Codan Cascade User manual

Document Number:
Revision:
Revision Date:
Security Classication:
Codan Radio Communications
Victoria, BC
PRINTED IN CANADA
CASCADE SYSTEM
MODULES
OPERATION GUIDE
© 2018 Codan Limited.
No part of this guide may be reproduced, transcribed, translated into any
language or transmitted in any form whatsoever without the prior written
consent of Codan Limited.
CODAN™, NGT™, Easitalk™, CIB™ and CALM™ are trademarks of
Codan Limited. Other brand, product, and company names mentioned
in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.
The English version takes precedence over any translated versions.
OG-CASC-SYS-MOD
1-0-1P
May2018
PUBLIC

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The user’s authority to operate this equipment could be revoked through
any changes or modications not expressly approved by Codan Limited.
The design of this equipment is subject to change due to continuous
development. This equipment may incorporate minor changes in detail
from the information contained in this manual.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may
not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference,
including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
NOTE
This document has been produced, veried and controlled in accordance
with Quality Management System requirements.
Please report any errors or problems.
DOCUMENT CONTROL
DOCUMENT REVISION
DEFINITION
Documentation uses a three-level revision system. Each element of
the revision number signies the scope of change as described in the
diagram below.
Major Revisions:
The result of a major change to
product function, process or requirements.
Minor Revisions:
The result of a minor change to
product, process or requirements.
Editorial Revisions:
The result of typing corrections or
changes in formatting, grammar or wording.
1-0-0
Three-level revision numbers start at 1-0-0 for the rst release. The
appropriate element of the revision number is incremented by 1 for each
subsequent revision, causing any digits to the right to be reset to 0.
For example:
If the current revision = 2-1-1 Then the next major revision = 3-0-0
If the current revision = 4-3-1 Then the next minor revision = 4-4-0
If the current revision = 3-2-2 Then the next editorial revision = 3-2-3
Document revision history is provided at the back of the document.

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RF Exposure Warning
Exposure to radio frequency (RF) energy has been identied as a potential environmental factor that must be
considered before a radio transmitter can be authorized or licensed. The FCC and IC have therefore developed
maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for eld strength and power density, listed in FCC 47 CFR § 1.1310
and IC RSS-102 Issue 5 Sect 4. The FCC has furthermore determined that determination of compliance with these
exposure limits, and preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA) if the limits are exceeded, is necessary
only for facilities, operations and transmitters that fall into certain risk categories, listed in FCC 47 CFR § 1.1307
(b), Table 1. All other facilities, operations and transmitters are categorically excluded from making such studies or
preparing an EA, except as indicated in FCC 47 CFR §§ 1.1307 (c) and (d).
KDB 447198 D01 General RF Exposure Guidance v06 and IC RSS-102 Issue 5 provide assistance in determining
whether a proposed or existing transmitting facility, operation or device complies with RF exposure limits. In
accordance with KDB 447198 , FCC 47 CFR § 1.1307 (b) and RSS-102 Issue 5 Sect 2.5, the Codan Radio
Communications transmitter manufactured in Canada is categorically excluded from routine evaluation or preparing
an EA for RF emissions and this exclusion is sufcient basis for assuming compliance with FCC/IC MPE limits. This
exclusion is subject to the limits specied in FCC 47 CFR §§ 1.1307 (b), 1.1310 and IC RSS-102 Issue 5 Sect 4.
Codan Radio Communications has no reason to believe that the excluded transmitter encompasses exceptional
characteristics that could cause non-compliance.
Notes:
•The FCC and IC’s exposure guidelines constitute exposure limits, not emission limits. They are relevant
to locations that are accessible to workers or members of the public. Such access can be restricted or
controlled by appropriate means (i.e., fences, warning signs and others).
•The FCC and IC’s limits apply cumulatively to all sources of RF emissions affecting a given site. Sites
exceeding these limits are subject to an EA and must provide test reports indicating compliance.
RF Safety Guidelines and Information
Base and Repeater radio transmitters are designed to generate and radiate RF energy by means of an external
antenna, typically mounted at a signicant height above ground to provide adequate signal coverage. To reduce
potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent
isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is not more than that permitted for successful communication. The following
antenna installation guidelines must be adhered to in order to ensure RF exposure compliance:
Non-building-mounted Antennas:
•Height above ground level to lowest point of antenna ≥ 10 m
•Power ≤ 1000 W ERP (1640 W EIRP)
Building-mounted Antennas:
Power ≤ 1000 W ERP (1640 W EIRP)
The following RF Safety Guidelines should be observed when working in or around transmitter sites:
• Do not work on or around any transmitting antenna while RF power is applied.
•Before working on an antenna, disable the appropriate transmitter and ensure a “DO NOT USE”
or similar sign is placed on or near the PTT or key-up control.
•Assume all antennas are active unless specically indicated otherwise.
•Never operate a transmitter with the cover removed.
•Ensure all personnel entering a transmitter site have electromagnetic energy awareness training.
For more information on RF energy exposure and compliance, please refer to the following:
1. FCC Code of Regulations; 47 CFR §§ 1.1307 and 1.1310
2. KDB 447198 D01 General RF Exposure Guidance v06
3. https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0
4. IC RSS-102 Issue 5, “Radio Frequency Exposure Compliance of Radio Communication
Apparatus”

��
10
( )
iv
RF Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)
Exhibit Requirements for Installations in the United States of America
FCC Part 1, Section 1.1307 table 1- Transmitters, Facilities and Operations Subject to Routine Environmental Evaluation states the following for Part 90 Devices:
•Part 90 devices Non-building-mounted antennas: height above ground level to lowest point of antenna <10 m and power >1000 W ERP (1640 W
EIRP). Building-mounted antennas: power >1000 W ERP (1640 W EIRP).
Another way ofwording this is that Part 90 devices are not Subject toRoutine Environmental Evaluation when the antenna is installed at 10Meters or higher and
operating total power level ofall channels is less than 1640 Watts EIRP.
As an example, a 125Wtransmitter with a 10dB gain antenna with a low loss cable would translate into 1,000 Watts EIRP inthe envelope lobe. Ifitis mounted
10 Meters or higher above where people could be walking, you have a safe installation and do not have to perform MPE calculations for safe distance.
No antenna is supplied with this unit. Some suggested antennas are:
-Manufacturer: Sinclair Model: SC225 Gain: 0 dBd (2.15 dBi)
-Manufacturer: Sinclair Model: SC233 Gain: 3 dBd (5.15 dBi)
-Manufacturer: Sinclair Model: SD114 Gain: 7.5 dBd (9.65 dBi)
If the antenna is lower than 10Meters then you need to verify that your installation is at a safe distance for Exposure to the General Population.
For United States installations, you must ensure that your installation complies with the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) requirements for general
population that are specified under FCC Part 1 Section 1.1310 Table 1.
For US Installations, the maximum power density resulting from the composite Effective Isotopic Radiated Power (EIRP) from the antenna connected to this
equipment must be limited to the maximum permissible exposure as stated below:
•Power density limit for the band 152 to 174MHz = 0.2 mW/cm²
MPE and Safe Distance Calculations for USA Installations
This Power Density value is determined by the combination of RF output, cable loss, antenna gain, and distance from the antenna when energized.
The MPE calculation for US installations is expressed as follows:
•Power Density Pd (mW/cm²) = (
��������
)
�� ∗ �� ∗ ��
Where
•d = distance from the antenna expressed in cm.
(
[ ���� ������ ( �� �� �� ) + ���� �� �� ���� �� ( �� �� �� ) − ��� � ���� �� �� �� ���� ( �� �� ) ]
)
• EIRP expressed in mW = 10
10
•Tx Power (dBm) = 10*log[Tx Power (mW)]
As anexample, with the transmitter running at125 watts output into an antenna with a gain of 10 dBi using ashort cable with 0dB loss, to verify if650cm
(6.5meters) isa safe distance from the antenna to ensure exposure compliance of 0.2mW/cm2:
1) 125 Watts Tx Power = 51dBm
2) EIRP (mW) = 10
(
[ ���� ������ ( 50 �� �� �� ) + ���� �� �� �� �� �� ( 10 �� �� �� ) − � ��� ���� �� �� �� ���� ( 0 �� �� ) ]
)
60
= 10
10
= 1,000,000mW
3) Pd (mW/cm2) = (
EIRP
) = (
1,000,000
) = (
1,000,000
) =0.19mW/cm
2
4∗π∗d
2
4 ∗ �� ∗ 650
2
5,309,291
•6.5 meters (21.125 Feet) is a safe distance for US installations when using a 10dBi Antenna.
The minimum safe distance, from a radiating structure using different Gain Antennas”
•For the Band 152 to 174MHz with 2dBi Gain Antenna: d (safe distance) = 2.6 m
•For the Band 152 to 174MHz with 6dBi Gain Antenna: d (safe distance) = 4.0 m
•For the Band 152 to 174MHz with 10dBi Gain Antenna: d (safe distance) = 6.5 m
Cascade System Modules Operation Guide
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• ( )
v
RF Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)
Exhibit Requirements for Installations in Canada
No antenna is supplied with this unit. Some suggested antennas are:
-Manufacturer: Sinclair
Model: SC225
Gain: 0 dBd (2.15 dBi)
-Manufacturer: Sinclair
Model: SC233
Gain: 3 dBd (5.15 dBi)
-Manufacturer: Sinclair
Model: SD114
Gain: 7.5 dBd (9.65 dBi)
For Canada installations, you must ensure that your installation complies with the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) requirements for general population
that are specified under RSS-102 Section 4 Table 4.
MPE and Safe Distance Calculations for Canada Installations
For Canada installations, the maximum power density resulting from the composite Effective Isotopic Radiated Power (EIRP) from the antenna connected to this
equipment must be limited to the maximum permissible exposure as statedbelow:
• Power density limit for the band 152 to 174MHz = 1.291 W/m²
The MPE calculation for US is expressed as follows:
Power Density Pd (W/m²) =
��������
�� ∗ �� ∗ ��
��
Where
• d = distance from the antenna expressed in meters (m).
(
[ �� �� �� �� �� ( �� �� �� ) + ���� �� �� �� �� �� ( �� �� �� ) − ���� ������ ���� ���� ( ���� ) ]
)
• EIRP expressed in Watts (W) = 10
10
• Tx Power (dBW) = 10*log[Tx Power (W)]
As an example, with the transmitter running at 125 watts output into an antenna with a gain of 10 dBi using a short cable with 0dB loss, to verify if 7.5meters is
asafe distance from the antenna to ensure exposure compliance of 1.21W/m
2
:
4) 125 Watts TxPower =20.97dBW
(
[ �� �� ���� � � (20 �� �� �� ) + ���� �� �� �� �� �� (10 �� �� �� ) − ���� �� �� �� ���� ���� (0 �� �� ) ]
)
(
30
)
5) EIRP (W) = 10
10
= 10
10
= 1,000W
6) Pd (W/m2) = (
EIRP
) = (
1,000
) = (
1,000
) =1.11 W/m
2
4∗π∗d
2
4 ∗ �� ∗ 8 . 5
2
907.9
• 8.5 meters is a safe distance for Canada installations when using a 10dBi gainantenna.
When installing the antenna, the above relationship should be used to ensure the combination of power, antenna gain, and distance is such that the maximum
permissible power density is not exceeded. Different combinations of output power and antenna gain will result in different minimum safe distances.
The minimum safe distance, from a radiating structure using different Gain Antennas”
• For the Band 152 to 174MHz with 2dBi Gain Antenna: d (safe distance) = 3.5 m
• For the Band 152 to 174MHz with 6dBi Gain Antenna: d (safe distance) = 5.5 m
• For the Band 152 to 174MHz with 10dBi Gain Antenna: d (safe distance) = 8.5m

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Contents
General Information ...............................................................9
Introduction ................................................................................................9
Base Station / Repeater Specications.................................................... 10
Safety Information................................................................ 13
Important Safety Warnings....................................................................... 13
Subrack and Front Panel Safety .............................................................. 15
Regulatory Information......................................................... 17
System Setup....................................................................... 19
Unpack the Subrack................................................................................. 19
Module Congurations ............................................................................. 20
Cascade Web GUI ................................................................................... 21
Cascade Theory of Operation.............................................. 23
Cascade Power Supply........................................................ 25
Introduction .............................................................................................. 25
Installation................................................................................................ 26
Power Connections.................................................................................. 26
Theory of Operation ................................................................................. 28
Cascade Transceiver ........................................................... 31
Introduction .............................................................................................. 31
Receiver Theory Of Operation ................................................................. 32
Transmitter Theory Of Operation ............................................................. 33
Cascade Power Amplier..................................................... 35
Introduction .............................................................................................. 35
Installation................................................................................................ 36
Connections ............................................................................................. 36
Theory of Operation ................................................................................. 36
Product Labeling .................................................................. 39
Power Supply Labels ............................................................................... 39
Transceiver Labels................................................................................... 40
Power Amplier Labels ............................................................................ 41
Front Panel and Subrack Labels.............................................................. 42
Glossary of Terms ................................................................ 43

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GENERAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
The CASCADE product continues the Codan Radio Communications tradition of module-based
products, where module capability expands into systems capability. CASCADE comes in a compact
rack form factor of 19-inch width and 4U height, providing the exibility of a mix of transceivers /
power amplifier pairs; six receivers only or a mix of modules. From a transmitting point of view,
CASCADE offers up to two 125-watt power amplifier / transceiver pairs capable of not only P25
Phase I, but also LSM and P25 Phase II.
This guide covers operation information for the CASCADE System subrack and front panel, and
includes details on individual modules: DC-DC Power Supply, VHF Power Amplier and VHF
Transceiver.

General Information
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BASE STATION / REPEATER SPECIFICATIONS
RECEIVER (RX)
FCC Frequency Band: 150.8 to 173.4 MHz
IC Frequency Band: 148 to 174 MHz
Channel Spacing: 12.5 kHz
Channel Step Size: 1.25 kHz
Blocking Rejection: ≥ 100 dB
Frequency Switching Range: Full Band
Reference Sensitivity (12 dB SINAD & 5% BER): ≤ -120 dBm
Adjacent Channel Rejection: ≥ 60 dB
Conducted Spurious Output Power (Analog): ≤ -95 dBm (9 kHz to 1 GHz)
Intermodulation Rejection: ≥ 80 dB
Hum & Noise Ratio: *N/A
L.O. Frequency Stability: ≤ ± 0.5 ppm
Audio Distortion (Analog): *N/A (≤ 2%)
Audio Output Level (600 Ω Balanced): *N/A
TRANSMITTER (TX)
FCC Frequency Band: 150.8 to 173.4 MHz
IC Frequency Band: 148 to 174 MHz
Channel Spacing: 12.5 kHz
Channel Step Size: 1.25 kHz
Frequency Switching Range: Full Band
RF Output Power: 10 to 125W; 1W steps, adjustable
Duty Cycle: 100%
Undesired Emissions (Conducted Spurious): ≤ -90 dBc
Undesired Emissions
(Adjacent Channel Power Ratio): ≥ 67 dB
Intermodulation Attenuation: ≥ 70 dB
FM Hum & Noise Ratio: *N/A (≥ 45 dB Analog)
Carrier Frequency Stability: ≤ ± 0.5 ppm
Audio Distortion (Analog): *N/A (≤ 2%)
VSWR Protection: Any (with fold-back)
Emission Designators: 8K10F1D, 8K10F1E, 8K10F1W, 8K10F7W,
8K70D1D, 8K70D1E, 8K70D1W,
8K70D7W,9K80D7D, 9K80D7E, 9K80D7W,
11K0F3E

General Information 11
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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Standby Current: ≤ 300 mA @ -48 VDC (no fan)
Transmit Current: ≤ 7.25A @ -48 VDC (@ 125W with fans)
Operating Temperature: -30 to +60°C
Dimensions (4RU): Width: Height: Depth:
48.3 cm / 19 in 17.6 cm / 6.95 in 50.2 cm / 19.8 in
Weight: 20.1 kg / 44.3 lbs [1 channel]
25.9 kg / 57.1 lbs [2 channel]
*CASCADE is not equipped with an analog audio input or output.
Values noted are typical.
Equipment descriptions and specications are subject to change without notice or obligation.

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SAFETY INFORMATION
IMPORTANT SAFETY WARNINGS
To reduce the risk of personal injury and property damage, exercise caution and look for and comply
with the safety symbols shown below.
NOTE:
When this symbol is shown, the selected information will add clarity
to a procedure or provide additional information that will enhance the
equipment performance.
STOP SIGN
When this symbol is shown, DO NOT continue until the safety items identied
have been noted and addressed. Ignoring this reminder violates Codan
standards of design for the product and will most likely result in severe
personal injury or equipment damage.
CAUTION SIGN
When this symbol is shown, exercise caution and read the information
carefully. If the corresponding procedure or information is not performed
or applied correctly, the equipment may fail or performance may be
compromised and personal safety could also be compromised.

Safety Information
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• Equipment Modication – DO NOT modify any parts on this
equipment. Contact Codan Radio Communications Service
Department.
• Radiation from Radio Frequency (RF) – DO NOT touch the
antenna when using the Transmitter. Always follow RF Safety
Guidelines.
• Exploding Hazard – DO NOT operate the CASCADE equipment if
ammable gas or gas fumes are present.
• RF Burn Hazard – DO NOT touch the output connector in an open
circuit condition while transmitting. The amplier RF output connector
may produce risk of RF burns if operated with the output connector
in an open-circuit condition. The power amplier should always be
operated with the specied load and connectors.
• Personal Safety – DO NOT operate or perform maintenance on the
system without direct authority from Codan Radio Communications.
Comply with all material handling regulations as many components
are heavy and moving or lifting could cause physical injury.
• Airow Restriction – DO NOT cover or restrict the cooling fans or
vents; overheating can occur and cause serious damage.
• Equipment Damage – DO NOT lift the subrack by the front panel
handles. The handles are not designed to bear the full weight of the
subrack and tted modules.
• Hot Surface Hazard – The Power Amplier surface temperature may
exceed safe touch temperatures when operated under high-power
and/or high-ambient temperature conditions.
• Shock Hazard –Protect all CASCADE equipment from the possibility
of lightning strikes and contact from any unspecied external power
source.
Assembled subrack and modules weigh
over 40 pounds (18+ kilograms). A two-
person lift may be required.

Safety Information 15
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SUBRACK AND FRONT PANEL SAFETY
• A qualied service person is required to access the front panel area, even with equipment
energized
• An unqualied user should not remove the front panel as no access is required to this area for
any routine operation of the system
• The CASCADE subrack and modules should be well ventilated and free from high humidity and
excess dust and dirt
Front Panel Installed – User Access
Hazard Description
Heat Hazard • Recirculated air may be hot in some scenarios
• Handles may remain hot after exposure to high ambient air
temperature within specications
Mechanical Improperly secured front panel may fall on operator
Radiation Acoustic noise level may be hazardous, especially in multi-rack
congurations
Front Panel Assembly Removed – Qualied Personnel
Hazard Description
Energy Hazard • All PSU +48V outputs and connected FIB circuits can source
hazardous energy levels
• PSU–PA power harness may remain energized at hazardous energy
levels after disconnection from PSU side (PA input capacitor charge)
Heat Hazard • TRx front panel may become hot under continuous operation
• PA front panel and heatsink ns may become hot under continuous or
intermittent operation
• All metalwork may remain at hazardous temperature following
prolonged high ambient conditions
Mechanical • Rough edges are present on the subrack; lacerations are possible
while adding or removing modules and connectors.
• Operator may crush nger between rackframe and module handle
when inserting leftmost or rightmost TRx module

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REGULATORY INFORMATION
This product complies with the following safety regulations:
• FCC Title 47 – Part 22 • FCC Title 47 – Part 15
• FCC Regulation §15.21 • FCC Title 47 – Part 90
• ANSI C63.4-2014 • FCC Regulation §15.19
• IC RSS-GEN, Sec 8.3 • FCC Regulation §15.105
• IC RSS-102 • ICES-003
• RSS-119 Issue 12 • IC RSS-GEN, Sec 8.4

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SYSTEM SETUP
UNPACK THE SUBRACK
The CASCADE subrack ships from the factory with the modules installed, based on specic customer
congurations. Unpacking procedures require two people (skilled in material handling procedures) to
unpack and move the lled subrack.
The modules and full CASCADE subrack
are very heavy. Use extreme caution
when moving or lifting. Comply with all
material handling regulations.

System Setup
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MODULE CONFIGURATIONS
The following images identify the modules and their positioning in the subrack (see Figures 1–3).
Front Panel Removed –
Exploded View
FIGURE 1: Complete CASCADE System
Transceiver #1
Power
Supply
Blanking
Panel
PA #1 PA #2
Transceiver #2
Transceiver #1
Power
Supply
Blanking
Panel
PA #1
PA #2 Transceiver #2
FIGURE 2: CASCADE System – Front View Two Channels Option
FIGURE 3: CASCADE System – Rear View Two Channels Option