Baicells Nova-436Q User manual

1
4G LTE
Nova436Q
Outdoor 4x1W Two-Carrier TDD eNodeB
Installation Guide
BaiBLQ_3.0
August 2023
Version 1.18

Nova436Q Outdoor 4x1W Two-Carrier TDD eNodeB Installation Guide
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About This Document
This document is intended for personnel installing the Baicells Nova436Q Outdoor 4x1W Two-Carrier Time
Division Duplexing (TDD) eNodeB (eNB) product. The product overview is followed by the procedures for
properly installing, performing basic configuration, and verifying that the eNB is operational. Please be
advised that only personnel with the appropriate electrical skills and experience should install this device.
This document is based on software version BaiBLQ_3.0. The Nova436Q model numbers are mBS31001B
and mBS31004.
Terms used in this document or related to Long-Term Evolution (LTE) are listed in alphabetical order and
described in Acronyms and Abbreviations, which can be found at Baicells.com > Resources > Documents.
New in This Release
The following updates have been provided in this release:
•The software BaiBS_QRTB migrated to BaiBLQ_3.0 at this release, and all Graphical User Interfaces
(GUIs) depicted in this document reflect the BaiBLQ_3.0 software.
Copyright Notice
Baicells Technologies copyrights the information in this document. No part of this document may be
reproduced in any form or means without the prior written consent of Baicells Technologies.
Disclaimer
All products, services, and features bought from Baicells Technologies are subject to the constraints of the
company's business contract and terms. All or part of the products, services, or features described in this
document might not be your specific Baicells network. Unless stated in the contract, Baicells Technologies
does not make any explicit or default statement or guarantee about the contents of this document.
Unless stated otherwise, this document serves only as a user guide, and all descriptions / information /
suggestions mean no guarantee, neither explicit nor implicit.
The information in this document is subject to change at any time without notice. For more information,
please consult with a Baicells technical engineer or the support team. Refer to the Contact Us section.
Disposal of Electronic and Electrical Waste
Pursuant to the WEEE EU Directive, electronic and electrical waste must not be disposed of with
unsorted waste. Please contact your local recycling authority for disposal of this product.

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Revision Record
Date
Version
Description
SMEs/Contributors
04-Aug-2023
1.18
Updated for BaiBLQ 3.0
Blake Volk
21-Feb-2023
1.18
Updates for QRTB 2.12
Blake Volk, Anna Ch
21-Oct-2022
1.17
Updates for QRTB 2.10.6
Blake Volk, Anna Ch
04-Mar-2022
1.16
Updates for QRTB 2.9.4
Warren Lai, Sonny May, Abel Lamas
30-Nov-2021
1.15
Updates for QRTB 2.6.2
Blake Volk, Warren Lai, Abel Lamas
21-Jan-2021 1.14 Updates for QRTB 2.5.4 Jesse Raasch, Chad Murrish, Danh
PhanLe
18-Jan-2021
1.13
Updates for QRTB 2.4.2
Nitisha Potti, Yang Yannan, Chad
Murrish, Danh PhanLe
08-Sep-2020
1.12
Updates for QRTB 2.3.6
Nitisha Potti, Yang Yannan
19-Feb-2020
1.11
Further info on SFA, SAS, HaloB
Nitisha Potti, Jesse Raasch
17-Dec-2019 1.10 SME comments; Updated for QRTB 2.0.4; Updated
antenna port info
Rick Harnish, Jesse Raasch, Jie Lewis
9-July-2019
1.1 –1.9
English draft
Yang Yanan, Jie Lewis, Jesse Raasch,
Lijunqiang
Resources
•Documentation - Baicells product datasheets, this document, and other technical manuals can
be found at Baicells.com > Resources > Documents.
•Support - Open a support ticket, process an RMA, and the Support Forum are at
Baicells.com > Support.
Contact Us
Baicells Technologies
5700 Tennyson Pkwy, #300, Plano, TX 75024, USA
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail] for North America or con[email protected] for all other regions
Website: baicells.com

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Safety Information
For the safety of installation personnel and for the protection of the equipment from damage, please read
all safety warnings. If you have any questions concerning the warnings, before installing or powering on
the base station, contact the Baicells support team.
WARNING: IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
This warning symbol means danger. You are in a situation that could cause bodily injury. Before you
work on any equipment, be aware of the hazards involved with electrical circuitry, and be familiar
with standard practices for preventing accidents.
WARNING: Read the installation instructions before you connect the system to its power source.
WARNING: Equipment installation must comply with local and national electrical codes.
WARNING: This product relies on the existing building or structure for short-circuit (overcurrent)
protection. Ensure that the protective device is rated no greater than 20A.
WARNING: Do not operate this wireless network device near unshielded blasting caps or in an
explosive environment unless the device has been modified and qualified for such use.
WARNING: To comply with the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) radio
frequency (RF) exposure limits, antennas should be located at a minimum of 7.9 in (20 cm) or more
from the body of all persons.

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Table of Contents
1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................8
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Features........................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Installation Preparation .................................................................................................................11
2.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 LEDs and Interfaces ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Location and Environment ............................................................................................................ 14
2.4 Grounding and Lightning Protection............................................................................................. 14
2.5 Weatherproofing........................................................................................................................... 14
2.6 CloudCore Account........................................................................................................................ 15
3 Installation....................................................................................................................................16
3.1 Process Overview.......................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Install GPS Antenna....................................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Install eNB on Pole or Wall............................................................................................................ 18
3.3.1 Install on Pole..................................................................................................................... 18
3.3.2 Install on Wall..................................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Connect Cables.............................................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1 Cable Laying Requirements................................................................................................ 21
3.4.2 Connect GPS Antenna Cable .............................................................................................. 22
3.4.3 Connect RF Cable(s) ........................................................................................................... 22
3.4.4 Connect Optical Fiber......................................................................................................... 23
3.4.5 Connect Ethernet Cable ..................................................................................................... 23
3.4.6 Connect Power Connector ................................................................................................. 23
3.5 Grounding ..................................................................................................................................... 25
3.5.1 Pole Grounding................................................................................................................... 25
3.5.2 eNB Grounding................................................................................................................... 26
3.5.3 Global Positioning System Antenna Grounding ................................................................. 27
3.5.4 Power Adapter Grounding ................................................................................................. 28
3.6 Maintenance Chamber Waterproofing......................................................................................... 28
3.7 Power on to Check LED Status ...................................................................................................... 28
3.8 Configure Basic Parameters .......................................................................................................... 29
3.8.1 Launch the eNB GUI ........................................................................................................... 29
3.8.2 Upgrade Firmware ............................................................................................................. 30
3.8.3 Basic Configuration Overview ............................................................................................ 31
3.8.4 Configure Network Interfaces............................................................................................ 32
3.8.5 Configure the Management Server.................................................................................... 37
3.8.6 Configure Quick Settings.................................................................................................... 40
3.8.7 Configure Carrier Setting.................................................................................................... 41
3.8.8 Reboot................................................................................................................................ 42
3.8.9 Verify eNB Operational Status............................................................................................ 43
Appendix: Regulatory Compliance ....................................................................................................45
FCC Compliance................................................................................................................................... 45
ISEDC Compliance ............................................................................................................................... 45

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List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Nova436Q eNB............................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 1-2: Network Structure ...................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-1: Pack Out....................................................................................................................................11
Figure 2-2: LEDs and Interfaces................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2-3: Weatherproofing ...................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2-4: CloudCore Login Page ............................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3-1: Installation Process Overview................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3-2: GPS Installation Requirements .................................................................................................17
Figure 3-3: GPS Antenna Installation .......................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3-4: Omega Clamps ..........................................................................................................................18
Figure 3-5: Attach Bracket to Pole...............................................................................................................18
Figure 3-6: Attach eNB to Bracket............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3-7: Tighten Screw............................................................................................................................19
Figure 3-8: Completed Installation.............................................................................................................. 19
Figure 3-9: Mark and Drill Holes .................................................................................................................20
Figure 3-10: Attach With Expansion Screws................................................................................................20
Figure 3-11: Attach eNB to Bracket.............................................................................................................21
Figure 3-12: Completed Installation............................................................................................................ 21
Figure 3-13: Power Supply Adaptor ............................................................................................................ 23
Figure 3-14: Distribution Box ...................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3-15: Power Terminal Cord...............................................................................................................24
Figure 3-16: Power Terminal .......................................................................................................................24
Figure 3-17: Pole Grounding ....................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-18: Grounding Screws ...................................................................................................................26
Figure 3-19: Connecting Cables and Grounding Screws .............................................................................27
Figure 3-20: GPS Grounding........................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 3-21: Power Adapter Grounding Terminal .......................................................................................28
Figure 3-22: Check LEDs .............................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 3-23: GUI Login.................................................................................................................................29
Figure 3-24: Home Page..............................................................................................................................30
Figure 3-25: Configuration Flow.................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 3-26: WAN/LAN/VLAN...................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3-27: LAN Config Tab........................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 3-28: LGW.........................................................................................................................................35
Figure 3-29: LGW = Router..........................................................................................................................36
Figure 3-30: Static Routing..........................................................................................................................37
Figure 3-31: Management Server ...............................................................................................................38
Figure 3-32: Quick Setting........................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 3-33: Carrier Setting......................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 3-34: Reboot..................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 3-35: Cell Status (eNB GUI) ..............................................................................................................43
Figure 3-36: Cell Status (OMC).................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 3-37: OMC Display Setting ...............................................................................................................44

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List of Tables
Table 2-1: Materials.....................................................................................................................................12
Table 2-2: Installation Tools.........................................................................................................................12
Table 2-3: LEDs ............................................................................................................................................13
Table 2-4: Interfaces.................................................................................................................................... 13
Table 2-5: Environmental Specifications ..................................................................................................... 14
Table 3-1: WAN/LAN/VLAN ......................................................................................................................... 33
Table 3-2: LGW ............................................................................................................................................35
Table 3-3: Static Routing ............................................................................................................................. 37
Table 3-4: Management Server...................................................................................................................39

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1 Overview
1.1 Introduction
The Baicells Nova436Q (Figure 1-1) is an advanced outdoor 4x1W two-carrier eNB that is compliant with
Third-Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) LTE TDD technology. This versatile eNodeB can be
configured as a 2x1W single carrier eNB, two 2x1Ws single carrier eNBs (Dual Carrier (DC)/Split Sector), or
a 4x1W Carrier Aggregation (CA) eNB. The Nova436Q supports broadband data access, providing various
data service transformation and transmission capabilities to enable outdoor wireless coverage. This
eNodeB can be used to improve capacity and throughput while eliminating existing dead zones.
Figure 1-1: Nova436Q eNB
The network structure of the Nova436Q is shown in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-2: Network Structure

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As a two-carrier eNB, the Nova436Q hardware unit contains two separate eNBs inside one shell. Having
two carriers provides versatile options in how you operate the eNB. The available operating modes are
described in the next section, Features.
The Nova436Q's primary cell (Pcell) is referred to as Cell 1. The secondary cell (Scell) is referred to as
Cell 2. The 436Q has four antenna ports and supports either one 4-port or two 2-port Radio Frequency
(RF) antenna installations. Each eNB comes pre-configured to simplify the installation. Baicells provides
operators with local and Web-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) software applications to configure and
manage individual eNBs and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).
Additionally, Baicells offers a centralized Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solution called CloudCore.
CloudCore includes all of the key LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network functions, an Operations
Management Console (OMC) for managing multiple sites across the network, and a Business and
Operation Support System (BOSS) for subscriber management.
This document provides a general description, guidelines, and procedures for installing, entering basic
configuration information, and verifying the operational status of the Nova436Q eNB. To view a video
demonstration of the installation process for the Nova436Q, click here.
1.2 Features
The two-carrier Nova436Q eNB can operate in one of several modes:
•Single Carrier (SC)
•CA mode (based on software license)
•DC/split mode (based on software license)
•HaloB mode (embedded in the base software)
•Citizens Broadband Radio System (CBRS) Spectrum Access System (SAS)
SC describes a scenario where the operator wishes to use only one of the two available cells in the eNB.
This may be necessary for operators who have limited licensed spectrum or who are planning to use the
second carrier later as their network grows. In SC mode, only the primary cell (Pcell), aka Cell 1, is used.
CA provides the ability to aggregate channels from across the full CBRS range, even channels that are not
adjacent. Using CA essentially doubles the downlink capacity when all users have CAT6 or later CPE.
DC (split sector) mode enables the operator to run the 436Q as two independent carriers for split sector
coverage.
HaloB allows the eNB to function with embedded Mobility Management Entity (MME) capabilities on
board so that the eNB operates independently from the usual cloud connection. HaloB is standard in the
Nova436Q as part of the basic software. This enables the user to migrate core network functions to the
eNB.
CBRS SAS is a multi-vendor SAS database where CBRS spectrum use is managed dynamically across
operators. The CBRS band covers 3.55–3.70 GHz. Operators must sign up with a SAS provider, which
handles the dynamic frequency assignment and release process. Baicells provides FCC Part 96 certified
eNBs, including the Nova436Q, and CPEs that operate within the Part 96 rules for CBRS. The Baicells eNBs
and CPEs use a Domain Proxy (DP) to connect to the SAS server by leveraging the existing connection with
the OMC.

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NOTE 1: Legacy Gen 1 CPEs do not support SAS.
NOTE 2: This installation guide only covers the basic configuration of a single cell for verifying
that the eNB unit is operational during the process of installation. More detailed configuration
guides are available on the Baicells website: Baicells.com > Resources > Documents:
• CloudCore Configuration and Network Administration Guide
• Atom CAT4 CPE Configuration Guide
• Atom CAT6/CAT15 CPE Configuration Guide
• 4G LTE eNodeB Configuration Guide – BaiBLQ (formerly QRTB)
• Carrier Aggregation and Dual Carrier/Split Mode Configuration Guide
• HaloB Solution User Guide
• SAS Deployment Guide
In addition to the Nova436Q eNB's two carriers and multiple operating modes, the following is a list of
other key features. The Nova436Q datasheet providing technical specifications is available on the
Baicells website.
•Supports standard LTE TDD Band 42 (3400 MHz–3600 MHz) and Band 48 (3550 MHz–3700 MHz)
•Complies with 3GPP Release 15 standards
•Supports 5/10/15/20 MHz bandwidth per carrier
•Provides excellent Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) coverage
•Peak rate is a configurable parameter using special Subframe Assignment (SA):
o2x20 MHz, per carrier:
SA1: DL 105 Mbps, UL 28 Mbps
SA2: DL 145 Mbps, UL 14 Mbps
SA6: DL 85 Mbps, UL 35 Mbps
o2x10 MHz, per carrier:
SA1: DL 51 Mbps, UL 14 Mbps
SA2: DL 70 Mbps, UL 7 Mbps
SA6: DL 42 Mbps, UL 17 Mbps
•Supports 96 concurrent users per carrier [x2 carriers (96+96) if operating in DC mode]
•Supports TR-069 network management interface
•Can be accessed via GUI-based local and remote Web management
•Connects to any IP-based backhaul, including public transmission
•Is lightweight and uses low power consumption to reduce OPEX
•Acts as a plug-and-play device with Self-Organizing Network (SON) capabilities
•Can be used for Internet of Things (IoT) with all mainstream EPC vendors
•Ensures secure protection against illegal intrusion
•Supports one 4-port antenna or two 2-port antennas
•Integrated small cell form-factor for quick and easy installation
•Configured out-of-the-box to work with Baicells CloudCore

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•Embedded HaloB ("lite" EPC) solution
•Supports CBRS with dual carrier
•Supports Transparent Bridge Mode
2 Installation Preparation
2.1 Materials
Check the Nova436Q package to ensure it contains the primary components in the pack out (Figure 2-1).
In addition to industry-standard tools, you need the materials described in Table 2-1 and the tools shown
in Table 2-2.
Figure 2-1: Pack Out

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Table 2-1: Materials
Item Description
Power cable < 16 AWG, e.g., 14 AWG, shorter than 330 feet (100 meters)
Power plug The plug that connects the power cable to the electricity supply
RF antenna cable 50-ohm feeder, ½ jumper
RF antenna Omni or directional dual polarized
Optical fiber Single-mode optical fiber
Ethernet cable Outdoor CAT6, shorter than 330 feet (100 meters)
Ground cable 5 AWG (16 mm²) diameter yellow-green wire
Table 2-2: Installation Tools
Level bar Marker Knife Pliers
Wrench
Percussion drill and drill
heads Hammer
Phillips-head
screwdriver
Cable vice (crimper) Tape measure
5 mm
L-shape Allen wrench T7 screwdriver head

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2.2 LEDs and Interfaces
Figure 2-2, Table 2-3, and Table 2-4 explain the eNB's LED status indicators and interfaces.
Figure 2-2: LEDs and Interfaces
Table 2-3: LEDs
LED Description Status Description
PWR Green Steady on Power is on
OFF No power supply
CELL2 Green Fast flash: 0.125 s on, 0.125 s off CELL 2 inactive
Slow flash: 1 s on, 1 s off CELL 2 activated
CELL1 Green Fast flash: 0.125 s on, 0.125 s off CELL 1 inactive
Slow flash: 1 s on, 1 s off CELL 1 activated
ALM Red Steady on Hardware (e.g., VSWR) alarm
OFF No alarm
Table 2-4: Interfaces
Interface Description
PWR Power supply: +48 V (+42 V to +60 V) DC
OPT
Optical backhaul interface (SFP) to connect to the external transmission network, used
for data backhaul
ETH RJ-45 interface (GE), used for debugging or data backhaul
GPS
Port for the optional external Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna, N-female
connector
ANT Port for external RF antenna, N-female connector

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2.3 Location and Environment
The Nova436Q can be installed on a pole or a wall. For the best signal coverage, place the eNB in an
unobstructed location. In addition to network planning, when determining where to place the eNB consider
factors such as climate, hydrology, geology, the possibility of earthquakes, reliable electric power, and
transportation access. Avoid locating the eNB in areas with extreme temperatures, harmful gases, unstable
voltages, volatile vibrations, loud noises, flames, explosives, or electromagnetic interference (e.g., large
radar stations, transformer substations). Avoid areas prone to impounded water, soaking, leakage, or
condensation. Environmental specifications are shown in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5: Environmental Specifications
Item Description
Operating Temperature -40°F to 131°F / -40°C to 55°C
Storage Temperature -49°F to 158°F / -45°C to 70°C
Relative Humidity 5 % to 95 % RH
Atmospheric Pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Safety Voltage 42 V to 58 V
2.4 Grounding and Lightning Protection
You must protect the eNB, antenna, and GPS against lightning. All Nova eNBs have a floating ground on
the power system. Following are guidelines concerning grounding.
•The yellow-green ground wire must be at least 5 AWG (16 mm2) diameter.
•Always place the grounding as near as possible to the equipment.
•Connect to a reliable outdoor grounding point (earth) using one ground screw.
•The connection of the grounding points and ground bar needs to be tight and reliable.
Rustproofing the terminals, e.g., with antioxidant coating or grease, is required.
2.5 Weatherproofing
To protect the connection points from weather and climate, clean each connection point before
installing cold shrink tubes, per the following (Figure 2-3).
1. Insert the cable into the cold shrink tube.
2. Tighten the connector.
3. Push the cold shrink tube to the top joint and pull out the strip.
4. Ensure the cold shrink tube is tightly fitted with the connection.

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Figure 2-3: Weatherproofing
2.6 CloudCore Account
The Baicells CloudCore includes the EPC managed by Baicells, and two operator applications, OMC to
manage network elements and BOSS to manage subscribers. If you have not already set up a Baicells
CloudCore account, follow the steps below.
Step 1: Open a web browser, and enter the CloudCore address (
Step 2: Figure 2-4): https://cloudcore.cloudapp.net/cloudcore/
Step 3: Click on the Sign up link.
Step 4: Complete the mandatory fields, and again click on Sign up.
Figure 2-4: CloudCore Login Page
You will receive an email from Baicells. Click on the CloudCore
link to go to the login page.
Enter your login user name (email address) and password to
authenticate.

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3 Installation
3.1 Process Overview
Figure 3-1 provides an overview of the installation process.
Figure 3-1: Installation Process Overview
3.2 Install GPS Antenna
WARNING: Ensure the antenna is connected before powering up the eNB. The wireless signal
transmission power can cause bodily injury, and damage to the eNB and RF power amplifier
devices.
Read the following GPS antenna installation requirements before installing it on the eNB and refer to
Figure 3-2.
•No major blocking from buildings in the vicinity. Make sure the space atop is at least 45 degrees
unblocked by any buildings.
•The GPS antenna should be installed within 45 degrees to the lightning rod.
•Do not install the GPS antenna near other transmitting and receiving equipment, to avoid
interference. Do not install it under a microwave antenna or high voltage cable. Avoid the direction
of radiation from other transmitting antennas to the GPS antenna.
•When two or more GPS antennas are installed, it is recommended to keep the spacing of more
than 6.74 feet (2 meters) and install multiple GPS antennas in different locations to prevent
simultaneous interference.
•GPS antenna feeders cannot be grounded together with ground conductors of interfering
equipment such as air conditioners, motors, and pump motors, etc. to prevent external
interference from being introduced into the antenna system.

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Figure 3-2: GPS Installation Requirements
The GPS antenna system is assembled in manufacturing before packing. The only installation step is to fix
the GPS mounting bracket on the eNB with the M4*14 screws (Figure 3-3).
NOTE: The eNB accommodates different types of GPS antennas and may not look the same as
the GPS antenna in Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3: GPS Antenna Installation

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3.3 Install eNB on Pole or Wall
3.3.1 Install on Pole
The eNB mounting bracket is assembled in manufacturing before packing. The only action required by the
installer is to attach the assembly to the pole/wall bracket.
Check to ensure the diameter of the pole is in the range of 1.6–2.8 in (40–70 mm). The position of the eNB
on the pole should be at least 47 in (120 cm) in height. Follow the steps below to install the eNB on a pole.
1. Unscrew the four bolts of the assembled pole bracket. Slide the two omega clamps to the left, and
then turn them up or down (Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-4: Omega Clamps
2. Attach the pole bracket to the pole, considering the height requirements described above. Fit the
threaded rod of the bracket to the pole, and then turn the two clamps to the proper position as
shown in Figure 3-5. Tighten the four bolts with a wrench.
Figure 3-5: Attach Bracket to Pole

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3. Align the two pins on the eNB bracket to the pin holes on the pole bracket, and lower the pins
vertically into the pin holes ensuring the hooks on the eNB are firmly attached in the slot on the
pole bracket (Figure 3-6).
Figure 3-6: Attach eNB to Bracket
4. Tighten the screw on the top of the bracket using a Phillips-head screwdriver (Figure 3-7) to
complete the installation (Figure 3-8).
Figure 3-7: Tighten Screw
Figure 3-8: Completed Installation
5. Proceed to section 3.4.

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3.3.2 Install on Wall
Ensure that the wall can bear at least four times the weight of the eNB. Follow the steps below to install
the Nova436Q eNB on the wall.
1. Take off the omega clamps of the pole/wall bracket so that only wall bracket remains.
2. Place the wall bracket on the wall with the arrow facing up, as shown in Figure 3-9. Mark the
drilling locations using a pencil or marker.
3. Drill two 0.4 in (10 mm) diameter, 2.8 in (70 mm) deep holes in the wall at the marked locations.
Figure 3-9: Mark and Drill Holes
4. Insert M8*80 expansion bolts and fasten. Check the up/down direction of the wall bracket, and
then attach to the wall using expansion bolts (Figure 3-10).
Figure 3-10: Attach With Expansion Screws