Endress+Hauser Micropilot FMR67B Manual

Level measurement in bulk solids
Application
• Continuous, non-contact level measurement of powdered to granular bulk solids
• Process connections: Flanges with purge air and alignment unit
• Maximum measuring range: 125 m (410 ft)
• Temperature: –40 to +450 °C (–40 to +842 °F)
• Pressure: –1 to +160 bar (–14.5 to +2 321 psi)
• Accuracy: ±3 mm (±0.12 in)
Your benefits
• PTFE lens antenna or ceramic sealed high-temperature horn antenna
• Reliable measurement thanks to strong signal focusing, even with multiple
internal fixtures
• Easy, guided commissioning with intuitive user interface
•Bluetooth®wireless technology for commissioning, operation and maintenance
• SIL2 as per IEC 61508, SIL3 for homogeneous redundancy
Products Solutions Services
Technical Information
Micropilot FMR67B
HART
Free space radar
TI01687F/00/EN/01.22-00
71575910
2022-06-01

Micropilot FMR67B HART
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Table of contents
Important document information ............... 4
Symbols .................................... 4
Graphic conventions ........................... 5
Function and system design ................... 5
Measuring principle ............................ 5
Input ..................................... 6
Measured variable ............................. 6
Measuring range .............................. 6
Operating frequency ........................... 7
Transmission power ............................ 7
Output ................................... 7
Output signal ................................ 7
Signal on alarm ............................... 8
Linearization ................................ 8
Load ...................................... 8
Protocol-specific data .......................... 8
Wireless HART data ........................... 9
Power supply ............................. 10
Terminal assignment .......................... 10
Terminals ................................. 11
Available device plugs ......................... 11
Supply voltage .............................. 12
Potential equalization ......................... 12
Cable entries ............................... 13
Cable specification ............................ 13
Overvoltage protection ......................... 13
Performance characteristics .................. 14
Reference operating conditions ................... 14
Maximum measured error ....................... 14
Measured value resolution ...................... 14
Response time .............................. 15
Influence of ambient temperature ................. 15
Installation ............................... 15
Mounting location ............................ 15
Orientation ................................ 16
Installation instructions ........................ 17
Beam angle ................................ 20
Special mounting instructions .................... 22
Environment .............................. 23
Ambient temperature range ..................... 23
Ambient temperature limits ..................... 23
Storage temperature .......................... 30
Climate class ............................... 30
Installation height as per IEC61010-1 Ed.3 ........... 30
Degree of protection .......................... 30
Vibration resistance ........................... 31
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) ............... 31
Process .................................. 31
Process pressure range ......................... 31
Dielectric constant ............................ 33
Mechanical construction .................... 33
Dimensions ................................ 33
Weight ................................... 50
Materials .................................. 51
Operability ............................... 55
Operating concept ............................ 55
Languages ................................. 55
Local operation .............................. 56
Local display ............................... 56
Remote operation ............................ 56
System integration ........................... 57
Supported operating tools ...................... 57
HistoROM data management ..................... 57
Certificates and approvals ................... 57
CE mark ................................... 57
RoHS ..................................... 57
RCM marking ............................... 57
Ex approvals ................................ 57
Pressure equipment with allowable pressure
≤ 200 bar (2 900 psi) .......................... 57
EN 302729 radio standard ...................... 58
EN 302372 radio standard ...................... 58
FCC ...................................... 59
Other standards and guidelines ................... 59
Ordering information ....................... 59
Calibration ................................. 59
Service ................................... 60
Test, certificate, declaration ...................... 60
Marking .................................. 60
Application packages ....................... 61
Heartbeat Technology ......................... 61
Accessories ............................... 62
Weather protection cover 316L ................... 62
Plastic weather protection cover ................... 63
Adjustable flange seal ......................... 63
M12 socket ................................ 66
Remote display FHX50B ........................ 66
Commubox FXA195 HART ...................... 67
HART Loop Converter HMX50 .................... 67
FieldPort SWA50 ............................ 67
Wireless HART adapter SWA70 ................... 67
Fieldgate FXA42 ............................. 68
Field Xpert SMT70 ............................ 68
DeviceCare SFE100 ........................... 68
FieldCare SFE500 ............................ 68
Memograph M .............................. 68
RN42 .................................... 68

Micropilot FMR67B HART
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Documentation ............................ 68
Document function ........................... 68
Registered trademarks ...................... 69

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Important document information
Symbols Safety symbols
DANGER
This symbol alerts you to a dangerous situation. Failure to avoid this situation will result in serious or
fatal injury.
WARNING
This symbol alerts you to a dangerous situation. Failure to avoid this situation can result in serious or
fatal injury.
CAUTION
This symbol alerts you to a dangerous situation. Failure to avoid this situation can result in minor or
medium injury.
NOTICE
This symbol contains information on procedures and other facts which do not result in personal
injury.
Electrical symbols
Direct current
Alternating current
Direct current and alternating current
Ground connection
A grounded terminal which, as far as the operator is concerned, is grounded via a grounding system.
Protective earth (PE)
Ground terminals that must be connected to ground prior to establishing any other connections.
The ground terminals are located on the inside and outside of the device.
• Inner ground terminal; protective earth is connected to the mains supply.
• Outer ground terminal; device is connected to the plant grounding system.
Symbols for certain types of information and graphics
Permitted
Procedures, processes or actions that are permitted
Preferred
Procedures, processes or actions that are preferred
Forbidden
Procedures, processes or actions that are forbidden
Tip
Indicates additional information
Reference to documentation
Reference to graphic
1, 2, 3, ...
Item numbers
A, B, C, ...
Views
-
Hazardous area
Indicates the hazardous area
.
Safe area (non-hazardous area)
Indicates the non-hazardous area

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Graphic conventions • Installation, explosion and electrical connection drawings are presented in simplified format
• Devices, assemblies, components and dimensional drawings are presented in reduced-line
format
• Dimensional drawings are not to-scale representations; the dimensions indicated are
rounded off to 2 decimal places
• Unless otherwise described, flanges are presented with sealing surface form EN1091-1, B2;
ASME B16.5, RF; JIS B2220, RF
Function and system design
Measuring principle The Micropilot is a "downward-looking" measuring system, operating based on the frequency
modulated continuous wave method (FMCW). The antenna emits an electromagnetic wave at a
continuously varying frequency. This wave is reflected by the product and received again by the
antenna.
D
R
A0032017
 1 FMCW principle: transmission and reflection of the continuous wave
R Reference point of measurement
D Distance between reference point and product surface
The frequency of this wave is modulated in the form of a sawtooth signal between two limit
frequencies f1 and f2:
f
t
1
2
f2
f1
∆t
∆f
A0023771
 2 FMCW principle: result of frequency modulation
1 Transmitted signal
2 Received signal
This results in the following difference frequency at any time between the transmitted signal and the
received signal:
∆f = k ∆t
where ∆t is the run time and k is the specified increase in frequency modulation.
∆t is given by the distance D between the reference point R and the product surface:

Micropilot FMR67B HART
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D = (c ∆t) / 2
where c is the speed of propagation of the wave.
In summary, D can be calculated from the measured difference frequency Δf. D is then used to
determine the content of the tank or silo.
Input
Measured variable The measured variable is the distance between the reference point and the product surface. The level
is calculated based on "E", the empty distance entered.
Measuring range The start of the measuring range is the point where the beam hits the floor. Levels below this point
cannot be measured, particularly in the case of conical outlets. An alignment unit can be used to
increase the maximum measuring range in such applications.
Maximum measuring range
The maximum measuring range depends on the antenna size and design.
Antenna Maximum measuring range
Horn, 316L, 65 mm (2.6 in) 125 m (410 ft)
Drip-off, PTFE, 50 mm (2 in) 50 m (164 ft)
Flush mount, PTFE, 80 mm (3 in) 125 m (410 ft)
Usable measuring range
The usable measuring range depends on the antenna size, the medium's reflective properties, the
installation position and any possible interference reflections.
In principle, measurement is possible up to the tip of the antenna.
Depending on the position of the product (angle of repose) and to avoid any material damage from
abrasive media and deposit buildup on the antenna, the end of the measuring range should be
selected 10 mm (0.4 in) before the tip of the antenna A.

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0%
B
C
100%
A
H
A0031829
A Antenna tip + 10 mm (0.4 in)
B Smallest possible measuring range
C Distance above silo floor = 50 to 80 mm (1.97 to 3.15 in)
H Silo height > 0.7 m (2.3 ft)
For the dielectric constants (DC values) of many media commonly used in industry, please refer
to:
• Dielectric constant (DC value) Compendium CP01076F
• The Endress+Hauser "DC Values app" (available for Android and iOS)
Operating frequency Approx. 80 GHz
Up to 8 devices can be installed in a tank without the devices mutually influencing one another.
Transmission power • Peak power: 6.3 mW
• Average output power: 63 µW
Output
Output signal HART
Signal coding:
FSK ±0.5 mA over current signal
Data transmission rate:
1 200 Bit/s
Galvanic isolation:
Yes
Current output
4 to 20 mA with superimposed digital communication protocol HART, 2-wire
The current output offers a choice of three different operating modes:
• 4.0 to 20.5 mA
• NAMUR NE 43: 3.8 to 20.5 mA (factory setting)
• US mode: 3.9 to 20.8 mA

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Signal on alarm Current output
Failure mode (according to NAMUR Recommendation NE 43):
• Minimum alarm (= factory setting): 3.6 mA
• Maximum alarm: 22 mA
Local display
Status signal (according to NAMUR Recommendation NE 107):
Plain text display
Operating tool via service interface (CDI)
Status signal (according to NAMUR Recommendation NE 107):
Plain text display
Operating tool via HART communication
Status signal (according to NAMUR Recommendation NE 107):
Plain text display
Linearization The linearization function of the device allows the conversion of the measured value into any unit of
length, weight, flow or volume.
Pre-programmed linearization curves
Linearization tables for calculating the volume in the following vessels are preprogrammed into the
device:
• Pyramid bottom
• Conical bottom
• Angled bottom
• Horizontal cylinder
• Sphere
Other linearization tables of up to 32 value pairs can be entered manually.
Load 4 to 20 mA HART
U – 10.5 V
23 mA
[ ]W
10.5 3530
1065
848
£
U
[V]
1
2
RL max
3
RL max
A0039232
1 Power supply 10.5 to 30 VDC Ex i
2 Power supply 10.5 to 35 VDC, for other types of protection and non-certified device versions
3 RLmax maximum load resistance
U Supply voltage
Operation via handheld terminal or PC with operating program: take minimum communication
resistor of 250 Ω into consideration.
Protocol-specific data HART
Manufacturer ID:
17 (0x11{hex})
Device type ID:
0x11C1
Device revision:
1

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HART specification:
7
DD version:
1
Device description files (DTM, DD)
Information and files under:
•www.endress.com
On the product page for the device: Documents/Software → Device drivers
•www.fieldcommgroup.org
HART load:
Min. 250 Ω
HART device variables
The following measured values are assigned to the device variables at the factory:
Device variable Measured value
Assign PV 1) Level linearized
Assign SV Distance
Assign TV Absolute echo amplitude
Assign QV Relative echo amplitude
1) The PV is always applied to the current output.
Choice of HART device variables
• Level linearized
• Distance
• Terminal voltage
• Electronics temperature
• Sensor temperature
• Absolute echo amplitude
• Relative echo amplitude
• Area of incoupling
• Build-up index
• Build-up detected
• Foam index
• Foam detected
• Percent of range
• Loop current
• Terminal current
• Not used
Supported functions
• Burst mode
• Additional transmitter status
• Device locking
Wireless HART data Minimum start-up voltage:
10.5 V
Start-up current:
< 3.6 mA
Starting time:
< 15 s
Minimum operating voltage:
10.5 V
Multidrop current:
4 mA
Time to establish connection:
< 30 s

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Power supply
Terminal assignment Single compartment housing
+
-
1
2
3
A0042594
 3 Connection terminals and ground terminal in the connection compartment
1 Positive terminal
2 Negative terminal
3 Internal ground terminal
Dual compartment housing
+
-
12
3
A0042803
 4 Connection terminals and ground terminal in the connection compartment
1 Positive terminal
2 Negative terminal
3 Internal ground terminal

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Dual compartment housing, L-form
+
-
1
2
3
A0045842
 5 Connection terminals and ground terminal in the connection compartment
1 Positive terminal
2 Negative terminal
3 Internal ground terminal
Terminals • Supply voltage and internal ground terminal: 0.5 to 2.5 mm2 (20 to 14 AWG)
• External ground terminal: 0.5 to 4 mm2 (20 to 12 AWG)
Available device plugs In the case of devices with a plug, it is not necessary to open the housing for connection
purposes.
Use the enclosed seals to prevent the penetration of moisture into the device.
Measuring devices with M12 plug
2
1
3
4
A0011175
1 Signal +
2 Not assigned
3 Signal –
4 Ground
Various M-12 sockets are available as accessories for devices with M12 plugs.

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Measuring devices with Harting plug Han7D
Han7D
–
+
+ –
–
+
A B
1
5
4
678
2
3
A0041011
A Electrical connection for devices with Harting plug Han7D
B View of the plug-in connection on the device
- Brown
 Green/yellow
+ Blue
Material
CuZn, gold-plated plug-in jack and plug contacts
Supply voltage The supply voltage depends on the selected type of device approval
Non-hazardous, Ex d, Ex e 10.5 to 35 VDC
Ex i 10.5 to 30 VDC
Nominal current 4 to 20 mA
The power unit must be tested to ensure it meets safety requirements (e.g., PELV, SELV, Class
2) and complies with the relevant protocol specifications.
A suitable circuit breaker must be provided for the device in accordance with IEC/EN61010-1
Potential equalization The protective ground on the device must not be connected. If necessary, the potential matching line
can be connected to the outer ground terminal of the transmitter before the device is connected.
1
11
B C D
1
A
A0046583
A Single compartment housing, plastic
B Single compartment housing, aluminum
C Dual compartment housing
D Dual compartment housing, L-form
1 Ground terminal for connecting the potential matching line

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LWARNING
Explosion Hazard!
‣Please refer to the separate documentation on applications in hazardous areas for the safety
instructions.
For optimum electromagnetic compatibility:
• Keep the potential matching line as short as possible
• Observe a cross-section of at least 2.5 mm2 (14 AWG)
Cable entries
11 11
2
AB C D
222
A0046584
A Single compartment housing, plastic
B Single compartment housing, aluminum
C Dual compartment housing
D Dual compartment housing, L-form
1 Cable entry
2 Dummy plug
The type of cable entry depends on the device version ordered.
Always route connecting cables downwards so that moisture cannot penetrate the connection
compartment.
If necessary, create a drip loop or use a weather protection cover.
Cable specification Rated cross-section
• Supply voltage
0.5 to 2.5 mm2 (20 to 13 AWG)
• Protective earth or grounding of the cable shield
> 1 mm2 (17 AWG)
• External ground terminal
0.5 to 4 mm2 (20 to 12 AWG)
Cable outer diameter
The cable outer diameter depends on the cable gland used
• Coupling, plastic:
⌀5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.38 in)
• Coupling, nickel-plated brass:
⌀7 to 10.5 mm (0.28 to 0.41 in)
• Coupling, stainless steel:
⌀7 to 12 mm (0.28 to 0.47 in)
Overvoltage protection The overvoltage protection can optionally be ordered as a "Mounted accessory" via the product
structure
Devices without optional overvoltage protection
Equipment from Endress+Hauser fulfills the requirements of the product standard IEC / DIN EN
61326-1 (Table 2 Industrial Environment).
Depending on the type of port (DC power supply, input/output port) different testing levels according
to IEC / DIN EN 61326-1 against transient overvoltages (Surge) are applied (IEC / DIN EN
61000-4-5 Surge):
Test level on DC power ports and input/output ports is 1 000 V line to earth
Devices with optional overvoltage protection
• Spark-over voltage: min. 400 VDC
• Tested according to IEC / DIN EN 60079-14 sub chapter 12.3 (IEC / DIN EN 60060-1 chapter 7)
• Nominal discharge current: 10 kA

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Overvoltage category
Overvoltage category II
Performance characteristics
Reference operating
conditions
• Temperature = +24 °C (+75 °F) ±5 °C (±9 °F)
• Pressure = 960 mbar abs. (14 psia) ±100 mbar (±1.45 psi)
• Humidity = 60 % ±15 %
• Reflector: metal plate with diameter ≥ 1 m (40 in)
• No major interference reflections inside the signal beam
Maximum measured error Reference accuracy
The devices are optimized for bulk solid applications on delivery. Additional reference condition for
the accuracy specifications for solids devices is Bin type= Workbench test.
Accuracy
The accuracy is the sum of the non-linearity, non-repeatability and hysteresis.
• Measuring distance up to 1.5 m (4.92 ft): max. ±20 mm (±0.79 in)
• Measuring distance > 1.5 m (4.92 ft): ±3 mm (±0.12 in)
Non-repeatability
Non-repeatability is already included in the accuracy.
≤ 1 mm (0.04 in)
If conditions deviate from the reference operating conditions, the offset/zero point that results
from the installation conditions can be up to ±4 mm (±0.16 in). This additional offset/zero
point can be eliminated by entering a correction (Level correction parameter) during
commissioning.
Differing values in near-range applications
1.5 (4.92)
20 (0.79)
3 (0.12)
-3 (-0.12)
-20 (-0.79)
D [m (!)]
∆[mm (in)]
R
0
A0032637
 6 Maximum measured error in near-range applications
Δ Maximum measured error
R Reference point of the distance measurement
D Distance from reference point of antenna
Measured value resolution Dead band according to DIN EN IEC 61298-2 / DIN EN IEC 60770-1:

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• Digital: 1 mm
• Analog: 1 µA
Response time According to DIN EN IEC 61298-2 / DIN EN IEC 60770-1 , the step response time is the time
following an abrupt change in the input signal up until the changed output signal has adopted 90 %
of the steady-state value for the first time.
The response time can be configured.
The following step response times apply (in accordance with DIN EN IEC 61298-2 / DIN EN IEC
60770-1) when damping is switched off:
• Pulse frequency ≥ 5/s (cycle time ≤ 200 ms)
at U= 10.5 to 35 V, I= 4 to 20 mA and Tamb= –50 to +80 °C (–58 to +176 °F)
• Step response time < 1 s
Influence of ambient
temperature
The output changes due to the effect of the ambient temperature with respect to the reference
temperature.
The measurements are performed according to DIN EN IEC 61298-3 / DIN EN IEC 60770-1
Digital output (HART)
Average TC = 3 mm/10 K
Analog (current output)
• Zero point (4 mA): average TC = 0.02 %/10 K
• Span (20 mA): average TC = 0.05 %/10 K
Installation
Mounting location
A
123
A0016883
A Recommended distance from wall to nozzle outer edge ~ 1/6 of the vessel diameter. The device should never
be mounted closer than 20 cm (7.87 in) to the vessel wall.
1 Use of a weather protection cover; protection from direct sunlight or rain
2 Installation in the center, interference can cause signal loss
3 Do not install above the filling curtain
In applications with strong dust emissions, the integrated purge air connection can prevent the
antenna from becoming clogged.

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Orientation Internal vessel fittings
α
A0031814
Avoid internal fittings (point level switches, temperature sensors, struts, vacuum rings, heating coils,
baffles etc.) inside the signal beam. Pay attention to the beam angle α.
Avoiding interference echoes
A0031817

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Metal deflector plates, installed at an angle to scatter the radar signals, help prevent interference
echoes.
Vertical alignment of antenna axis
Align the antenna so that it is perpendicular to the product surface.
The maximum reach of the antenna can be reduced, or additional interference signals can
occur, if the antenna is not installed perpendicular to the product.
Radial alignment of the antenna
Based on the directional characteristic, radial alignment of the antenna is not necessary.
Installation instructions Horn antenna 65 mm (2.56 in)
Information about the mounting nozzle
The maximum nozzle length Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D.
Maximum nozzle length Hmax as a function of the nozzle diameter D
D Hmax
Hmax
øD
80 to 100 mm (3.2 to 4 in) 1 700 mm (67 in)
100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) 2 100 mm (83 in)
≥ 150 mm (6 in) 3 200 mm (126 in)
In the case of longer nozzles, reduced measuring performance must be expected.
Please note the following:
• The end of the nozzle must be smooth and free from burrs.
• The edge of the nozzle should be rounded.
• Mapping must be performed.
• Please contact the manufacturer's support department for applications with nozzles that are
higher than indicated in the table.
Horn antenna 65 mm (2.56 in) with alignment unit
UNI flanges with an integrated alignment unit are available for the horn antenna 65 mm (2.56 in).
An angle of inclination of up to 15 ° in all directions can be set for the antenna axis using the
alignment unit. The alignment unit is used to optimally align the measuring signal to the bulk solids.
A0048891
 7 Horn antenna with alignment unit

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Information about the mounting nozzle
The maximum nozzle length Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D.
The maximum nozzle length Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D
D Hmax
Hmax
øD
80 to 100 mm (3.2 to 4 in) 1 700 mm (67 in)
100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) 2 100 mm (83 in)
≥ 150 mm (6 in) 3 200 mm (126 in)
In the case of longer nozzles, reduced measuring performance must be expected.
Please note the following:
• The end of the nozzle must be smooth and free from burrs.
• The edge of the nozzle should be rounded.
• Mapping must be performed.
• Please contact the manufacturer's support department for applications with nozzles that are
higher than indicated in the table.
PTFE Drip-off antenna 50 mm (2 in)
Information about the mounting nozzle
The maximum nozzle length Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D.
Maximum nozzle length Hmax as a function of the nozzle diameter D
D Hmax
H
øD
max
50 to 80 mm (2 to 3.2 in) 750 mm (30 in)
80 to 100 mm (3.2 to 4 in) 1 150 mm (46 in)
100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) 1 450 mm (58 in)
≥150 mm (6 in) 2 200 mm (88 in)
In the case of longer nozzles, reduced measuring performance must be expected.
Please note the following:
• The end of the nozzle must be smooth and free from burrs.
• The edge of the nozzle should be rounded.
• Mapping must be performed.
• Please contact the manufacturer's support department for applications with nozzles that are
higher than indicated in the table.
Antenna, flush mount 80 mm (3 in)
Information about the mounting nozzle
The maximum nozzle length Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D.

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Antenna nozzle mounting, flush mount 80 mm (3 in)
ØD Hmax
H
øD
max
80 to 100 mm (3.2 to 4 in) 1 750 mm (70 in)
100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) 2 200 mm (88 in)
≥ 150 mm (6 in) 3 300 mm (132 in)
In the case of longer nozzles, reduced measuring performance must be expected.
Please note the following:
• The end of the nozzle must be smooth and free from burrs.
• The edge of the nozzle should be rounded.
• Mapping must be performed.
• Please contact the manufacturer's support department for applications with nozzles that are
higher than indicated in the table.
Antenna flush mount 80 mm (3 in) with alignment unit
UNI flanges with an integrated alignment unit are available for the antenna flush mount
80 mm (3 in). An inclination of the antenna axis of up to 15 ° in all directions can be set with the
help of the alignment unit. The alignment unit is used to optimally align the measuring signal to the
bulk solids.
A0046592
 8 Antenna flush mount with alignment unit
Information about the mounting nozzle
The maximum nozzle length Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D.

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The maximum length of the nozzle Hmax depends on the nozzle diameter D
D Hmax
H
øD
max
min. 80 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in) 1 450 mm (57 in)
100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) 1 800 mm (71 in)
≥ 150 mm (6 in) 2 700 mm (106 in)
In the case of longer nozzles, reduced measuring performance must be expected.
Please note the following:
• The end of the nozzle must be smooth and free from burrs.
• The edge of the nozzle should be rounded.
• Mapping must be performed.
• Please contact the manufacturer's support department for applications with nozzles that are
higher than indicated in the table.
Purge air connection
In applications with strong dust emissions, the integrated purge air connection can prevent the
antenna from becoming clogged. Pulse operation is recommended.
11 1
A0046593
 9 Antenna with purge air adapter
1 Purge air connection NPT 1/4" or G 1/4"
Purge air pressure range
•Pulse operation :
Max. 6 bar (87 psi)
•Continuous operation:
200 to 500 mbar (3 to 7.25 psi)
Purge air connection
• Tool:
• Open-ended wrench 13 mm (G 1/4")
• Open-ended wrench 14 mm (NPT)
• Open-ended wrench 17 mm (NPT "adapter")
• Min. torque: 6 Nm (4.4 lbf ft)
• Max. torque: 7 Nm
• Always use dry purge air
• In general, purging should only be performed to the extent necessary as excess purging can
cause mechanical damage (abrasion)
Beam angle The beam angle is defined as the angle α where the energy density of the radar waves reaches half
the value of the maximum energy density (3 dB width). Microwaves are also emitted outside the
signal beam and can be reflected off interfering installations.