the software version are
displayedonthescreen.Aftertheinternaltestiscompleted
successfully, the overlay is switched off and the normal
operation mode is present. Then the last used settings
becomeactivatedandoneLEDindicatestheONcondition.
Itis possibletomodify certainfunctions(SETUP) ortocall
automaticcalibrationprocedures(CALIBRATE).
Fordetails
relating to this see section “MENU”
.
(2) AUTOSET - Pushbutton
Brieflydepressingthispushbutton resultsin anautomatic
instrument setting automatically selecting Yt mode. The
instrument is set to the last used Yt mode setting (CH I,
CH II or DUAL).
SEARCH (SEA) and DELAY (DEL and DTR) mode is
automatically switched off.
Please note “AUTO SET” .
AutomaticCURSORsupportedvoltagemeasurement
IfCURSORvoltagemeasurementispresent,theCURSOR
lines are automatically set to the positive and negative
peak value of the signal. The accuracy of this function
dependson thesignalfrequency andisalso influencedby
the signal‘s pulse duty factor. If the signal height is
insufficient, the CURSOR lines do not change. In DUAL
mode the CURSOR lines are related to the signal which
is used for internal triggering.
STORAGE MODE ONLY
Additionally, AUTO SET automatically selects refresh
mode(RFR)whenSINGLE(SGL)orROLL(ROL)function
is in operation.
Automatic CURSOR supported measurement
In contrast to analog mode, AUTO SET also causes an
automatic CURSOR line setting if time or frequency
measurement has been selected and at least one signal
period is displayed. Neither the signal frequency nor the
pulse duty factor have an effect on the accuracy when
CURSOR voltage measurement is chosen.
(3) RM - LED
The remote control mode can be switched on or off
(”RM” LED dark) via the RS232 interface. On condition
Controls and readout

10 Subject to change without notice
that the “RM” LED is lit, all electronically selectable
controls on front panel are inactive. This state can be left
by depressing the AUTOSETpushbutton provided it was
not deactivated via the interface.
STORAGE MODE ONLY
The RM-LED is lit during data transfer via the built in
RS232 interface. At this time the controls are inactive.
(4) INTENS - READOUT - Control knob with associated
pushbutton and LEDs.
Thiscontrol knobis foradjusting thetrace (A)and readout
intensity (RO).Turning thisknob clockwiseincreases and
turning it counterclockwise decreases the intensity.
The READOUT pushbutton below is for selecting the
function in two ways. If the readout (RO) is not switched
off, briefly pressing the READOUT pushbutton switches
over the INTENS knob function indicated by a LED in the
sequence:
Yt (time base) mode: A - RO - A
XY mode: A - RO - A.
Component Test: A - RO - A.
PressingandholdingtheREADOUTpushbuttonswitches
thereadouton oroff.In readoutoffconditionthe INTENS
knob function can consequently not be set to RO.
Switchingthe readoutoff, may berequired ifinterference
is visible on the signal(s). Such interference may also
originate from the chopper generator if the instrument is
operated in chopped DUAL mode.
Withtheexceptionoftheletters“CT”allotherREADOUT
informationisswitchedoffinCOMPONENTTESTmode.
All INTENS settings are stored after the instrument is
switched off.
The AUTOSET function switches the readout on. The
INTENS setting for each function is automatically set to
the mean value, if less intensity was previously selected.
(5) TR - Trimming potentiometer.
The trace rotation control can be adjusted with a small
screwdriver (
please note “trace rotation TR” )
(6) FOCUS - Control knob.
This control knob effects both the trace and the readout
sharpness.
(7) STOR. ON / HOLD - Pushbutton with two functions.
STOR. ON
Pressing and holding the button switches from analog (Yt
or XY) to storage mode and vice versa. If CT (Component
Tester) mode is present (only available in analog mode),
it must be switched off first to enable switching over to
storage mode.
The oscilloscope is in analog mode if none of the LED’s
associated with the STOR.MODE (9) pushbuttons are lit
anda pre-orpost-trigger value(PT...%)is notindicatedby
the readout. Pressing and holding the STOR. ON button
switches over to the digital mode, but without changing
the channel operating mode (CH I, CH II, DUAL, ADDand
XY). The actual signal capture mode is indicated by one
oftheSTOR. MODE-LED‘s(RFR- ENV - AVM-ROL)and
in addition displayed by the readout. In digital XY mode
the RFR-LED is lit and the readout indicates XY. If digital
SINGLEevent(SGL)capture modeisselected,allSTOR.
MODE-LED‘s are dark, but the readout displays the pre-
or post-trigger value (PT...%).
Attention!
The time base ranges are dependent on the operating
modeAnalog or Digital (storage).Thefollowingdata relate
to operation without X magnification (X-MAG. x10).
Analog mode:
Time base from 500ms/cm to 50ns/cm
(without trace delay).
With trace delay, from 20ms/cm to 50ns/cm.
Delay ranges from 20ms/cm to 100ns/cm.
Digital mode:
Time bases from 100s/cm to 1µs/cm.
This results in the following behavior when switched
from analog to digital mode and vice versa:
1.If in analog mode, the time base has been selected
between 500ns/cm and 50ns/cm, then on switching
todigitalmode thelowestavailabletime coefficientwill
be automatically selected, i.e. 1µs/cm. If now one
switches back to analog mode without having made
anytime basechangesinthe digitalmode,then thelast
time base selected in the analog mode is again active
(e.g. 500ns/cm).
If on the other hand, the time base is changed after
switching over to digital mode (e.g. to 2µs/cm). Then,
when switched back to analog mode, the time base in
analog mode will be set to the value selected in the
digital mode (e.g. 2µs/cm).
2.If a time base between 100s/cm and 1s/cm has been
set in the digital mode and the mode is switched to
analog,thenthetimebaseinanalogmodeisautomatically
set to 500ms/cm. The rest is as described before.
The X-MAG x10 setting remains unchanged when
switched from analog to digital mode and vice versa.
STORAGE MODE ONLY
If by pressing and holding the STOR. ON / HOLDbutton,
themodeisswitchedtodigital,thenoneoftheassociated
LED’s lights up. Which one it is, depends on the last
selected digital operation.
Exception
Switching over from analog SINGLE mode to digital
mode sets the instrument automatically to digital
SINGLE mode.
Attention
The possibilities of delayed trace and the related
operations with delayed time base are not available in
digital mode.
Controls and readout