Olympus BHSP User manual

OLYMPUS POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
[ INSTRUCTION MANUAL I
MODEL BHSP

This instruction manual has been written for the use of the Olympus Polarizing Micro-
scope Model
BHSP. It is recommended to read the manual carefully in order to familiar-
ize yourself fully with the use of the microscope, so that you can obtain optimum per-
formance from it.
VL.__n_NWW___---x--
IMPORTANT
Observe the following points carefully:
Operation
1. Always handle the microscope with the care it deserves, and avoid abrupt motions.
2. Avoid exposure of the microscopetodirect sunlight, high temperature* and humidity,
dust and vibration.
If the microscope is used in an ambient temperature higher than 40°c (104"F), it
may cause a trouble to the microscope.
3. Only use the tension adjustmentringfor alteringthe tensionof the coarse adjustment.
Do not twist the two coarse adjustment knobs in the opposite directions simultane-
ously, which might cause damage.
4. Ascertain that the line voltage selector switch on the base plate is set to conform with
the local mains voltage.
Maintenance
1. Lenses must always be kept clean. Fine dust on lens surfaces should be blown or
wiped off by means of an air blower or aclean brush. Carefullywipe'off oil or finger-
prints deposited on the lens surfaces with gause moistened with a small amount of
xylene, alcohol or ether.
2. Do not use organic solutions to wipe the surfaces of various components. Plastic
parts, especially, should be cleaned with a neutral detergent.
3. Never disassemble the microscope for repair. Only authorized Olympus service per-
sonnel should make repairs.
4. The microscope should be stored in its container immediately after use. If this is not
possible, it should be covered with'a vinyl dust cover.

CONTENTS
I . STANDARD EQUIPMENT ..................................... 2
..........................................
. II NOMENCLATURE 3
...............................................
. Ill ASSEMBLY 4
........
IV. IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS 6
V . OPERATION .............................................. 10
Switching on the Light Source
Adjusting the Observation Tube
Use of the Orientation Plate
................................ 11
Centering the Condenser ................................... 12
Centering the Stage ...................................... 13
Centering the Objectives
Use of Iris Diaphragms
.......................................
Focus Adjustment 14
Use of Immersion Objectives ................................ 15
Orthoscopic Observation
Conoscopic Observation
................................... 16
Photomicrography
VI . OPTICAL DATA ............................................ 17
VII. TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................ 18

1. STANDARD EQUIPMENT
Optional Accessories:
Berek compensator AH-CTP-3
Attachable mechanical stage AH-FMP
-
Model
Component
-------__-
Microscopestand (withAllen wrench,
KB-4filter, immersion oil, and vinyl BHSP-F
dust cover, one each)
Line cord UYCP
651P
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
Observation
tubes Binocular tube BH2-B130
Trinocular tube BH2-TR30
653P
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
Quadruple revolving nosepiece BH-PRE
Polarizing intermediate attachment BH2-PA
(with pin hole cap)
Centerable circular stage
(withstage plate, centering wrenches, BH2-SRP
paired, and stage clips, paired)
BHS-
751P
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
Test plates
753P
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Quarter wave plate
(R
= 147.3my) AH-TP147
-
Sensitive tint plate
(R
= 530my) AH-TP530
100-watt halogen lamp housing
(with collector lens and filter holder, BHS-LSH
one each)
Pre-centered halogen bulbs 12VlOOWHAL-L
Abbe polarizing condenser BH2-POC
Objectives
Eyepieces
PO-D Ach. 4X
PO-DAch. 10X
PO-D Ach. 20X (spring)
PO-DAch. 40X (spring)
PO-DAch. 100X (spring,oil)
PO-D Plan 4X
PO-D Plan 10X
PO-D Plan 20X (spring)
PO-D Plan 40X (spring)
PO-D Plan 100X (spring, oil)
WHK 10X
Cross-WH
K 1OX
Micro-WH
K 1OX
Photo eyepiece NFK3.3X

11. NOMENCLATURE
The Model BHSP consists of various components as shown in the photo below:
Revolving
nosepiece
Objective
Stage
Condenser
Base
Observationtube
,

Ill. ASSEMBLY
This picture illustrates the sequential procedure of assembly. The numbers indicate the
order of assembly
of various components. Removedust caps before mountingcomponents.
Take care to keep all glass surfaces clean, and avoid scratching the glass surfaces.
NOTE: For numbers 0, 0, 0 and 0 please refer toexplanations in detail on the next
page.
Quarter wave plate
Sensitivewave plate Observation tube
**Berek compensator
**Mechanical
Condenser Collector lens
Microscopestand
* Screw the 10X objective into theJfixedaperture of the nosepiece.
** Optionally available.

Explanations in detail
@ Mounting the halogen bulb
1) Releasing the bulb clamping levers @ of
the collector lens
a in the direction of
the arrow, insert two contact pins of the
halogen bulb into the socket
@. (Fig. 1)
(Recommended to use a glove or gauze
to handle the halogen bulb.)
2) Secure the bulb in position with the two
levers.
* Before use, wipe off any fingerprints or
stains on the bulb.
0 Mounting the stage
1) Prior to mounting the stage, rack down
the stage mounting dovetail
a all the
way. (Fig.
2)
2) Loosen the stage clamping screw @ by
rotating counterclockwise with Allen
wrench provided. (Fig.
2)
Insert the stage into the mounting dove-
tail
a from above slowly. (Fig. 2)
3) Lower the stage until it comes incontact
with the stop pin
0; then clamp with
screw
@ . (Fig. 2)
0 Mounting the revolving nosepiece
Fig. 1
Fig.
2
1) Loosen the nosepiece clamping screw a
(Fig. 3)
2) Aligning the nosepiece dovetall slide to
the mounting block
@, push inthe nose-
piece slowly all the way
* Do not
tilt or lock the nosepiece while
inserting into the mounting block.
Mounting the intermediate polarizing attach-
ment
1) Loosen the clamping screw a fully. Pull
spring-loaded clamping screw
@. This
will cause the locating pin
@ to with-
draw. (Fig.
4) If the pindoes not, loosen
the screw further until the pin withdraws.
!
2) With clamping.screw 0 pulled out, insert
the circular dovetail of the intermediate
attachment into the ring dovetail.
3) Tighten the clamping screw.
Fig.
3
Fig. 4

1, !
IV.
IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
Light path selector knob
The knob can be operated in
3 positions to deflect the light
as desired.
Field iris diaphragm ring
Arrow mark @ -t 0 indi- For continuously variable light Accepts the filter holder pro-
cates increase in diaphragm intensity. vided.
diameter.

Diopter adjustment ring
Photo tube
P
ertrand lensturret ring
Engraved letters "IN" for in-
sertion of Bertrand lens into
the liqht path.
"OUT" for
45' click stop lever
Stage centerinq knob
'.
Pre-focusinglever
adjustment knob
Swing-out knob for
top
lens /
Y
Condenser N.A. is 0.9
(whentop lens swings
out, N.A. is
0.25).
removal of. the Bertrand lens
from the light path.
Bertrand lensfocusing ring
Clamping screw for stage
rotation
Polarizer clamping screw
After optimum extinction is
attained, clamp the polarizer.
Main switch

Line cord
holder*
*Do not replace filters for about a few minutes after use, in order to give time to cool.
**The circuit breaker protrudes its central part to cut off the electrical power in case of the
dimmer circuit trouble (due to short circuit, etc.) or overcurrent. To restorethe breaker, press
the central part. If the breaker is actuated again, disconnect the line cord from the
AC outlet
and contact the Olympus service center.

Summary of Putting the Microscope in Operation
Model BHSP
Match the line voltage selector switch to local mains voltage (see page 10).
Switch on the light source.
Place a specimen slide on the stage.
Remove the Bertrand lens and analyzer from the light path.
Coarse focus with the
10X objective.
Make interpupillary and diopter adjustments (page
10).
Set the analyzer to optimum extinction position (page 11).
Center the condenser (page 12).
Center the stage (page 13).
J .
Center objectives other than 10X (page 13).
K.
Swing in the desired objective.
L. Set the condenser, analyzer and Bertrand lens correctly according to your microscopic
2
purpose (pages 15 and 16)
@ + M. Fine focus.
0
N. Adjust aperture iris diaphragm and field iris diaphragm (page
13).
/ Adjustment of Illumination System I
1 orthosco~ic / 4X to loox I
observation
OUT I OUT 1
Microscopic
application
Generally for biological use, however, remove the analyzer, Bertrand lens and test plates
Objective
Conoscopic
observation
from the light path.
I
* Cut off this page at dotted line and put it on the wall near the microscope for use as a
reminder of microscopic procedure.
i
Bertrand lens
in intermediate
polarizing at-
tachment
20X to 100X
OLYMPUS
Condenser
top lens
IN IN

V. OPERATION
A.
Switching on the Light Source
1) Ascertain that the voltage selector switch
@
is set to conform with the local mains volt-
age. (Fig.
5) If the switch is not correctly
set, adjust it by means of the Allen wrench
provided or a screwdriver.
2) Place the sliding voltage control lever @ on
the right side of the microscope base to a
positionclosest toyou (lowvoltage position)
(Fig.
6)
3) Actuate the main switch @. (Fig. 5)
( Voltage Adjustment and Light Intensity /
As you push the control lever a in the di-
rection of the arrow in order to obtain in-
creasing intensity (Fig.
6), the LED readout
@ will display the lamp voltage.
Two LEDs on the left side indicate thevolt-
age from
OV to 6V, and twelve LEDsonthe
right side from
6.5V to 12V in 0.5V incre-
ments. The indication with the letters
Fig.
5
-
"PHOTO" can be used as a guide line for
color photomicrography.
B. Adjusting the Observation Tube
1) At the time of inserting the eyepieces into
the observation tube, take care to insert the
eyepiece with cross hairs or micrometer of
your choice into the right eyepiece tube,
aligning the positioning slot
a and position-
ing pin
@. (Fig. 7)
2) Looking through the both eyepieces with
both eyes, adjust the interpupillary distance,
sliding the knurled dovetail slides of the
right and left eyepiece tubes, until perfect
binocular vision is obtained. (Fig.
8)
3) Looking through the right eyepiece (with
cross hairs or micrometer) with your right
eye, rotate the upper helicoid ring
Q) of the
eyepiece untilthe cross hairs(ormicrometer)
are sharply focused. (Fig.
8)
4) Focus on the specimen with the coarse and
fine adjustment knobs so that the sharp
images of the specimen and cross hairs (or
micrometer) can be obtained simultaneously.
5) Now look at the image through the left eye-
piece with your left eye and rotate the
diopter adjustment ring
@ to focus on the
specimen without using the coarse and fine
adjustment knobs. (Fig.
8)
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

[ Light Path Selection
The trinocular tube is provided with a light
path selector knob
a to direct the light to
the observation tube and/or to the photo
tube in
3 positions. (Fig. 9)
Knob position Pushed inall the way Pulledout halfway Pulled outall the way
(V) (C.V)
(C)
I Amount of light
1 100% into binocular tube 1 20% into binocular tube / 100% into phototube
I
I 1 1 80% intophoto tube I I
I Application "Crossed filter" (1 ) Normal 1 Photomicrography
observation
/ observation
(2) Photomicrography
(focusingthrough
the binocular tube)
An indicator plate is provided at the knob port to summarize the usage of the above table;
it can be consulted before operating the knob.
V: Viewer (white letter)
C.V: Camera and viewer (yellowish green letters)
C: Camera (red letter)
The colors of the letters correspond with the color bands on the knob shaft.
C.
Use of the Orientation Plate
1)))
The analyzer built in the intermediate attachment should be adjusted for optimum extinc-
tion by means of the orientation plate provided in the following steps:
1) Bring the 10X objective into the light path, and make sure that the red dots
a on both
intermediate attachment and microscope stand are aligned. (Fig. 10)
2) Set both polarizer and analyzer at position "0" to attain the "crossed filter" position
3) Place the orientation plate on the center of the stage.
4) Looking at the orientation plate through the eyepieces, rotate the stage (as you rotate the
stage, the orientation plate darkens and brightens alternately) until it most darkens or attains
the extinction position; then, touch up the position ot the orientation plate manually so
that the lower edge (fiducial line) of the orientation plate nears the cross line
(X axis).
5) Disengage the analyzer @ from the light path, which makes the field of view bright.
6) Loosening the observation tube clamping screw @ , rotate the observation tube slightly
until the fiducial line of the orientation plate is in parallel withthe cross line; then, reclamp
the observation tube. (Fig. 10)
-
Fig. '10 0
Orientation
Plate Cross line
parallel
Fiducial line

D. Centering the Condenser
1) Bring the objective 10X into the light path.
* If a specimen is placed on the circular rotat-
able stage without a mechanical stage
it is
recommendedto hold the peripheriesof the
specimen with the stage clips provided.
2) Swing in the condenser top lens, and bring
the specimen into focus.
3) Stop down the field iris diaphragm O.
A
slightly blurred image of the field diaphragm
can now be seen in the eyepiece. (Fig. 11
)
Fig. 11
4) Adjusting the condenser height, focus on the
image of the field diaphragm.
* If the specimen slide is too thick, it is sometimes impossible to obtain a sharply-focused
Image.
5) While widening the diameter of the field progressively,use the condenser centering screws @
to bring the diaphragm image into the center of view. (Fig. 11)
6) Push analyzer a into the light path, and
5 .. --. 7773?w-,*
make sure that both polarizer and analyzer
are set at position
"0" to attain the "crossed
filter" position. Then loosen the clamping
screw
@ of the polarizer. (Fig. 12)
7) Remove the specimen out of the light path
SO that a transparent area comes into the
light path. Keeping the polarizer at the
"0"
position, rotate the polarizer rotation ring
@ until the optimum extinction is obtained,
then clamp the ring. (Fig. 12)
* Make sure that no test plate is engaged.
Fig.
12

E. Centering the Stage
1) Place a specimen on the stage, and insert two centering wrenches into the stage center-
ing screws (Fig. 13). Looking through the eyepiece and objective IOX, fix your eyes on
some particular point, for instance, at the point A or the center of the cross hairs.
2) As you rotate the stage, the particular point in the specimen imagemoves f romthe point A
in a circular path (A + B + C + D + A or A + D + C + B + A) around the center of the
circular path
E. (Diag. a)
3) When the stage is turned by 180° from the
point A, the particular point coincides with
the point C.
4) Coincide the particular point to the point
E
by means of the two centering wrenches
(Fig. 13). (Diag. b)
5) Next, move the particular point from the
point
E to the center A of the cross hairs
(Diag.
c).
Ir Repeat this procedure until the stage centra-
tion is complete. After completing the cen-
tration, remove the wrenches.
Fig. 13
Diag. a Diag. b Diag. c
F. Centerins the Obiectives
This objective centration is necessary to all
the PO objectives except P010X. After
completing the stage centration, insert two
centering wrenches
a into the objective
centering screws provided at each centerable
objective aperture
in the nosepiece. (Fig.
14) The other procedure is just the same as
with stage centration.
G. Use of Iris Diaphragms Fig. 14
When the top lens of the polarizingcondenser is swung out for orthoscopic observation, the
aperture irisdiaphragmserves as a field irisdiaphragm and the field irisdiaphragm as an aper-
ture iris diaphragm.
For conoscopic observation, generally the aperture iris diaphragm
is fully opened and the
field iris diaphragm can be effectively used for reduction of glares and conoscopicobserva-
tion of very small objects.

1) Aperture iris diaphragm
Adjust the opening of the aperture iris diaphragm ac-
cording to the various conditions such as the numerical
aperture of the objective, image contrast, depth of focus,
70-80%
and flatness of field. Generally it is often preferable to
30- 20%
stop down the aperture iris diaphragm to about 70% or
80% of the N.A. of the objective.
After the eyepiece is removed from the observation
tube, if necessary, look through the observation tube
and check the opening of the aperture diaphragm at the
objective pupil.
2) Field iris diaphragm
The field iris diaphragm controls the diameter of the ray bundleimpinging on the specimen
surface and thus increases image definition.
Generally, it is preferable to slightly increase the diameter of the field iris diaphragm until
it is just outside the field of view.
2. Pre-focusing Lever
This lever
@ is provided to prevent possible
contact between specimen and objective as
well as to simplify coarse focusing. (Fig.
16)
The lever is locked after coarse focus has
been accomplished. This prevents further
upward travel of the stage by means of the
coarse adjustment knobs, and automatically
H. Focus Adjustment
1. Tension of Coarse Adjustment Knobs
and Fine Adjustment
Although the tension of the coarse adjust-
ment knobs has been already adjusted for
optimum performance by the manufacturer,
it is possible to personally adjust the tension
of the coarse adjustment for either heavy or
light movement depending onthe operator's
provides a limiting stop if the stage is low-
ered and then raised again. The pre-focusing
lever does not restrict fine focusing.
-.
Fig. 16
preference by rotating the tension adjust- Fig.
15
ment ring a. (Fig. 15)
The ring can be rotated by inserting a screwdriver intoone of the holeson the periphery of
the ring. The clockwise rotation (inthe direction of the arrow) tightens the coarse adjust-
ment knobs. Do not loosen the ring too much, because the stage may drop or the fine
adjustment knobs may slip.
NOTE: Do not rotate the right and left coarse adjustment knobs inthe opposite directions
simultaneously. If the stage drops and the specimen goes out of focus, the tension
adjustment ring is too loose. Tighten the ring.

' 4
3. Adjustment of Stage Block Height
In addition to the vertical movement of the
stage by means of coarse and fine adjust-
ments,the stage block height can be changed
for observation of specimens which are
thicker than standard slides. To lower the
stage block;
1) Loosen the stage block locking screw a
with Allen wrench provided, and raise
the stage block until the stopping screw
a can be seen, then reclamp.
2) Replacethe stopping screw into the lower
threaded hole@). (Fig. 17) Fig. 17
3) Unclamping the stage block again, lower
until it stops, and clamp.
I. Use of Immersion Objectives
1) Focus the specimen with a low power objective.
2) Put a drop of immersion oil on the specimen slide and the front lens of the immersion
objective.
3) Turn the revolving nosepiece to bring the immersion objective into the light path, and
focus with the fine adjustment knobs.
NOTE:
a Care should be taken to prevent oil bubbles from forming in the oil film If
1
any, re-apply immersion oil, for these bubbles greatly deteriorate the lens
performance.
a After use carefully wipe off the immersion oil deposited on the lens surfaces
with gauze moistened with xylene. Never leave oil on the lens surfaces after
use as oil remnants will seriously impair the performance of the lens system.
J. Orthoscopic Observation
1) Swing out the top lens of the condenser.
In principle, polarized light enters the light path, parallel to the optical axis, to enable
observation of the optical characteristics of the specimen. However, this method will
darken the field of view and lower the resolvingpower ofthe objective extremely. There-
fore, swing out the top lens of the condenser, using only the lower aperture of the lower
condenser lens (N.A.
0.25).
2) Insert the analyzer into the light path,
and attain the crossed filter position with
analyzer and polarizer at
0 setting. At
this position, the polarizer vibration
is in
the
X direction, and the analyier vibra-
tion inthe
Y direction. To open the filter
position, pull out the analyzer rotation
screw.
3) Rotate the stage until the extinction of
the image is attained, and move the
45"
click stop lever a toward the operator.
(Fig. 18) Fig. 18

From this position, it is easy to rotate the stage in 45' increments without having to
refer to the angular scale, and the stage clicks at the diagonal position, at which position,
the retardation angle is measured. (Take care if you rotate the stage too fast, it some-
times overrides the click stop position.) To release the
45' click stops, push back the
45' click stop lever.
4) Insert the quarter wave plate or sensitive tint plate into the slot, closest to you at your
right hand side in the intermediate polarizing tube.
To disengage the test plate, you can just pull
it back to its click stop position.
* A Berek compensator is optionally available to measure the birefringence of a specimen.
Sensitive tint plate Quarter wave plate Berek compensator
K. Conoscopic Observation
1) Swing in the top lens of the condenser (N.A. 0.9). and illuminate the specimen with no
need to immerse between the condenser and specimen slide.
2) Bring the specimen into focus, rotate the Bertrand lens turret ring into the IN position.
3) Focus on the interference figure formed at the back focal plane of the objective from
20X to 100X. (Recommendedto stop down the field irisdiaphragm in case of very small
objects.)
The pinhole cap provided may be used in place of the eyepiece to directly view the
interference figure mentioned above. In this case, the Bertrand lens is disengaged.
L. Photomicrography
1) Photomicrographic equipment
Photomicrography with the Model BHSP requires photomicrographic equipment such
as the photomicrographic system camera, exposure meter, photo eyepiece, etc. Read
the instruction manuals for each equipment.
2) Photo eyepieces NFK3.3X and NFK5X are recommended for orthoscopic photomicro-
graphy, and
NFK2.5X for conoscopic photomicrography.
3) Image magnification is obtained from the equation below:
Objective magnification
X N FK photo eyepiece magnification.

VI. OPTICAL DATA
Objective
\
Eyepiece \
WHKlOX
(Fieldnumber 20)
Magnification
W. D. (mm)
Focallength (mm)
Resolvingpower (p)
Total magnification
Focaldepth
(p)
Fieldof view dia-
f meter (mm)
PO D Ach.
1OOOX
+
WHKlOX
(Fieldnumber 20)
+ Magnification
Focal length (mm)
1 34.23
Focaldepth (p) 1 172.5 1 27.6
Resolvingpower (p) 3.36
Total magnification 40X
PO D Plan
1.34
1 OOX
20X
0.4
0.83
8.99
0.84
200X
9.1 4
* Immersion objective. Resolving power is obtained when the objective is used at the full
aperture diaphragm.
Field of view dia-
meter (mm)
0 W.D. (Workingdistance):
The distance between the specimen or cover glass and the nearest point of the objective.
40X
0.65
0.23
4.67
0.52
400X
3.0
0 N.A. (Numerical aperture):
The numerical aperture represents a performance number which could be compared to
the relative aperture (f-number) of a camera lens.
N.A. values can be used for directly
comparing the resolving powers of all types of objectives. The larger
N.A., the higher the
resolving power.
1 OOX
1.25
0.17
1.75
0.27
1OOOX
0.68
5
0 Resolving power:
The ability of a lens to register small details. The resolving power of a lens is measured
by its ability to separate two points.
0 Focal depth:
The distance between the upper and lower limits of sharpness
in the image formed by
an optical system.
2
0 Field number:
A number that represents thq diameter in mm of the image of the field diaphragm that
is formed bythe lens in front of it.
0 Field of view diameter:
1
The actual size of the field of view in mm.
0.5 0.1

VII. TROUBLESHOOTING
Ifyou are unable to obtain full performance from your microscope, please consult with the
table below as pointers for troubleshooting.
Troubles Causes Remedies
Nosepiece
is not correctly attached
to stand.
1. Optical System
Insert sliding dovetail mount kto
stand all the way, until it stops,
then lock.
Disengage.
Disengageanalyzer.
Push in lever up to C.
V. or V.
Slightly rotate nosepiece until it
clicks into position.
(a) With illuminator
switched On,
field of view
cannot be seen.
(b) Field of view is
cut off or illumi-
nated irregularly.
In case of orthoscopic observation,
condenser top lens stays in light
path or stops midway.
Field iris diaphragm is stopped
down excessively.
Bertrand lens is engaged.
Analyzer and polarizer are in "cross
filter,n position OjJ,,
Light path selector lever is stopped
midway.
Nosepiece is not click stopped.
Condenser is not correctly mounted
on ring mount.
Test plate is stopped midway. Swing itout of light path.
Re-insertcondenser allthe way.
Push plate all theway until itclicks.
Open diaphragm fully.
(d) Excessive image
contrast.
(c) Dust or dirt is
visible in field of
(e) Resolutionprob-
lems:
0 Image is not sharp.
0 Insufficient con-
trast.
o lmage details lack
definition.
Lamp is not correctly attached.
Dust or dirt onglass surface at light
exit on base.
Dust on condenser top lens.
Re-insertlamp correctly.
Clean off dust or dirt.
Objective is not correctly position- Slightly rotate nosepiece until it
ed in light path. clicks into position.
Dirtyspecimens.
Dust on eyepiece.
Condenser is lower excessively.
Aperture iris diaphragm
is stopped
down excessively.
Nosepiece is not correctly attached.
I Dirt on objective front lens. I Clean objective. 1
Raise condenser.
Open diaphragm.
Insert sliding dovetail mount all
the way, until
it stops, then lock.
Immersion objective i$ used with- Apply immersion oil.
out immersion oil.
Specimen is not properly illumi- Adjust illumination.
nated.
Bubbles in immersion oil.
Olympus designated oil is not used.
Dirty specimen.
Dirton condenser lens.
Remove bubbles.
Use designatedoil.
Clean.