Leica M420 User manual

Leica M420
Macroscope
The modular system

2
Thank you for your attention. We are proud to present the Leica
M420 macroscope, a Leica creation. As with a stereomicroscope,
large o jects can e viewed in their entirety and without prepara-
tion, thanks to the wide fields of view and the favoura le working
distances. However, the Leica M420 macroscope offers a vertical
eam path and a high-resolution apochromatic zoom o jective,
making it ideal for distortion-free photography, for parallax-free
measurement and for o taining correct polarization colours.
The modular system
The Leica M420 macroscope is designed on the uilding- lock
principle and can e matched to the individual requirements of
the user, and to the dictates of the workplace, at any time. This
rochure shows a large num er of com inations with appropriate
accessories. A clear assem ly diagram helps you to put together
the specific configuration that you need. If you still have
questions, get in touch with your local Leica agency or directly
with Leica Microsystems Ltd in Heer rugg, Switzerland. We will
e pleased to help. CUSTOMER SERVICE is a ig thing with us.
Not only efore the sale, ut afterwards as well.
Welcome!

Contents
Page
Leica M420 macroscope 4
Optical accessories 6
Focusing drive 7
Incident-light stands 8
Swinging-arm stands 9
Universal stand 10
Incident illuminators 11
Transmitted-light stands 14
Stages 16
Measuring, polarization 17
Leica MPS30 and MPS60 photoautomats 18
Digital imaging, video, TV, filming, SLR camera housing 20
Optical data 22
Performance features 23
Catalogue references 24
Assem ly diagram 25
Complete outfits 26
Dimensions 27
Further documentation 28
3

Macroscope
1 Leica M420 optics carrier
2 Wide-field eyepieces for
spectacle wearers, distortion free,
with diopter setting adjusta le
etween +5 and –5 and with
adjusta le eyecups
3 Binocular tu e: Interpupillary
adjustment range 54mm–75mm,
ergonomically positioned,
30° viewing angle
4 Aperture diaphragm: With this
in its mid position, the image-side
rightness remains constant
5 Prisms: For erecting the image
and directing it into the two
eyepiece tu es
6 Beam splitter: Directs 50% of the
light to the video-/phototu e
and the rest to the inocular tu e
7 Stop: Prevents stray light
from entering the eyepieces
during photography
8 Tu e lens: Magnifies the image
1.25×
9 Macrozoom o jective (5:1 zoom) or
Apozoom o jective (6:1 zoom)
10 Video-/phototu e accepts Leica
photoautomats; cine, video and
TV cameras; and digital cameras
11 Focusing drive: With coarse
and fine focusing
12 Incident-light stand with stage
plate and with 300mm or
500mm column
3
5
6
7
8
4
9
2
10
11
12
4
1
Leica Design
y Ernest Igl/Christophe Apothéloz

The requirements
A modern macroscope must ring its user the maximum possi le
enefits and must uncompromisingly fulfil the requirements
demanded of it. Like the macroscopes from Leica, the modular
components of which can e com ined in accordance with your
wishes. Get in touch with us. We will gladly help you to assem le
the ideal outfit for your needs in examination, in training or in
documentation.
Macroscope
Macroscopes are optical precision instruments
for studying o jects in their entirety in conjunc-
tion with large working distances and large
fields of view. The multiple-coated optical
system involves a single vertical eam path
which, for purposes of comforta le o servation
in the inocular tu e, is then split into two
identical parts. The vertical o servation mode
ensures parallax-free imaging and is ideal for
faithful documentation, precise measuring, and
investigations involving polarized light.
The Leica M420 macroscope is an instrument
for optical inspection in all fields of science
and technology where image quality and user
comfort are oth rated highly.
The modular system
The optics carrier with inocular tu e can e
equipped with a Macrozoom- or Apozoom
o jective, with one of several additional o jec-
tives, with eyepieces of various intrinsic magni-
fications, and with an appropriate stand and
illuminator.
Additional accessories for photography, TV,
digital imaging, measuring and polarization can
e easily added.
Adapting any camera
The incorporated video-/phototu e will accept
most still cameras and CCD-, TV- and cine
cameras. If however a Leica modular photo-
micrographic system is used, there is a choice
etween two fully-automatic systems.
Photo eyepieces (8×, 10×, 16×) in the video-/
phototu e enlarge the image and project it into
the film plane (two-stage magnification). There
is an additional magnification factor of 1.25×in
oth the o servation eam path and the photo
eam path. The limits and sharpness of the
image can e inspected y looking into either
the inocular tu e or the focusing telescope
of the camera. The light is partitioned 50%/50%
etween o servation and photography.
5

6
Optical accessories
The requirements
Because the working distance, the total magnification and the
field of view must all e adapted to the application, the user needs
to e a le to choose from a range of high-quality o jectives and
eyepieces.
The Macrozoom- and Apozoom o jectives can
e com ined with the coaxial incident-light
housing, with a quarter-wave plate, and with
additional o jectives.
1 5 Macrozoom objective
The Macrozoom o jective is inscri ed with the
magnification range 6.3×to 32×. This means
that, if 10×eyepieces are used in the inocular
tu e (which introduces a tu e factor of 1.25×),
o jects can e o served at constant sharpness
over a zoom range from 7.9×to 40×. The optical
components are computed to give wide aperture
and good resolution, multiple-coated to ensure
high image contrast, and well corrected to
produce image fidelity and crispness.
The 0.5×and 2.0×additional o jectives can e
used with the Macrozoom o jective.
1:5 Macrozoom and 1:6 Apozoom
o jectives
1 6 Apozoom objective
The intrinsic zoom range of the Apozoom o jec-
tive is from 5.8×to 35×, i.e. the zoom range down
the inocular tu e if 10×eyepieces are used is
7.3×to 43.8×.
Because of its excellent chromatic correction for
three spectral colours and for all intermediate
tones, the Apozoom is the o jective of choice if
requirements stipulate maximum sharpness,
highest resolution and maximum contrast rendi-
tion, even for the finest structures.
The 0.4×and 2.0×additional o jectives used
with the Apozoom o jective have een specially
designed for it.
Wide-field eyepieces for spectacle wearers,
distortion-free
• Intrinsic magnifications
10×, 16×, 25×and 40×
• Usa le with or without spectacles
• Adjusta le eyecups
• Diopter setting adjusta le from +5 to –5
• Accepting graticules for measuring
and for photography
The asic outfits include distortion-free, wide-
field eyepieces (10×/21B) for spectacle wearers,
with excellent imaging characteristics. Because
of their long exit pupil distance of 22mm (at this
distance the o server sees the full field of view)
these eyepieces are usa le either with or with-
out spectacles. If you work without spectacles
and want closer contact to the eyepieces or to
the eyecups, you can displace the height of the
eyecup a ove the eyelens within the range from
4mm to 20mm.
Additional o jectives, with ayonet
mount: 0.5×and 2.0×for the Macro-
zoom, 0.4×and 2.0×for the Apozoom,
and rotata le quarter-wave plate.
Wide-field eyepieces for
spectacle wearers, 10×/21, 16×/14,
25×/9.5, 40×/6

7
New Leica motor-focus system
The new motor-focus system ena les any
microscope outfit to e moved weightlessly up
and down with light movements of the fingers or
feet, or through computer control. With the hand
control, five exact focus settings can e stored;
with the computer, the num er is unlimited, and
the instrument can travel to these positions
directly. The motor-focus system can easily e
fitted to the incident- and transmitted-light
stands and to the large swinging-arm and ta le-
clamp stands.
Information in rochure M1-267-1en.
Coarse/fine focusing
Coarse/fine drive for incident- and
transmitted-light stands
The coarse/fine focusing drive permits focusing
along the full length of the side-faced column.
The coarse drive permits focusing over long
distances; the fine drive permits fine focusing.
The focusing drive and the side-faced column,
300mm or 500mm long, are supplied already
assem led. The low-positioned, conveniently-
shaped, ilateral drive kno s ena le you to work
comforta ly with your arms supported. The ease
of movement can e adjusted individually in
accordance with the loading.
Focusing drive
Motor-focus
system, on
transmitted-light
stand HL

8
Incident light stand
The requirements
It must e possi le to arrange the stereomicroscope work station
exactly in accordance with requirements. The instrument can
only e fully integrated into the work process if the sturdy stand
offers unrestricted access to the o ject and adequate space for
tools and jigs.
Incident-light
stand
Incident-light stand
The incident-light stand consists of a sta le
aseplate and a 300mm- or 500mm long side-
faced column. The column ears the focusing
drive and therefore also the microscope carrier
and the optics carrier. The stand also includes
a 120mm-diameter lack/white stage plate. The
ergonomic shape of the aseplate, and its soft
upper surface, provide pleasant support for the
hands of the user.

9
Swinging arm stands
Swinging-arm and table-clamp stands
These stands offer ample space for large
o jects such as rocks, metal o jects or circuit
oards, which can e manipulated directly on
the surface of the ench. The many possi ilities
for adjusting on the column, the horizontal arm
and the inclina le carrier rod ena le the working
area to e planned as required.
The inclina le drive housing has a lift of 128mm.
The coarse/fine focusing drive helps to focus
quickly over long distances, and to adjust the
final setting accurately.
The large swinging-arm stand is supplied with
a 550mm long column.
The ta le-clamp stand (550mm long column)
can e clamped to ench- or ta le tops having
thicknesses of etween 20mm and 50mm, and
also to machines or jigs.
Large swinging-
arm stand
with motor-focus
system

10
Universal stand
The universal stand is noted for its sta ility.
Vi rations, which can cause difficulties at high
magnifications and in photography, are elimi-
nated. Large o jects, and stage carriers with
magnetic linkage that will accept various
stages, can e conveniently positioned on its
aseplate. As in the large swinging-arm stand,
the optics carrier is connected to the horizontal
arm y means of an inclina le drive housing or a
coarse/fine drive housing.
Masks and wafers can e examined with the
help of a cross stage, which is availa le on
request; it has 6in ×6in travel with rapid XY
movement and with fine adjustment.
Drive housing with coarse/fine movement
for 50mm diameter columns
When fitted to the universal stand, this unit
provides a very sta le outfit for examining large
o jects. The coarse/fine drive ena les the image
to e focused precisely at the higher magnifica-
tions and with heavy microscope configurations.
Universal stand
Universal stand with
horizontal arm and with
inclina le focusing drive
Drive housing with
coarse/fine drive
on universal stand

11
Incident illuminators
The requirements
The correct illuminator is the key to informative investigation and
inspection. The etter the illumination of the o ject, the more
details ecome visi le, and so the more relia le the inspection
and the etter the photography.
Oblique incident light, dark field
Three-dimensional o jects are illuminated
o liquely from a ove. The angle of incidence
can e anything from steep to flat. To avoid
strong shadowing, the o ject should e
illuminated from two sides, or y means of a ring
lamp.
Coaxial incident light, bright field
This is used for illuminating flat, highly-reflecting
o jects such as wafers, ICs, LCDs and metal
sections; its success depends on differential
scattering or on the creation of interference
colours. In this technique, the light eam follows
the o servation eam path of the macroscope.
The rays pass through the o jective and impinge
vertically on the flat shiny surface of the o ject,
from where they are reflected ack along the
same path into the o jective. The degree of
extinction is adjusta le with a rotata le quarter-
wave plate. It may e possi le to increase the
contrast, depending on the position and surface
texture of the o ject.

12
6V/10W incident lamp on adapter
for side-faced columns
6V/20W incident lamp on cast foot
6V/20W incident lamp on adapter
for side-faced columns
In addition to the diffusing filter supplied,
three swing-in filterholders, accepting 32mm-
diameter filters, can e attached to the lamp
housing. The large lampholder is very flexi le
and has a central freeze lock. The thread
permits fitting to the column (using adapter), to
the cast ase, and to the drive housing of the
universal stand.
Coaxial incident light
• Flare-free illumination of flat shiny surfaces
• For Macrozoom and Apozoom o jectives
• Quarter-wave plate, rotata le to increase
contrasts
• 6V/20W halogen ul
• 0–7V regulating transformer
Flat, highly-reflecting surfaces appear dark in
inclined incident light, ut can e seen if
they are illuminated vertically from a ove. The
coaxial incident light housing, usa le with the
Macrozoom o jective, meets this requirement.
It includes a centra le 6V/20W halogen ul ; a
concave mirror, collector lens and condenser
lens to maximize the illumination; and polarizing
filters that quench stray light. The degree of light
extinction is determined y the position of a
rotata le quarter-wave plate; rotation can
improve the contrast.
The coaxial illuminator also includes a filter-
holder with diffuser. If required, additional filter-
holders for 32mm-diameter filters can e added.
6V/10W incident illuminator
• Competitively-priced incident lamp
for o servation
• 6V/10W halogen ul
• Focusa le light spot
• Colour temperature 2800K
• Built-in diffuser
• Built-in filterholders
• Various lampholders and fitting possi ilities
• Adjustment of the light intensity
with a regulating- or step transformer
The 6V/10W incident lamp is suita le for o ser-
ving spatial o jects. The size of the right and
uniform spot can e matched to the diameter of
the field of view.
The 6V/10W incident lamp is supplied with a
swing-in filterholder with KG1 heat-a sor ing
filter. If required, three additional 50mm-
diameter filterholders, accepting a range of
filters, can e attached.
The lampholder can e secured in any position
with the freeze lock. Various adapters ena le it
to e connected to the column, to the o jective
mount, or to the cast foot.
6V/20W incident illuminator
• High-quality incident lamp for o servation
and photography
• Centra le 6V/20W halogen ul
• Varia le diameter for light spot
• Colour temperature 3200K
• Built-in, heat-a sor ing filter
• Swing-in frosted filter
• Swing-in filterholder
• Freely-positiona le lampholder
• Various lampholders and possi ilities
for fitting
• Light intensity adjusta le using varia le-
or step transformer.
The 6V/20W incident lamp is the preferred
choice for ideal light quality, high light output,
completely-uniform illumination, and a colour
temperature of 3200K.
The rightness is continuously adjusta le with
the regulating transformer. The size of the light
spot can e continuously matched to that of the
field of view.
Leica M420 with cold-light source
Leica CLS150 and ring lamp

13
Regulating transformer for
incident illuminators
Coaxial incident illuminator
Step transformer 4/5/6V
Filter-slide housing
Fibre-optic light guides
Fi re-optic illuminators are commercially
availa le. Goose-neck guides can e clamped
to the microscope carrier. Manufacturers of
cold-light sources also supply various adapters
to ena le goose-neck guides and ring lamps to
e attached to macroscopes.
Cold-light sources of the Leica CLS series
The Leica cold-light sources CLS50, CLS100,
CLS150 and CLS150D provide high-intensity,
flicker-free white light within a small space,
com ined with the minimum generation of heat
on the specimen. The cold-light sources are
lightweight and compact. They are user-friendly
and maintenance-free. The fan is quiet. All
models in the CLS series have a mechanical
diaphragm for uniform illumination and constant
colour temperature at all illumination intensities
without altering the size of the illuminated field.
The comprehensive program of accessories
allows almost unlimited application of these
cold-light sources.
Regulating transformer
• Continuous adjustment of the light intensity
from 0–7V
• Pilot lamp shines at 6V
• Sockets for two illuminators
• Safety tested: LGA, GS, EN 60950, CCA
The incident lamps, and the coaxial illuminator
with halogen ul , can e connected to the
0–7V/40VA (115V/230V) regulating transformer.
Step transformer
A low-priced transformer for powering an
incident- or coaxial lamp with halogen ul .
Brightness adjusta le in three steps, 4/5/6V.
Filter-slide housing
In, for example, photography using artificial
light, colour-compensating filters are required
in order to avoid colour shifts. The filter-slide
housing is supplied with two filter slides that
can e quickly slid into the eam path when
required.

14
Transmitted light stands
The requirements
To study transparent o jects under the stereomicroscope,
transmitted-light stands are required. Even low-contrast o jects
must e reproduced crisply and in true colour. A further
requirement is the facility to o serve dou le-refracting materials
(including thin sections) in transmitted polarized light.
Transmitted light
is used for inspecting transparent o jects
such as fi res and insect parts, and also
specially-prepared and stained o jects such
as smears and thin sections. The following
illumination techniques are possi le with the
Leica macroscope:
Transmitted light, bright field
Bright field is suita le for contrasty structures.
The o ject is illuminated directly from eneath
and is seen in sharp contrast and in its normal
colours against a right ackground.
Transmitted light, dark field
This technique increases the information
o taina le from low-contrast o jects with
structures that are either poorly defined or
very fine. Light rays meet the o ject at grazing
incidence from elow and those that are then
reflected or refracted into the o jective cause
edges and structural elements to appear
right on a dark ackground.
Inclined transmitted light
which traverses the o ject o liquely will
produce effects advantageous for o serving
small translucent o jects such as foraminifera
and fish eggs.
Polarized transmitted light
This makes dou le-refraction visi le and
measura le. Birefringent materials, such
as many organic and inorganic crystals
(including minerals), ones, polymers,
strained glass and liquid-crystal displays,
can e studied.
Leica M420 with transmitted-light stand,
right and dark field, and with
Leica CLS150D cold-light source

15
Transmitted-light stand, bright field
• Direction of illumination can e varied
(advantages of o lique illumination)
• Option of asymmetrical dark-field
illumination
• Uniformly-illuminated field of view
• Continuous rightness adjustment
• 6V/20W halogen source
• Holder for 50mm-diameter filters
• Socket for incident lamp
• Built-in transformer
• Large working area; 120mm-diameter
glass stage plate
• Comforta le handrests
• High sta ility
The transmitted-light stand for right field
includes a complete illumination system, com-
prising a 6V/20W lamp and a 0–7V regulating
transformer. A tilta le mirror ena les the light to
impinge on the specimen plane at any angle
from vertical to grazing incidence.
The mirror can e adjusted to produce a
continuous gradation from right field to
asymmetrical dark field.
Transmitted-light stand, bright and dark field
• Changeover etween right and dark field
• Uniformly-illuminated field of view
• llumination y fi re-optic light guide
• Base remains cool
• Large working surface; 120mm-diameter
glass stage plate
• Comforta le handrests
• High sta ility
This is the preferred stand for o servations
and photomicrography in right and dark field.
The changeover etween the two techniques
takes only a moment with the lever. Unlike
the asymmetrical dark-field effect o tained with
inclined transmitted light, the dark-field effect
produced in this stand is uniform from all sides;
it is created y a fi re-optic ring. The fi re-optic
light guide, powered y an external source, does
not cause the ase to heat up.
Transmitted-light
stand for right field

16
New Transmitted-light stand HL
• For highest requirements in o servation
and documentation
• High sta ility for video and photography
• Ratchet for exact right field with maximum
rightness
• Extremely right and uniform illumination
• Additional condenser for increasing
the resolution
• Adjusta le mirror for vertical and o lique
illumination
• Mirror has clear and matt sides for direct
or diffuse illumination
• Cold light source and fi re-optic light guide
• Glass stage plate, diam. 120mm.
In the HL high-performance stand, the angle at
which the light encounters the o ject from
eneath can e varied in accordance with the
characteristics of the o ject and the type of
information required. The ase contains a devia-
ting mirror that can e rotated and also dis-
placed towards the column, ena ling particular
structures to e emphasized. The light for
the transmitted-light ase HL originates from a
fi re-optic light guide attached to an external
cold-light source. As a result, no heat is develo-
ped which might damage organic su jects.
Information in rochure M1-296-1en.
Leica M420 macroscope with
transmitted-light stand HL
Gliding stage
Universal carrier
Cup stage
Stages
The stages fit into the port in the incident-
and transmitted-light stands y means of the
120/80mm spacing ring. They fit directly into the
stage carrier with magnetic linkage.
Gliding stage
Specimens on the gliding stage can e accura-
tely displaced and turned. Depending on the
application, this stage will accept a lack/white
stage plate or a glass stage plate ( oth 80mm in
diameter), or a cup stage.
Cup stage
Petri dishes, and spatial o jects such as plants
and insects, can e pinned to the ru erized
surface of the stage and studied from all sides.
Universal carrier
The universal carrier is intended for fitting
individually-designed jigs to the stands.

17
Measuring, polarization
Polarizing sets
There is a choice of two polarizing sets usa le
with the transmitted-light stands. A 120/80mm
spacing ring is required.
– Analyzer, centra le rotata le polarizing
stage with 360° scale and vernier,
sensitive-tint plate, mechanical stage,
and crosshair graticule
– Analyzer, and polarizer on glass stage plate
By using the polarizing stage together with the
sensitive-tint plate, even weak dou le refraction
can e detected. After the crosshair graticule in
one eyepiece has een used to centre the stage,
the specimen slide held in the mechanical stage
can e turned without causing features to drift
out of the field of view. The range of movement
of the mechanical stage is 76mm ×28mm. The
360° scale on the centra le rotata le polarizing
stage, and the vernier to 0.1°, ena le extinction
angles to e measured.
Accessories for measuring
The mounted graticules for measuring and
counting fit into the eyepieces. They are
cali rated against a stage micrometer earing
an accurately-cali rated 50mm scale that
carries 0.1mm and 0.01mm divisions.
Graticule
and sleeve
Scale
12mm:120
and scale
5mm:100
Centra le
rotata le
polarizing stage,
vernier, analyzer,
sensitive-tint
plate and
mechanical
stage
Grid 100×1mm2

18
Photoautomats
The requirements
The user of a macroscope for the purposes of inspection and
investigation generally wants to record the results, e.g. for
damage analysis, for scientific pu lication, for the analysis of
work procedures, or for monitoring.
Leica MPS30 photoautomat
Leica MPS60 photoautomat
and data ack
A complete modular photomicrographic system
comprises
• Eyepiece tu e
• Photo eyepiece
• Shutterpiece
• Control unit / photoautomat
• Interchangea le 35mm magazine with or
without data ack, or large-format
attachment
• Format-indicating graticule or, for MPS60,
focusing telescope
For further details, please refer to rochure
M1-360-4en.
Components
The uilt-in video-/phototu e upgrades a Leica
macroscope to a complete video-/photo work
station, quickly and without fuss. The video-/
phototu e is usa le for all modern documenta-
tion techniques.
Leica MPS30 photoautomat
This udget-priced, easy-to-use photomicro-
graphic system for routine photography features
a digital display, integrated metering, automatic
exposure, exposure with an individually-select-
ed fixed time, and various additional applica-
tions. The functions are nearly all automatic:
coding the camera factor, DX-coding, recipro-
city-failure correction. Just three keys control
the input of film speed, individual exposure
factor and exposure mode, ensuring rational and
pro lem-free working.

19
Performance feature MPS30 MPS60
photoautomat photoautomat
Integrated-/spot metering integrated switchover, 1% spot
Light partition: switchover:
–
metering – 100% – 100%
–
focusing telescope – 100%
– exposure
– 100% – 100%
Photo sensor SPD (silicon photodiode) SPD (silicon photodiode)
Linear metering range 0.01 – 3300 sec 0.01 – 4200 sec
at 100 ASA with integrated-
and spot metering
Film speed (ISO) 12/12°–12 800/42° digital 12/12°–12 800/42° digital
Reciprocity failure
correction switcha le in and out switcha le in and out
Memory for film speed /
reciprocity-failure
correction / individual two memories
exposure factor / for each of four
right- or dark field film formats
I
ndividual modification
of exposure time
0.25× –4×, digital 0.25× –4×, digital
Bright- / dark field
compensation switcha le in and out
Coding of camera factor automatic automatic
Display of exposure time
1/100
sec – 100 min,
1/100
sec – 100 min,
digital digital
Display of
progress of exposure
digital digital
Exposure time automatic, automatic,
fixed time fixed time,
manual
Preset / memory
for fixed exposure time ××
Warning displays ××
DX-coding ××
Data ack 32 characters 32 characters
Film transport (35mm) automatic automatic,
ut multiple
exposures possi le
Formats 35mm, 35mm,
3
1/4
in ×4
1/4
in, 4in ×5in, 3
1/4
in ×4
1/4
in, 4in ×5in,
9cm ×12cm, and 9cm ×12cm, and
sheet- and pack film sheet- and pack film
Focusing and framing in inocular tu e in inocular tu e
and in telescope
Leica MPS60
photoautomat
Leica MPS30
photoautomat
Leica MPS60 photoautomat
100% of the availa le light can e directed to
the highly-sensitive photodiode, and the spot
measures only 1% of the 35mm film format.
Perfect photographs can therefore e o tained
with minimum exposure times, even if the light
signals are very weak. A wide range of addi-
tional functions and storage options ena les
routine shots to e taken quickly and relia ly,
as well as permitting full creativity and a wide
range of photographic techniques.
Data back and input unit
The interchangea le 35mm magazine with data
ack imprints a 32-character line of text. The
information can include:
• Date
•Time
• Frame num er
• Photographic conditions
• Individual texts with upper-
and lower-case letters
• Num ers
• Punctuation characters
• Various special characters
The input unit can e placed anywhere. Addi-
tional features are the opportunity to correct
errors, the display, and the start key.
Camera backs for all film formats
Leica modular photomicrographic systems are
usa le with all film formats from 35mm to 4in ×
5in, and with all commercially-availa le film
materials, whether conventional emulsions or
Polaroid, whether sheet film or pack film.

20
Digital imaging, video, filming,
35mm photography (SLR)
The requirements
A high-performance macroscope must e capa le of producing
records with modern CCD cameras in order to document work
sequences, the movement of living organisms, and sequences
that are rarely seen or are not easily reproduci le, for the
purposes of training and documentation.
For the efficient administration and archiving of digitized images,
an intelligent image data ase needs to e availa le.
Accessories for various video cameras
The availa ility of a range of video o jectives
and adapters opens up many options for using
the Leica DC 100 and DC 200 CCD cameras with
C-mount, or a different commercially-availa le
video camera, on Leica macroscopes equipped
with video-/phototu es.
The com ination modes for the components
involved are descri ed in the rochure
M1-360-4en.
Leica DC 200 digital
imaging system