Freescale Semiconductor MCF5480 User manual

MCF548x Reference Manual
Devices Supported:
MCF5485 MCF5482
MCF5484 MCF5481
MCF5483 MCF5480
Document Number: MCF5485RM
Rev. 3
01/2006

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© Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2006. All rights reserved.
MCF5485RM
Rev. 3
01/2006

Overview
Signal Descriptions
ColdFire Core
Enhanced Multiply-Accumulate Unit (EMAC)
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
Debug Support
System Integration Unit (SIU)
Local Memory
Edge Port Module (EPORT)
Index
Interrupt Controller (INTC)
20
General Purpose I/O (GPIO)
14
13
15
PCI Bus Arbiter (PCIARB)
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
4
General Purpose Timers (GPT)
Slice Timers (SLT)
Internal Clocks and Bus Architecture 10
11
12
PCI Bus Controller (PCI) 19
FlexBus
SDRAM Controller (SDRAMC)
System SRAM 16
17
18
Integrated Secuity Engine (SEC)
FlexCAN
28
IEEE 1149.1 Test Access Port (JTAG)
22
21
23
DMA Serial Peripheral Interface (DSPI)
I2C interface 27
Comm Timer Module (CTM)
Programmable Serial Controller (PSC)
Multichannel DMA (MCD) 24
26
Mechanical Data
USB 2.0 Device Controller
Fast Ethernet Controller (FEC)
1
25
29
30
31
A
IND
Register Memory Map Quick Reference

Overview
Signal Descriptions
ColdFire Core
Enhanced Multiply-Accumulate Unit (EMAC)
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
Debug Support
System Integration Unit (SIU)
Local Memory
Edge Port Module (EPORT)
Index
Interrupt Controller (INTC)
20
General Purpose I/O (GPIO)
14
13
15
PCI Bus Arbiter (PCIARB)
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
4
General Purpose Timers (GPT)
Slice Timers (SLT)
Internal Clocks and Bus Architecture
10
11
12
PCI Bus Controller (PCI)
19
FlexBus
SDRAM Controller (SDRAMC)
System SRAM
16
17
18
Integrated Secuity Engine (SEC)
FlexCAN
28
IEEE 1149.1 Test Access Port (JTAG)
22
21
23
DMA Serial Peripheral Interface (DSPI)
I2C interface
27
Comm Timer Module (CTM)
Programmable Serial Controller (PSC)
Multichannel DMA (MCD)
24
26
Mechanical Data
USB 2.0 Device Controller
Fast Ethernet Controller (FEC)
1
25
29
30
31
A
IND
Register Memory Map Quick Reference

MCF548x Reference Manual, Rev. 3
Freescale Semiconductor v
Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
Chapter 1
Overview
1.1 MCF548x Family Overview ........................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 MCF548x Block Diagram .............................................................................................. 1-2
1.3 MCF548x Family Products ............................................................................................. 1-3
1.4 MCF548x Family Features ............................................................................................. 1-3
1.4.1 ColdFire V4e Core Overview ..................................................................................... 1-5
1.4.2 Debug Module (BDM) ................................................................................................ 1-6
1.4.3 JTAG ........................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.4.4 On-Chip Memories ..................................................................................................... 1-7
1.4.4.1 Caches ..................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.4.4.2 System SRAM ........................................................................................................ 1-7
1.4.5 PLL and Chip Clocking Options ................................................................................ 1-7
1.4.6 Communications I/O Subsystem ................................................................................ 1-8
1.4.6.1 DMA Controller ...................................................................................................... 1-8
1.4.6.2 10/100 Fast Ethernet Controller (FEC) ................................................................... 1-8
1.4.6.3 USB 2.0 Device (Universal Serial Bus) ................................................................. 1-8
1.4.6.4 Programmable Serial Controllers (PSCs) ............................................................... 1-9
1.4.6.5 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) ................................................................................. 1-9
1.4.6.6 DMA Serial Peripheral Interface (DSPI) ................................................................ 1-9
1.4.6.7 Controller Area Network (CAN) .......................................................................... 1-10
1.4.7 DDR SDRAM Memory Controller ........................................................................... 1-10
1.4.8 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) ............................................................... 1-10
1.4.9 Flexible Local Bus (FlexBus) ................................................................................... 1-10
1.4.10 Security Encryption Controller (SEC) ...................................................................... 1-11
1.4.11 System Integration Unit (SIU) .................................................................................. 1-11
1.4.11.1 Timers ................................................................................................................... 1-11
1.4.11.2 Interrupt Controller ............................................................................................... 1-12
1.4.11.3 General Purpose I/O ............................................................................................. 1-12
Chapter 2
Signal Descriptions
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 MCF548x External Signals ........................................................................................... 2-16
2.2.1 FlexBus Signals ........................................................................................................ 2-16
2.2.1.1 Address/Data Bus (AD[31:0]) .............................................................................. 2-16
2.2.1.2 Chip Select (FBCS[5:0]) ....................................................................................... 2-17
2.2.1.3 Address Latch Enable (ALE) ................................................................................ 2-17

MCF548x Reference Manual, Rev. 3
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Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
2.2.1.4 Read/Write (R/W) ................................................................................................. 2-17
2.2.1.5 Transfer Burst (TBST) .......................................................................................... 2-17
2.2.1.6 Transfer Size (TSIZ[1:0]) ..................................................................................... 2-17
2.2.1.7 Byte Selects (BE/BWE[3:0]) ................................................................................ 2-18
2.2.1.8 Output Enable (OE) .............................................................................................. 2-18
2.2.1.9 Transfer Acknowledge (TA) ................................................................................. 2-18
2.2.2 SDRAM Controller Signals ...................................................................................... 2-18
2.2.2.1 SDRAM Data Bus (SDDATA[31:0]) ................................................................... 2-18
2.2.2.2 SDRAM Address Bus (SDADDR[12:0]) ............................................................. 2-18
2.2.2.3 SDRAM Bank Addresses (SDBA[1:0]) ............................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.4 SDRAM Row Address Strobe (RAS) ................................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.5 SDRAM Column Address Strobe (CAS) ............................................................. 2-19
2.2.2.6 SDRAM Chip Selects (SDCS[3:0]) ...................................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.7 SDRAM Write Data Byte Mask (SDDM[3:0]) .................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.8 SDRAM Data Strobe (SDDQS[3:0]) .................................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.9 SDRAM Clock (SDCLK[1:0]) ............................................................................. 2-19
2.2.2.10 Inverted SDRAM Clock (SDCLK[1:0]) ............................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.11 SDRAM Write Enable (SDWE) ........................................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.12 SDRAM Clock Enable (SDCKE) ......................................................................... 2-19
2.2.2.13 SDR SDRAM Data Strobe (SDRDQS) ................................................................ 2-19
2.2.2.14 SDRAM Reference Voltage (VREF) ................................................................... 2-20
2.2.3 PCI Controller Signals .............................................................................................. 2-20
2.2.3.1 PCI Address/Data Bus (PCIAD[31:0]) ................................................................. 2-20
2.2.3.2 Command/Byte Enables (PCICXBE[3:0]) ........................................................... 2-20
2.2.3.3 Device Select (PCIDEVSEL) ............................................................................... 2-20
2.2.3.4 Frame (PCIFRM) .................................................................................................. 2-20
2.2.3.5 Initialization Device Select (PCIIDSEL) .............................................................. 2-20
2.2.3.6 Initiator Ready (PCIIRDY) ................................................................................... 2-20
2.2.3.7 Parity (PCIPAR) ................................................................................................... 2-20
2.2.3.8 Parity Error (PCIPERR) ....................................................................................... 2-20
2.2.3.9 Reset (PCIRESET) ............................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.3.10 System Error (PCISERR) ..................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.3.11 Stop (PCISTOP) ................................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.3.12 Target Ready (PCITRDY) .................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.3.13 External Bus Grant (PCIBG[4:1]) ........................................................................ 2-21
2.2.3.14 External Bus Grant/Request Output (PCIBG0/PCIREQOUT) ............................ 2-21
2.2.3.15 External Bus Request (PCIBR[4:0]) ..................................................................... 2-21
2.2.3.16 External Request/Grant Input (PCIBR0/PCIGNTIN) .......................................... 2-21
2.2.4 Interrupt Control Signals .......................................................................................... 2-21
2.2.4.1 Interrupt Request (IRQ[7:1]) ................................................................................ 2-21
2.2.5 Clock and Reset Signals ........................................................................................... 2-22

MCF548x Reference Manual, Rev. 3
Freescale Semiconductor vii
Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
2.2.5.1 Reset In (RSTI) ..................................................................................................... 2-22
2.2.5.2 Reset Out (RSTO) ................................................................................................. 2-22
2.2.5.3 Clock In (CLKIN) ................................................................................................. 2-22
2.2.6 Reset Configuration Pins .......................................................................................... 2-22
2.2.6.1 AD[12:8]—CLKIN to SDCLK Ratio (CLKCONFIG[4:0]) ................................ 2-22
2.2.6.2 AD5—FlexBus Size Configuration (FBSIZE) ..................................................... 2-23
2.2.6.3 AD4—32-bit FlexBus Configuration (FBMODE) ............................................... 2-23
2.2.6.4 AD3—Byte Enable Configuration (BECONFIG) ................................................ 2-23
2.2.6.5 AD2—Auto Acknowledge Configuration (AACONFIG) .................................... 2-24
2.2.6.6 AD[1:0]—Port Size Configuration (PSCONFIG) ................................................ 2-24
2.2.7 Ethernet Module Signals ........................................................................................... 2-24
2.2.7.1 Management Data (E0MDIO, E1MDIO) ............................................................. 2-24
2.2.7.2 Management Data Clock (E0MDC, E1MDC) ...................................................... 2-25
2.2.7.3 Transmit Clock (E0TXCLK, E1TXCLK) ............................................................ 2-25
2.2.7.4 Transmit Enable (E0TXEN, E1TXEN) ................................................................ 2-25
2.2.7.5 Transmit Data 0 (E0TXD0, E1TXD0) ................................................................. 2-25
2.2.7.6 Collision (E0COL, E1COL) ................................................................................. 2-25
2.2.7.7 Receive Clock (E0RXCLK, E1RXCLK) ............................................................. 2-25
2.2.7.8 Receive Data Valid (E0RXDV, E1RXDV) .......................................................... 2-25
2.2.7.9 Receive Data 0 (E0RXD0, E1RXD0) .................................................................. 2-25
2.2.7.10 Carrier Receive Sense (E0CRS, E1CRS) ............................................................. 2-25
2.2.7.11 Transmit Data 1–3 (E0TXD[3:1], E1TXD[3:1]) .................................................. 2-25
2.2.7.12 Transmit Error (E0TXER, E1TXER) ................................................................... 2-26
2.2.7.13 Receive Data 1–3 (E0RXD[3:1], E1RXD[3:1]) ................................................... 2-26
2.2.7.14 Receive Error (E0RXER, E1RXER) .................................................................... 2-26
2.2.8 Universal Serial Bus (USB) ...................................................................................... 2-26
2.2.8.1 USB Differential Data (USBD+, USBD–) ........................................................... 2-26
2.2.8.2 USBVBUS ............................................................................................................ 2-26
2.2.8.3 USBRBIAS ........................................................................................................... 2-26
2.2.8.4 USBCLKIN .......................................................................................................... 2-26
2.2.8.5 USBCLKOUT ...................................................................................................... 2-26
2.2.9 DMA Serial Peripheral Interface (DSPI) Signals ..................................................... 2-26
2.2.9.1 DSPI Synchronous Serial Data Output (DSPISOUT) .......................................... 2-26
2.2.9.2 DSPI Synchronous Serial Data Input (DSPISIN) ................................................. 2-27
2.2.9.3 DSPI Serial Clock (DSPISCK) ............................................................................. 2-27
2.2.9.4 DSPI Peripheral Chip Select/Slave Select (DSPICS0/SS) ................................... 2-27
2.2.9.5 DSPI Chip Selects (DSPICS[2:3]) ........................................................................ 2-27
2.2.9.6 DSPI Peripheral Chip Select 5/Peripheral Chip Select Strobe (DSPICS5/PCSS) 2-27
2.2.10 FlexCAN Signals ...................................................................................................... 2-27
2.2.10.1 FlexCAN Transmit (CANTX0, CANTX1) .......................................................... 2-27
2.2.10.2 FlexCAN Receive (CANRX0, CANRX1) ........................................................... 2-27

MCF548x Reference Manual, Rev. 3
viii Freescale Semiconductor
Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
2.2.11 I2C I/O Signals .......................................................................................................... 2-27
2.2.11.1 Serial Clock (SCL) ............................................................................................... 2-28
2.2.11.2 Serial Data (SDA) ................................................................................................. 2-28
2.2.12 PSC Module Signals ................................................................................................. 2-28
2.2.12.1 Transmit Serial Data Output (PSC0TXD, PSC1TXD, PSC2TXD, PSC3TXD) .. 2-28
2.2.12.2 Receive Serial Data Input (PSC0RXD, PSC1RXD, PSC2RXD, PSC3RXD) ..... 2-28
2.2.12.3 Clear-to-Send (PSCnCTS/PSCBCLK) ................................................................. 2-28
2.2.12.4 Request-to-Send (PSCnRTS/PSCFSYNC) ........................................................... 2-28
2.2.13 DMA Controller Module Signals ............................................................................. 2-28
2.2.13.1 DMA Request (DREQ[1:0]) ................................................................................. 2-28
2.2.13.2 DMA Acknowledge (DACK[1:0]) ....................................................................... 2-28
2.2.14 Timer Module Signals .............................................................................................. 2-29
2.2.14.1 Timer Inputs (TIN[3:0]) ....................................................................................... 2-29
2.2.14.2 Timer Outputs (TOUT[3:0]) ................................................................................. 2-29
2.2.15 Debug Support Signals ............................................................................................. 2-29
2.2.15.1 Processor Clock Output (PSTCLK) ...................................................................... 2-29
2.2.15.2 Processor Status Debug Data (PSTDDATA[7:0]) ............................................... 2-29
2.2.15.3 Development Serial Clock/Test Reset (DSCLK/TRST) ...................................... 2-29
2.2.15.4 Breakpoint/Test Mode Select (BKPT/TMS) ........................................................ 2-30
2.2.15.5 Development Serial Input/Test Data Input (DSI/TDI) ......................................... 2-30
2.2.15.6 Development Serial Output/Test Data Output (DSO/TDO) ................................. 2-30
2.2.15.7 Test Clock (TCK) ................................................................................................. 2-30
2.2.16 Test Signals ............................................................................................................... 2-30
2.2.16.1 Test Mode (MTMOD[3:0]) .................................................................................. 2-30
2.2.17 Power and Reference Pins ........................................................................................ 2-31
2.2.17.1 Positive Pad Supply (EVDD) ............................................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.2 Positive Core Supply (IVDD) ............................................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.3 Ground (VSS) ....................................................................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.4 USB Power (USBVDD) ....................................................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.5 USB Oscillator Power (USB_OSCVDD) ............................................................. 2-31
2.2.17.6 USB PHY Power (USB_PHYVDD) .................................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.7 USB Oscillator Analog Power (USB_OSCAVDD) ............................................. 2-31
2.2.17.8 USB PLL Analog Power (USB_PLLVDD) ......................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.9 SDRAM Memory Supply (SDVDD) .................................................................... 2-31
2.2.17.10 PLL Analog Power (PLLVDD) ............................................................................ 2-31
2.2.17.11 PLL Analog Ground (PLLVSS) ........................................................................... 2-31

MCF548x Reference Manual, Rev. 3
Freescale Semiconductor ix
Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
Chapter 3
ColdFire Core
3.1 Core Overview ................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 Features ........................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1 Enhanced Pipelines ..................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1.1 Instruction Fetch Pipeline (IFP) .............................................................................. 3-3
3.2.1.2 Operand Execution Pipeline (OEP) ........................................................................ 3-4
3.2.1.3 Harvard Memory Architecture ............................................................................... 3-6
3.2.2 Debug Module Enhancements .................................................................................... 3-6
3.3 Programming Model ....................................................................................................... 3-7
3.3.1 User Programming Model .......................................................................................... 3-9
3.3.1.1 Data Registers (D0–D7) ......................................................................................... 3-9
3.3.1.2 Address Registers (A0–A6) .................................................................................... 3-9
3.3.2 User Stack Pointer (A7) ............................................................................................. 3-9
3.3.2.1 Program Counter (PC) ............................................................................................ 3-9
3.3.2.2 Condition Code Register (CCR) ............................................................................. 3-9
3.3.3 EMAC Programming Model .................................................................................... 3-10
3.3.4 FPU Programming Model ......................................................................................... 3-10
3.3.5 Supervisor Programming Model ............................................................................... 3-11
3.3.5.1 Status Register (SR) .............................................................................................. 3-12
3.3.5.2 Vector Base Register (VBR) ................................................................................ 3-12
3.3.5.3 Cache Control Register (CACR) .......................................................................... 3-13
3.3.5.4 Access Control Registers (ACR0–ACR3) ............................................................ 3-13
3.3.5.5 RAM Base Address Registers (RAMBAR0 and RAMBAR1) ............................ 3-13
3.3.5.6 Module Base Address Register (MBAR) ............................................................. 3-13
3.3.6 Programming Model Table ....................................................................................... 3-13
3.4 Data Format Summary .................................................................................................. 3-15
3.4.1 Data Organization in Registers ................................................................................. 3-15
3.4.1.1 Integer Data Format Organization in Registers .................................................... 3-15
3.4.1.2 Integer Data Format Organization in Memory ..................................................... 3-16
3.4.2 EMAC Data Representation ..................................................................................... 3-17
3.4.2.1 Floating-Point Data Formats and Types ............................................................... 3-17
3.5 Addressing Mode Summary ......................................................................................... 3-18
3.6 Instruction Set Summary .............................................................................................. 3-19
3.6.1 Additions to the Instruction Set Architecture ........................................................... 3-19
3.6.2 Instruction Set Summary .......................................................................................... 3-22
3.7 Instruction Execution Timing ....................................................................................... 3-27
3.7.1 MOVE Instruction Execution Timing ...................................................................... 3-28
3.7.2 One-Operand Instruction Execution Timing ............................................................ 3-30
3.7.3 Two-Operand Instruction Execution Timing ............................................................ 3-31

MCF548x Reference Manual, Rev. 3
xFreescale Semiconductor
Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
3.7.4 Miscellaneous Instruction Execution Timing ........................................................... 3-32
3.7.5 Branch Instruction Execution Timing ....................................................................... 3-33
3.7.6 EMAC Instruction Execution Times ........................................................................ 3-34
3.7.7 FPU Instruction Execution Times ............................................................................. 3-35
3.8 Exception Processing Overview ................................................................................... 3-36
3.8.1 Exception Stack Frame Definition ............................................................................ 3-38
3.8.2 Processor Exceptions ................................................................................................ 3-39
3.9 Precise Faults ................................................................................................................ 3-42
Chapter 4
Enhanced Multiply-Accumulate Unit (EMAC)
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 MAC Overview ........................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.2 General Operation ....................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 Memory Map/Register Definition .................................................................................. 4-5
4.2.1 MAC Status Register (MACSR) ................................................................................. 4-5
4.2.1.1 Fractional Operation Mode ..................................................................................... 4-8
4.2.2 Mask Register (MASK) ............................................................................................ 4-10
4.3 EMAC Instruction Set Summary .................................................................................. 4-11
4.3.1 EMAC Instruction Execution Timing ....................................................................... 4-11
4.3.2 Data Representation .................................................................................................. 4-12
4.3.3 EMAC Opcodes ........................................................................................................ 4-13
Chapter 5
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
5.1 Features ........................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Virtual Memory Management Architecture ................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1 MMU Architecture Features ....................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.2 MMU Architecture Location ...................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.3 MMU Architecture Implementation ........................................................................... 5-3
5.2.3.1 Precise Faults ..........................................................................................................5-4
5.2.3.2 MMU Access .......................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3.3 Virtual Mode ........................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3.4 Virtual Memory References ................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3.5 Instruction and Data Cache Addresses ................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3.6 Supervisor/User Stack Pointers .............................................................................. 5-5
5.2.3.7 Access Error Stack Frame ...................................................................................... 5-5
5.2.3.8 Expanded Control Register Space .......................................................................... 5-5

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Freescale Semiconductor xi
Contents
Paragraph
Number Title Page
Number
5.2.3.9 Changes to ACRs and CACR ................................................................................. 5-5
5.2.3.10 ACR Address Improvements .................................................................................. 5-6
5.2.3.11 Supervisor Protection .............................................................................................. 5-7
5.3 Debugging in a Virtual Environment .............................................................................. 5-7
5.4 Virtual Memory Architecture Processor Support ........................................................... 5-7
5.4.1 Precise Faults .............................................................................................................. 5-7
5.4.2 Supervisor/User Stack Pointers ................................................................................. 5-7
5.4.3 Access Error Stack Frame Additions .......................................................................... 5-8
5.5 MMU Definition ............................................................................................................. 5-9
5.5.1 Effective Address Attribute Determination ................................................................ 5-9
5.5.2 MMU Functionality .................................................................................................. 5-10
5.5.3 MMU Organization ................................................................................................... 5-10
5.5.3.1 MMU Base Address Register (MMUBAR) ......................................................... 5-10
5.5.3.2 MMU Memory Map ............................................................................................. 5-11
5.5.3.3 MMU Control Register (MMUCR) ..................................................................... 5-11
5.5.3.4 MMU Operation Register (MMUOR) .................................................................. 5-12
5.5.3.5 MMU Status Register (MMUSR) ......................................................................... 5-14
5.5.3.6 MMU Fault, Test, or TLB Address Register (MMUAR) ..................................... 5-15
5.5.3.7 MMU Read/Write Tag and Data Entry Registers (MMUTR and MMUDR) ...... 5-16
5.5.4 MMU TLB ................................................................................................................ 5-18
5.5.5 MMU Operation ....................................................................................................... 5-19
5.6 MMU Implementation .................................................................................................. 5-20
5.6.1 TLB Address Fields .................................................................................................. 5-20
5.6.2 TLB Replacement Algorithm ................................................................................... 5-21
5.6.3 TLB Locked Entries .................................................................................................. 5-22
5.7 MMU Instructions ......................................................................................................... 5-23
Chapter 6
Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1.1 Notational Conventions .......................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Operand Data Formats and Types .................................................................................. 6-3
6.2.1 Signed-Integer Data Formats ...................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.2 Floating-Point Data Formats ....................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.3 Floating-Point Data Types .......................................................................................... 6-4
6.2.3.1 Normalized Numbers .............................................................................................. 6-4
6.2.3.2 Zeros ....................................................................................................................... 6-4
6.2.3.3 Infinities .................................................................................................................. 6-4
6.2.3.4 Not-A-Number ........................................................................................................ 6-5

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Number
6.2.3.5 Denormalized Numbers .......................................................................................... 6-5
6.3 Register Definition .......................................................................................................... 6-7
6.3.1 Floating-Point Data Registers (FP0–FP7) .................................................................. 6-7
6.3.2 Floating-Point Control Register (FPCR) .................................................................... 6-7
6.3.3 Floating-Point Status Register (FPSR) ....................................................................... 6-9
6.3.4 Floating-Point Instruction Address Register (FPIAR) .............................................. 6-10
6.4 Floating-Point Computational Accuracy ...................................................................... 6-11
6.4.1 Intermediate Result ................................................................................................... 6-11
6.4.2 Rounding the Result .................................................................................................. 6-12
6.5 Floating-Point Post-Processing ..................................................................................... 6-14
6.5.1 Underflow, Round, and Overflow ............................................................................ 6-14
6.5.2 Conditional Testing ................................................................................................... 6-15
6.6 Floating-Point Exceptions ............................................................................................. 6-17
6.6.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic Exceptions ...................................................................... 6-18
6.6.1.1 Branch/Set on Unordered (BSUN) ....................................................................... 6-19
6.6.1.2 Input Not-A-Number (INAN) ............................................................................... 6-20
6.6.1.3 Input Denormalized Number (IDE) ...................................................................... 6-20
6.6.1.4 Operand Error (OPERR) ....................................................................................... 6-21
6.6.1.5 Overflow (OVFL) ................................................................................................. 6-21
6.6.1.6 Underflow (UNFL) ............................................................................................... 6-22
6.6.1.7 Divide-by-Zero (DZ) ............................................................................................ 6-22
6.6.1.8 Inexact Result (INEX) .......................................................................................... 6-23
6.6.2 Floating-Point State Frames ...................................................................................... 6-23
6.7 Instructions .................................................................................................................... 6-25
6.7.1 Floating-Point Instruction Overview ........................................................................ 6-25
6.7.2 Floating-Point Instruction Execution Timing ........................................................... 6-27
6.7.3 Key Differences between ColdFire and M68000 FPU Programming Models ......... 6-28
Chapter 7
Local Memory
7.1 Interactions between Local Memory Modules ............................................................... 7-1
7.2 SRAM Overview ............................................................................................................ 7-1
7.3 SRAM Operation ............................................................................................................ 7-2
7.4 SRAM Register Definition ............................................................................................. 7-2
7.4.1 SRAM Base Address Registers (RAMBAR0/RAMBAR1) ....................................... 7-2
7.5 SRAM Initialization ........................................................................................................ 7-4
7.5.1 SRAM Initialization Code .......................................................................................... 7-5
7.6 Power Management ........................................................................................................ 7-6
7.7 Cache Overview ..............................................................................................................7-6
7.8 Cache Organization ......................................................................................................... 7-7

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7.8.1 Cache Line States: Invalid, Valid-Unmodified, and Valid-Modified ......................... 7-8
7.8.2 The Cache at Start-Up ................................................................................................. 7-8
7.9 Cache Operation ........................................................................................................... 7-10
7.9.1 Caching Modes ......................................................................................................... 7-12
7.9.1.1 Cacheable Accesses .............................................................................................. 7-12
7.9.1.2 Cache-Inhibited Accesses ..................................................................................... 7-13
7.9.2 Cache Protocol .......................................................................................................... 7-14
7.9.2.1 Read Miss ............................................................................................................. 7-14
7.9.2.2 Write Miss (Data Cache Only) ............................................................................. 7-14
7.9.2.3 Read Hit ................................................................................................................7-15
7.9.2.4 Write Hit (Data Cache Only) ................................................................................ 7-15
7.9.3 Cache Coherency (Data Cache Only) ....................................................................... 7-15
7.9.4 Memory Accesses for Cache Maintenance ............................................................... 7-15
7.9.4.1 Cache Filling ......................................................................................................... 7-15
7.9.4.2 Cache Pushes ........................................................................................................ 7-16
7.9.5 Cache Locking .......................................................................................................... 7-17
7.10 Cache Register Definition ............................................................................................. 7-19
7.10.1 Cache Control Register (CACR) .............................................................................. 7-19
7.10.2 Access Control Registers (ACR0–ACR3) ................................................................ 7-22
7.11 Cache Management ....................................................................................................... 7-23
7.12 Cache Operation Summary ........................................................................................... 7-26
7.12.1 Instruction Cache State Transitions .......................................................................... 7-26
7.12.2 Data Cache State Transitions .................................................................................... 7-27
7.13 Cache Initialization Code .............................................................................................. 7-30
Chapter 8
Debug Support
8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Signal Descriptions .........................................................................................................8-2
8.2.1 Processor Status/Debug Data (PSTDDATA[7:0]) ..................................................... 8-3
8.3 Real-Time Trace Support ................................................................................................ 8-5
8.3.1 Begin Execution of Taken Branch (PST = 0x5) ......................................................... 8-6
8.3.2 Processor Stopped or Breakpoint State Change (PST = 0xE) .................................... 8-7
8.3.3 Processor Halted (PST = 0xF) .................................................................................... 8-8
8.4 Memory Map/Register Definition .................................................................................. 8-9
8.4.1 Revision A Shared Debug Resources ....................................................................... 8-11
8.4.2 Configuration/Status Register (CSR) ........................................................................ 8-11
8.4.3 PC Breakpoint ASID Control Register (PBAC) ....................................................... 8-14
8.4.4 BDM Address Attribute Register (BAAR) ............................................................... 8-15

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8.4.5 Address Attribute Trigger Registers (AATR, AATR1) ............................................ 8-16
8.4.6 Trigger Definition Register (TDR) ........................................................................... 8-17
8.4.7 Program Counter Breakpoint and Mask Registers (PBRn, PBMR) ......................... 8-20
8.4.8 Address Breakpoint Registers (ABLR/ABLR1, ABHR/ABHR1) ........................... 8-21
8.4.9 Data Breakpoint and Mask Registers (DBR/DBR1, DBMR/DBMR1) .................... 8-22
8.4.10 PC Breakpoint ASID Register (PBASID) ................................................................ 8-24
8.4.11 Extended Trigger Definition Register (XTDR) ........................................................ 8-25
8.4.11.1 Resulting Set of Possible Trigger Combinations .................................................. 8-27
8.5 Background Debug Mode (BDM) ................................................................................ 8-28
8.5.1 CPU Halt ................................................................................................................... 8-28
8.5.2 BDM Serial Interface ................................................................................................ 8-30
8.5.2.1 Receive Packet Format ......................................................................................... 8-30
8.5.2.2 Transmit Packet Format ........................................................................................ 8-31
8.5.3 BDM Command Set .................................................................................................. 8-31
8.5.3.1 ColdFire BDM Command Format ........................................................................ 8-33
8.5.3.2 Command Sequence Diagrams ............................................................................. 8-33
8.5.3.3 Command Set Descriptions .................................................................................. 8-35
8.6 Real-Time Debug Support ............................................................................................ 8-51
8.6.1 Theory of Operation .................................................................................................. 8-51
8.6.1.1 Emulator Mode ..................................................................................................... 8-53
8.6.2 Concurrent BDM and Processor Operation .............................................................. 8-53
8.7 Debug C Definition of PSTDDATA Outputs .............................................................. 8-54
8.7.1 User Instruction Set .................................................................................................. 8-54
8.7.2 Supervisor Instruction Set ......................................................................................... 8-60
8.8 ColdFire Debug History ................................................................................................ 8-61
8.8.1 ColdFire Debug Classic: The Original Definition .................................................... 8-61
8.8.2 ColdFire Debug Revision B ...................................................................................... 8-62
8.8.3 ColdFire Debug Revision C ...................................................................................... 8-62
8.8.3.1 Debug Interrupts and Interrupt Requests (Emulator Mode) ................................. 8-62
8.9 Freescale-Recommended BDM Pinout ........................................................................ 8-63
Chapter 9
System Integration Unit (SIU)
9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Features ........................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.3 Memory Map/Register Definition .................................................................................. 9-1
9.3.1 Module Base Address Register (MBAR) ................................................................... 9-2
9.3.1.1 System Breakpoint Control Register (SBCR) ........................................................ 9-3
9.3.1.2 SEC Sequential Access Control Register (SECSACR) ......................................... 9-4
9.3.1.3 Reset Status Register (RSR) ................................................................................... 9-5

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9.3.1.4 JTAG Device Identification Number (JTAGID) .................................................... 9-5
Chapter 10
Internal Clocks and Bus Architecture
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.1 Block Diagram .......................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.2 Clocking Overview ................................................................................................... 10-2
10.1.3 Internal Bus Overview .............................................................................................. 10-2
10.1.4 XL Bus Features ....................................................................................................... 10-3
10.1.5 Internal Bus Transaction Summaries ........................................................................ 10-3
10.1.6 XL Bus Interface Operations .................................................................................... 10-3
10.1.6.1 Basic Transfer Protocol ........................................................................................ 10-3
10.1.6.2 Address Pipelines .................................................................................................. 10-4
10.2 PLL ............................................................................................................................... 10-5
10.2.1 PLL Memory Map/Register Descriptions ................................................................. 10-5
10.2.2 System PLL Control Register (SPCR) ..................................................................... 10-5
10.3 XL Bus Arbiter ............................................................................................................. 10-6
10.3.1 Features ..................................................................................................................... 10-6
10.3.2 Arbiter Functional Description ................................................................................. 10-6
10.3.2.1 Prioritization ......................................................................................................... 10-6
10.3.2.2 Bus Grant Mechanism .......................................................................................... 10-7
10.3.2.3 Watchdog Functions ............................................................................................. 10-8
10.3.3 XLB Arbiter Register Descriptions .......................................................................... 10-8
10.3.3.1 Arbiter Configuration Register (XARB_CFG) .................................................... 10-9
10.3.3.2 Arbiter Version Register (XARB_VER) ............................................................ 10-10
10.3.3.3 Arbiter Status Register (XARB_SR) .................................................................. 10-11
10.3.3.4 Arbiter Interrupt Mask Register (XARB_IMR) ................................................. 10-11
10.3.3.5 Arbiter Address Capture Register (XARB_ADRCAP) ...................................... 10-13
10.3.3.6 Arbiter Bus Signal Capture Register (XARB_SIGCAP) ................................... 10-13
10.3.3.7 Arbiter Address Tenure Time Out Register (XARB_ADRTO) ......................... 10-14
10.3.3.8 Arbiter Data Tenure Time Out Register (XARB_DATTO) ............................... 10-15
10.3.3.9 Arbiter Bus Activity Time Out Register (XARB_BUSTO) ............................... 10-16
10.3.3.10 Arbiter Master Priority Enable Register (XARB_PRIEN) ................................. 10-16
10.3.3.11 Arbiter Master Priority Register (XARB_PRI) .................................................. 10-17
Chapter 11
General Purpose Timers (GPT)
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11-1

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11.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.2 Modes of Operation .................................................................................................. 11-1
11.2 External Signals ............................................................................................................ 11-2
11.3 Memory Map/Register Definition ................................................................................ 11-2
11.3.1 GPT Enable and Mode Select Register (GMSn) ...................................................... 11-3
11.3.2 GPT Counter Input Register (GCIRn) ...................................................................... 11-5
11.3.3 GPT PWM Configuration Register (GPWMn) ........................................................ 11-6
11.3.4 GPT Status Register (GSRn) .................................................................................... 11-7
11.4 Functional Description .................................................................................................. 11-8
11.4.1 Timer Configuration Method .................................................................................... 11-8
11.4.2 Programming Notes .................................................................................................. 11-8
Chapter 12
Slice Timers (SLT)
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2 Memory Map/Register Definition ................................................................................ 12-1
12.2.1 SLT Terminal Count Register (STCNTn) ................................................................ 12-2
12.2.2 SLT Control Register (SCRn) ................................................................................... 12-2
12.2.3 SLT Timer Count Register (SCNTn) ........................................................................ 12-3
12.2.4 SLT Status Register (SSRn) ..................................................................................... 12-4
Chapter 13
Interrupt Controller
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.1 68K/ColdFire Interrupt Architecture Overview ....................................................... 13-1
13.1.1.1 Interrupt Controller Theory of Operation ............................................................. 13-2
13.2 Memory Map/Register Descriptions ............................................................................. 13-4
13.2.1 Register Descriptions ................................................................................................ 13-5
13.2.1.1 Interrupt Pending Registers (IPRH, IPRL) ........................................................... 13-5
13.2.1.2 Interrupt Mask Register (IMRH, IMRL) .............................................................. 13-7
13.2.1.3 Interrupt Force Registers (INTFRCH, INTFRCL) ............................................... 13-8
13.2.1.4 Interrupt Request Level Register (IRLR) ........................................................... 13-10
13.2.1.5 Interrupt Acknowledge Level and Priority Register (IACKLPR) ...................... 13-10
13.2.1.6 Interrupt Control Registers 1–63 (ICRn) ............................................................ 13-11
13.2.1.7 Software and Level n IACK Registers (SWIACKR, L1IACK–L7IACK) ......... 13-13

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Chapter 14
Edge Port Module (EPORT)
14.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14-1
14.2 Interrupt/General-Purpose I/O Pin Descriptions ........................................................... 14-1
14.3 Memory Map/Register Definition ................................................................................ 14-2
14.3.1 Memory Map ............................................................................................................ 14-2
14.3.2 Register Descriptions ................................................................................................ 14-2
14.3.2.1 EPORT Pin Assignment Register (EPPAR) ......................................................... 14-3
14.3.2.2 EPORT Data Direction Register (EPDDR) .......................................................... 14-3
14.3.2.3 Edge Port Interrupt Enable Register (EPIER) ...................................................... 14-4
14.3.2.4 Edge Port Data Register (EPDR) .......................................................................... 14-4
14.3.2.5 Edge Port Pin Data Register (EPPDR) ................................................................. 14-5
14.3.2.6 Edge Port Flag Register (EPFR) ........................................................................... 14-5
Chapter 15
GPIO
15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 15-2
15.1.2 Features ..................................................................................................................... 15-3
15.2 External Pin Description ............................................................................................... 15-3
15.3 Memory Map/Register Definition ................................................................................ 15-7
15.3.1 Register Overview .................................................................................................... 15-7
15.3.2 Register Descriptions ................................................................................................ 15-8
15.3.2.1 Port xOutput Data Registers (PODR_x) .............................................................. 15-8
15.3.2.2 Port xData Direction Registers (PDDR_x) ........................................................ 15-11
15.3.2.3 Port xPin Data/Set Data Registers (PPDSDR_x) ............................................. 15-14
15.3.2.4 Port xClear Output Data Registers (PCLRR_x) ................................................ 15-18
15.3.2.5 Port x Pin Assignment Registers (PAR_x) ......................................................... 15-21
15.3.2.6 FlexBus Chip Select Pin Assignment Register (PAR_FBCS) ........................... 15-22
15.3.2.7 DMA Pin Assignment Register (PAR_DMA) ................................................... 15-23
15.3.2.8 FEC/I2C/IRQ Pin Assignment Register (PAR_FECI2CIRQ) ........................... 15-23
15.3.2.9 PCI Grant Pin Assignment Register (PAR_PCIBG) .......................................... 15-25
15.3.2.10 PCI Request Pin Assignment Register (PAR_PCIBR) ...................................... 15-26
15.3.2.11 PSC3 Pin Assignment Register (PAR_PSC3) .................................................... 15-27
15.3.2.12 PSC2 Pin Assignment Register (PAR_PSC2) .................................................... 15-28
15.3.2.13 PSC1 Pin Assignment Register (PAR_PSC1) .................................................... 15-28
15.3.2.14 PSC0 Pin Assignment Register (PAR_PSC0) .................................................... 15-29
15.3.2.15 DSPI Pin Assignment Register (PAR_DSPI) ..................................................... 15-30
15.3.2.16 General Purpose Timer Pin Assignment Register (PAR_TIMER) .................... 15-31

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15.4 Functional Description ................................................................................................ 15-32
15.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 15-32
Chapter 16
32-Kbyte System SRAM
16.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.1 Block Diagram .......................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.2 Features ..................................................................................................................... 16-2
16.1.3 Overview ................................................................................................................... 16-2
16.2 Memory Map/Register Definition ................................................................................ 16-2
16.2.1 System SRAM Configuration Register (SSCR) ....................................................... 16-3
16.2.2 Transfer Count Configuration Register (TCCR) ..................................................... 16-4
16.2.3 Transfer Count Configuration Register—DMA Read Channel (TCCRDR) ............ 16-5
16.2.4 Transfer Count Configuration Register—DMA Write Channel (TCCRDW) .......... 16-6
16.2.5 Transfer Count Configuration Register—SEC (TCCRSEC) .................................... 16-7
16.3 Functional Description .................................................................................................. 16-8
Chapter 17
FlexBus
17.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.2 Features ..................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.3 Modes of Operation .................................................................................................. 17-1
17.2 Byte Lanes .................................................................................................................... 17-2
17.3 Address Latch ............................................................................................................... 17-2
17.4 External Signals ............................................................................................................ 17-3
17.4.1 Chip-Select (FBCS[5:0]) .......................................................................................... 17-4
17.4.2 Address/Data Bus (AD[31:0]) .................................................................................. 17-4
17.4.3 Address Latch Enable (ALE) .................................................................................... 17-4
17.4.4 Read/Write (R/W) ..................................................................................................... 17-4
17.4.5 Transfer Burst (TBST) .............................................................................................. 17-4
17.4.6 Transfer Size (TSIZ[1:0]) ......................................................................................... 17-4
17.4.7 Byte Selects (BE/BWE[3:0]) .................................................................................... 17-5
17.4.8 Output Enable (OE) .................................................................................................. 17-5
17.4.9 Transfer Acknowledge (TA) ..................................................................................... 17-5
17.5 Chip-Select Operation ................................................................................................... 17-6
17.5.1 General Chip-Select Operation ................................................................................. 17-6
17.5.1.1 8-, 16-, and 32-Bit Port Sizing .............................................................................. 17-6

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17.5.1.2 Global Chip-Select Operation ............................................................................... 17-6
17.5.2 Chip-Select Registers ................................................................................................ 17-7
17.5.2.1 Chip-Select Address Registers (CSAR0–CSAR5) ............................................... 17-8
17.5.2.2 Chip-Select Mask Registers (CSMR0–CSMR5) .................................................. 17-9
17.5.2.3 Chip-Select Control Registers (CSCR0–CSCR5) .............................................. 17-10
17.6 Functional Description ................................................................................................ 17-12
17.6.1 Data Transfer Operation ......................................................................................... 17-12
17.6.2 Data Byte Alignment and Physical Connections .................................................... 17-12
17.6.3 Address/Data Bus Multiplexing .............................................................................. 17-13
17.6.4 Bus Cycle Execution ............................................................................................... 17-13
17.6.4.1 Data Transfer Cycle States ................................................................................. 17-14
17.6.5 FlexBus Timing Examples ...................................................................................... 17-15
17.6.5.1 Basic Read Bus Cycle ......................................................................................... 17-15
17.6.5.2 Basic Write Bus Cycle ........................................................................................ 17-16
17.6.5.3 Bus Cycle Multiplexing ...................................................................................... 17-17
17.6.5.4 Timing Variations ............................................................................................... 17-21
17.6.6 Burst Cycles ............................................................................................................ 17-26
17.6.7 Misaligned Operands .............................................................................................. 17-31
17.6.8 Bus Errors ............................................................................................................... 17-32
Chapter 18
SDRAM Controller (SDRAMC)
18.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 18-1
18.2 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 18-1
18.2.1 Features ..................................................................................................................... 18-1
18.2.2 Terminology .............................................................................................................. 18-1
18.2.3 Block Diagram .......................................................................................................... 18-2
18.3 External Signal Description .......................................................................................... 18-2
18.3.1 SDRAM Data Bus (SDDATA[31:0]) ....................................................................... 18-2
18.3.2 SDRAM Address Bus (SDADDR[12:0]) ................................................................. 18-2
18.3.3 SDRAM Bank Addresses (SDBA[1:0]) ................................................................... 18-2
18.3.4 SDRAM Row Address Strobe (RAS) ....................................................................... 18-3
18.3.5 SDRAM Column Address Strobe (CAS) ................................................................. 18-3
18.3.6 SDRAM Chip Selects (SDCS[3:0]) .......................................................................... 18-3
18.3.7 SDRAM Write Data Byte Mask (SDDM[3:0]) ........................................................ 18-3
18.3.8 SDRAM Data Strobe (SDDQS[3:0]) ........................................................................ 18-3
18.3.9 SDRAM Clock (SDCLK[1:0]) ................................................................................. 18-3
18.3.10 Inverted SDRAM Clock (SDCLK[1:0]) ................................................................... 18-3
18.3.11 SDRAM Write Enable (SDWE) ............................................................................... 18-3
18.3.12 SDRAM Clock Enable (SDCKE) ............................................................................. 18-4

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18.3.13 SDR SDRAM Data Strobe (SDRDQS) .................................................................... 18-4
18.3.14 SDRAM Memory Supply (SDVDD) ........................................................................ 18-4
18.3.15 SDRAM Reference Voltage (VREF) ....................................................................... 18-4
18.4 Interface Recommendations ......................................................................................... 18-4
18.4.1 Supported Memory Configurations .......................................................................... 18-4
18.4.2 SDRAM SDR Connections ...................................................................................... 18-6
18.4.3 SDRAM DDR Component Connections .................................................................. 18-6
18.4.4 SDRAM DDR DIMM Connections ......................................................................... 18-7
18.4.5 DDR SDRAM Layout Considerations ..................................................................... 18-8
18.4.5.1 Termination Example ........................................................................................... 18-9
18.5 SDRAM Overview ....................................................................................................... 18-9
18.5.1 SDRAM Commands ................................................................................................. 18-9
18.5.1.1 Row and Bank Active Command (ACTV) ......................................................... 18-10
18.5.1.2 Read Command (READ) .................................................................................... 18-10
18.5.1.3 Write Command (WRITE) ................................................................................. 18-10
18.5.1.4 Precharge All Banks Command (PALL) ............................................................ 18-11
18.5.1.5 Load Mode/Extended Mode Register Command (LMR, LEMR) ...................... 18-11
18.5.1.6 Auto Refresh Command (REF) .......................................................................... 18-13
18.5.1.7 Self-Refresh (SREF) and Power-Down (PDWN) Commands ........................... 18-13
18.5.2 Power-Up Initialization ........................................................................................... 18-13
18.5.2.1 SDR Initialization ............................................................................................... 18-14
18.5.2.2 DDR Initialization .............................................................................................. 18-14
18.6 Functional Overview ................................................................................................... 18-15
18.6.1 Page Management ................................................................................................... 18-15
18.6.2 Transfer Size ........................................................................................................... 18-15
18.7 Memory Map/Register Definition .............................................................................. 18-16
18.7.1 SDRAM Drive Strength Register (SDRAMDS) .................................................... 18-17
18.7.2 SDRAM Chip Select Configuration Registers (CSnCFG) ..................................... 18-18
18.7.3 SDRAM Mode/Extended Mode Register (SDMR) ................................................ 18-19
18.7.4 SDRAM Control Register (SDCR) ......................................................................... 18-20
18.7.5 SDRAM Configuration Register 1 (SDCFG1) ....................................................... 18-21
18.7.6 SDRAM Configuration Register 2 (SDCFG2) ....................................................... 18-23
18.8 SDRAM Example ....................................................................................................... 18-24
18.8.1 SDRAM Signal Drive Strength Settings ................................................................ 18-25
18.8.2 SDRAM Chip Select Settings ................................................................................. 18-25
18.8.3 SDRAM Configuration 1 Register Settings ............................................................ 18-26
18.8.4 SDRAM Configuration 2 Register Settings ............................................................ 18-27
18.8.5 SDRAM Control Register Settings and PALL command ...................................... 18-27
18.8.6 Set the Extended Mode Register ............................................................................. 18-29
18.8.7 Set the Mode Register and Reset DLL ................................................................... 18-29
18.8.8 Issue a PALL command .......................................................................................... 18-30