!;9,6I7/<
$8@BG8HEA8
7X@4EE8C4F
(B@C85?BDHX8
$4CB@C8
9BA6G<BAA8@4<F
?á84HA8FBEGC4F
X5<G<AFH99<F4AG
EH<GF8G
I<5E4G<BAF78?4
CB@C8
H<G878?4
:4EA<GHE8
@X64A<DH8
+></<:;9,+,6/<
4?<@8AG4G<BAX?86GE<DH8<A4CCEBCE<X8
5BAA8K<BAFX?86GE<DH8F<A6BEE86G8F
6$8F9HF<5?8F7<F=BA6G8AG
7HF<5?8F:E<??XFBH7X986GH8HK
8E5E85?BDHX
9+< ?8F 64HF8F 6<78FFHF BAG XGX
IXE<9<X8F<?8FGCEB545?8DH8?8@BG8HE
9BA6G<BAA8@4?
4(XE<B78CEB?BA:X87á<A46G<I<GX4I86?4
9BE@4G<BA78EBH<??8R?á<AGXE<8HE78?4
CB@C8
5(EXF8A687áX?X@8AGFFB?<78F74AF?8
EBGBE78?4CB@C8
6*BH?8@8AGF5?BDHXF
4(EXF8A687á4<ER?á<AGXE<8HE78?4CB@C8
BH78?464A4?<F4G<BA7á4FC<E4G<BA
5(BFF<5?8<A9<?GE4G<BA7á4<EC4E?85<4<F78
?4 64A4?<F4G<BA 7á4FC<E4G<BA 7H
5BH6;BA 78 I<74A:8 BH 78
E8@C?<FF4:878?4CB@C8BH5<8A78F
=B<AGF7HGHL4H7á4FC<E4G<BA
6
?4C8G78C<875?BDHXBHGHL4H7á4FC<E4G<BA
C4F8AG<YE8@8AG<@@8E:X74AF?8?<DH<78
7<?GE87á4FC<E4G<BA8A6E4FFX
4,HL4HK 8G 4668FFB<E8F 4I86 HA
7<4@YGE8 GEBC C8G<G 8AGE4^A4AG 78F
C8EG8F786;4E:8
5(EXF8A68 78 7XCcGF 8G 78 6BECF
XGE4A:8EF74AF?á<AGXE<8HE7HC4FF4:8
7HEBGBE
6*BGBE7XG8E<BEX
7*BGBE8G6BECF78CB@C8HFXF
84M7<FFBHF74AF?á84H
9.<F6BF<GX7H?<DH<78CB@CXF<4HGE8
DH878?á84H
:+8AF78EBG4G<BA<A6BEE86G
;&(+ GEBC<@CBEG4AGC4EE4CCBEGR?4
64C46<GX7á4FC<E4G<BA78?4CB@C8
<,HL4H7á4FC<E4G<BAGEBC?BA:
4?X@8AG8AEBG4G<BA7XFXDH<?<5EX
5*BH?8@8AGFHFXF
6(B@C8 8G GHL4HK A8 FBAG C4F
4FF8@5?XF7894WBAXG4A6;8
7X5<GGEBC<@CBEG4AGCBHE?87<4@YGE8
78E89BH?8@8AG78?4CB@C8
8BA6G<BAA8@8AG8A64I<G4G<BA
9?<@8AG4G<BAX?86GE<DH88AFBHFG8AF<BA
4$4:4EA<GHE8@X64A<DH849BA6G<BAAXR
F86BH8FG5?BDHX8
54EA<GHE8 @X64A<DH8 E4LX8 C4E ?4
CEXF8A687áX?X@8AGF45E4F<9F74AF?8
?<DH<78CB@CX
64EA<GHE8 @X64A<DH8 <A4CCEBCE<X8
CBHE?8GLC87á4CC?<64G<BA
7+H<AG8@8AG <A<G<4? ?X:8E C8A74AG ?8
E8@C?<FF4:8BH4HCE8@<8E7X@4EE4:8
13. Dysfonctionnements
==/8=398 BHC8E?á4?<@8AG4G<BAX?86GE<DH84I4AG78EX4?<F8EGBHG8BCXE4G<BA
I<G8E?89BA6G<BAA8@8AGRF86@Z@8CBHEHA86BHEG87HEX8
+H<IE8FGE<6G8@8AG?8F<AFGEH6G<BAF7áHG<?<F4G<BA8GF<AX68FF4<E86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
$96>=398<:9<<3,6/<
4.XE<9<8EDH8?49EXDH8A687HF86G8HEX?86GE<DH88G?4G8AF<BA6BEE8FCBA78AG4HK
64E46GXE<FG<DH8FX?86GE<DH8F<A7<DHX8FFHE?4C?4DH8<A7<64G<I87H@BG8HE
5BAA86G8E6BEE86G8@8AG?86S5?87á4?<@8AG4G<BAX?86GE<DH8R?45B^G8R5BEA8F
.XE<9<8EDH8?4CEBG86G<BAG;8E@<DH88FG<AFG4??X86BEE86G8@8AGE8:4E78E?8F
<A9BE@4G<BAFFHE?4C?4DH8<A7<64G<I87H@BG8HE8GFá4FFHE8EDH8?46BAA8K<BA7H
G45?84H789HF<5?8F7H@BG8HE8FG6BEE86G8
6*8:4E78E?4CH<FF4A6878@4A7X8C4E?4CB@C8Fá4FFHE8EDH8?á4E5E8EBGBE
GBHEA8?<5E8@8AG8GEX:?8E?4CEBG86G<BAG;8E@<DH8F<GHX8FHE?4C?4DH8R5BEA8F8
EX9XE8ER?4C?4DH8<A7<64G<I87H@BG8HE
7
*8@C?468E?8F9HF<5?8FIXE<9<8E?á4?<@8AG4G<BAX?86GE<DH84<AF<DH8?8FCB<AGF48G6
8+HCCE<@8E ?464HF87H5?B64:8 6B@@8 <A7<DHX74AF ?8 C4E4:E4C;8
np(B@C85?BDHX8po7868GG8ABG<68
9+<AX68FF4<E86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
4(BHE?8FCB@C8F78C8G<G8CH<FF4A68<?8FGCBFF<5?8787X:E<CC8E4I86HA
GBHEA8I<F8AGBHEA4AG74AF?8A6B6;8F<GHX8FHE?á4EE<YE878?á4E5E878?4CB@C8
6cGXI8AG<?4G8HE(BHE78F:EBHC8FC?HF:E4A7F?4EBG4G<BAC8HGZGE84@BE6X8
7<E86G8@8AGRC4EG<E78?á4E5E878?4CB@C8BHRC4EG<E7H=B<AGA8C4FBH5?<8E78
6BHC8ECEX4?45?8@8AG?á4?<@8AG4G<BAX?86GE<DH8BH5<8A6BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
5+<CBFF<5?87X@BAG8E?86BECF78CB@C88G8KGE4<E8GBHF?8F6B@CBF4AGF
XGE4A:8EFFB?<78FF<AX68FF4<E86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
6
+<?8FEBH?8@8AGFFBAG8A7B@@4:XF?8FE8@C?468E8GF<AX68FF4<E86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
4I46H8E?á4<E8AHG<?<F4AG?8F5BH6;BAF78?4CB@C88GBH4I86?4I4?I878
6BAGEc?87HE89BH?8@8AG*XCXG8E?8FBCXE4G<BAF7á8KGE46G<BA=HFDHáR68DH8GBHG
?á4<EFB<G8KCH?FX
5BAGEc?8EDH8??8C4EG<8Aá8FGC4F;8E@XG<DH88GXG45?<EHA86BEE86G8XG4A6;X<GX
6&8GGBL8E 8G E8@C?468E ?8 6?4C8G 78 C<87 8G HG<?<F8E HA GHL4H 7á4FC<E4G<BA
6BEE8FCBA74AGR68GG84CC?<64G<BA
7&8GGBL8E?89<?GE88GF<AX68FF4<E8?8E8@C?468EBAFH?G8E4HFF<?8C4E4:E4C;8
5
4-G<?<F8E78FGHL4HK8G4668FFB<E8F4CCEBCE<XFR?áHG<?<F4G<BAFCX6<9<DH8
5&8GGBL8E?8EBGBE8G<AFG4??8EHA9<?GE87á4FC<E4G<BACBHE8@CZ6;8E?8C4FF4:8
7á4HGE8F6BECFXGE4A:8EF
6*8@C?468E?8EBGBE8GF<AX68FF4<E86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
7*8@C?468E?8EBGBE8G?86BECF78CB@C8
8*X4?<F8E7<99XE8AG8FBCXE4G<BAF7áBHI8EGHE8F8G98E@8GHE8F4I86?4I4AA878
E89BH?8@8AGCBHEXI46H8E?8:4MR?á<AGXE<8HE7H6BECF78CB@C8+<?8CEB5?Y@8
C8EF<FG86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
9$4CB@C88FG<A4CCEBCE<X8
:!AI8EF8E?8F5E4A6;8@8AGFX?86GE<DH8F4H5BEA<8EBHG45?84H786B@@4A78
;FF4L8E7898E@8EC4EG<8??8@8AG?4I4AA878E89BH?8@8AG8GBHEX7H<E8?4
7<99XE8A6878;4HG8HE8AGE8?4CB@C88G?8?<DH<784FC<EX
<%8GGE8?4CB@C8C?HFRCEBK<@<GX78?4546;87á4FC<E4G<BA49<A7áHG<?<F8EHAGHL4H
C?HF6BHEG+<AX68FF4<E8HG<?<F8EHAGHL4H787<4@YGE8FHCXE<8HE
4.XE<9<8EDHá4H6HA6BECFFB?<78AáB5FGEH8?8EBGBE
5*8@C?468E?8FEBH?8@8AGF
6.XE<9<8E?áXG4A6;X<GXC4E94<G878?464A4?<F4G<BA
7-G<?<F8E78F7<4@YGE8FFHCXE<8HEFBHEX7H<E8?89?HKCB@CX
8*X7H<E8?87X5<G8A4=HFG4AG?4I4AA878E89BH?8@8AG8GBH8AHG<?<F4AG78FGHL4HK
4I86HA7<4@YGE8<AG8EA8FHCXE<8HEBAFH?G8E4HFF<?8C4E4:E4C;8;
9.XE<9<8EDH8?4G8AF<BA78F86G8HE8FG6BEE86G8(BHE?8F64F458G6
E8@C?468E?4:4EA<GHE8@X64A<DH88GF<AX68FF4<E86BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
4+á4FFHE8EDH8?86BECF78CB@C88FG5<8AE8@C?<78?<DH<784<AF<DH8?8GHL4H
7á4FC<E4G<BAF<?4CB@C8Aá8FGC4F4HGB4@BEW4AG88GDH8GBHG?á4<E45<8AXGX
XI46HXBAFH?G8E4HFF<?8C4E4:E4C;88
5!AFG4??8EHA9<?GE87á4FC<E4G<BA8GHG<?<F8EHA8:4EA<GHE84CCEBCE<X84H?<DH<78
CB@CX
6;B<F<EHA8:4EA<GHE87BAG?8F64E46GXE<FG<DH8FFBAG4CCEBCE<X8FR?á4CC?<64G<BA
FCX6<9<DH8
7GG8A7E8DH8?4:4EA<GHE8Fá4=HFG8R?4EBG4G<BA78?á4E5E8+<?8CEB5?Y@8C8EF<FG8
6BAFH?G8E?8FC4E4:E4C;8F456BH6BAG46G8E?8E8I8A78HE
17