Konica Minolta mKDR Xpress Instruction Manual

Operation
Digital Mobile X-ray Unit
KONICA MINOLTA
mKDR Xpress
Technical Publication
OM-0481R1_EN_KON

This manual covers the following equipments / Este manual cubre los siguientes equipos
Ce manuel couvre les équipements suivants / Il presente manuale descrive i seguenti dispositivi
SEDECAL
Sociedad Española de Electromedicina y Calidad S.A.
Pelaya, 9 -- 13. Polígono Industrial “Río de Janeiro”
28110 Algete, Madrid -- España (Spain)
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone] www.sedecal.com
Battery Mobile X-Ray Unit PHOENIX:
PHOENIX
Manufactured by SEDECAL for KONICA MINOLTA HEALTHCARE AMERICAS, INC
411 Newark Pompton Turnpike Wayne, NJ 07470 -- USA
Tel: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]

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REVISION HISTORY
REVISION DATE REASON FOR CHANGE
0OCT 01, 2021 First Edition.
1MAR 08, 2022 Manual Cover and some rendered images have
been updated.
New Section: Appendix C -- Administrator User.
Updated Sections: Safety Symbols, Mains
Connection, Smart ON/OFF System: ON/OFF
Button + RFID System, Infrared Remote Control,
Manual Clutch Screws, Collimator Movements, 3.7
Collimator Controls, Power Reduction, System
Snapshot, System Messages, Factors.
This Document is the English original version, edited and supplied by the manufacturer.
The Revision state of this Document is indicated in the code number shown at the bottom of this page.

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ADVISORY SYMBOLS
The following advisory symbols will be used throughout this manual. Their
application and meaning are described below.
DANGERS ADVISE OF CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS THAT
IF NOT HEEDED OR AVOIDED WILL CAUSE SERIOUS
PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.
ADVISE OF CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS THAT IF NOT
HEEDED OR AVOIDED COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL
INJURY, CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT
OR DATA.
Advise of conditions or situations that if not heeded or
avoided could cause personal injury or damage to equipment
or data.
Note .Alert readers to pertinent facts and conditions. Notes represent
information that is important to know but which do not necessarily
relate to possible injury or damage to equipment.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1.........................................................
1.1 General Features 3...................................................
1.2 Product Identification 4................................................
1.3 Indications for Use 5..................................................
1.3.1 Intended Use 5................................................
1.3.2 Normal Use 5.................................................
1.3.3 Contraindications 5............................................
1.4 Applied Parts 6.......................................................
2 SAFETY AND REGULATORY INFORMATION 7..............................
2.1 General 7...........................................................
2.2 Responsibilities 10.....................................................
2.3 Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) 11...................................
2.4 Radiation Protection 12.................................................
2.5 Monitoring of Personnel 14.............................................
2.6 Safety Symbols 15.....................................................
2.7 Regulatory Information 20..............................................
2.7.1 Certifications 20................................................
2.7.2 Environmental Statement on the Life Cycle of the Equipment or
System 20.....................................................
2.7.3 Mode of Operation 20...........................................
2.7.4 Protection against Electric Shock Hazards 21.......................
2.7.5 Protection against Harmful Ingress of Water or Particulate Matter 21...
2.7.6 Protection against Hazards of Ignition of Flammable Anaesthetic
Mixtures 21....................................................
2.7.7 Protection against Hazards from Unwanted or Excessive Radiation 21.
2.7.8 Designated Significant Zones of Occupancy 22.....................
2.7.9 Distribution of Stray Radiation 24.................................
2.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 27..................................
2.9 Radio Frequency Interference Notice (USA) 36............................

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Section Page
2.10 Quantitative Information 37.............................................
2.10.1 Functional Tests Performed to Obtain the Quantitative Information 37..
2.11 Deterministic Effects 39................................................
3 GENERAL AND MOTION CONTROLS 41.....................................
3.1 Mains Connection 44...................................................
3.2 Control Console 46....................................................
3.2.1 System ON 48.................................................
3.2.1.1 Smart ON/OFF System: ON/OFF Button + RFID System 49...
3.2.1.2 ON/OFF Button + Keypad System 52.......................
3.2.2 System OFF 53................................................
3.2.3 Emergency Stop 54.............................................
3.2.4 System ON/OFF Routine 54.....................................
3.2.5 System ON/OFF Indicator 55.....................................
3.2.6 Control Console 56.............................................
3.2.7 Battery Charge Level Indicators 57................................
3.2.8 Battery State Alerts 59..........................................
3.2.9 Power OFF Settings 61..........................................
3.2.10 Status Light Indicator (Option) 62.................................
3.3 Connections Panel 64..................................................
3.4 X-ray Handswitch 65...................................................
3.5 Infrared Remote Control (Option) 66.....................................
3.6 Motion Controls 68....................................................
3.6.1 Displacement Controls 70........................................
3.6.1.1 Handlebar 70............................................
3.6.1.2 Fine Positioning Controls 71...............................
3.6.1.3 Manual Clutch Screws 73.................................
3.6.1.4 Proximity Sensors 74.....................................
3.6.1.5 Bumpers 75.............................................
3.6.1.6 Manual Driving Brake Release (Option) 75..................
3.6.2 Parking Position of the Arm 76...................................
3.6.3 Movement Controls 77..........................................
3.6.3.1 Column and Telescopic Arm Movements 77.................
3.6.3.2 Head-Assembly Movements 78............................
3.6.3.3 Collimator Movements 79.................................
3.7 Collimator Controls 80..................................................

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Section Page
3.8 DAP Chamber (Option) 82..............................................
3.9 Focal-Skin Distance Sensor (Option) 83..................................
3.10 Wireless Digital Detectors, Options and Accessories 84....................
3.10.1 Wireless Digital Detectors 85.....................................
3.10.2 Detector Back-up Communication Cable (Option) 86................
3.10.3 Barcode Scanner (Option) 86.....................................
3.10.4 General Use and Maintenance of Wireless Digital Detectors, Options and
Accessories 87.................................................
4 CONTROL CONSOLE 89....................................................
4.1 Main Screen 89.......................................................
4.2 Head-Assembly Console 90.............................................
4.2.1 Exposure Indicators 90..........................................
4.2.2 Heat Units Indicator 91..........................................
4.2.3 Batteries Status 92..............................................
4.2.4 Parking Indicator 93.............................................
4.2.5 Motion Speed Indicator 93.......................................
4.2.6 Mute Button 94.................................................
4.2.7 User Action 94.................................................
4.2.8 Workstation Selection 94........................................
4.2.9 Radiographic Parameters 95.....................................
4.2.10 Focal Spot 97..................................................
4.2.11 Power Reduction 97.............................................
4.2.12 Head-Assembly Rotation 97......................................
4.2.13 FSD Value 98..................................................
4.2.14 Collimator Filter Selection 98.....................................
4.3 Message Bar 99.......................................................
4.3.1 Message Windows 100...........................................
4.3.2 System Snapshot 102............................................
5 SYSTEM MESSAGES 105....................................................
6 OPERATING SEQUENCES 129...............................................
6.1 X-ray Tube Warm-up Procedure 129......................................
6.2 Radiographic Operation 130.............................................
6.3 X-ray Beam Alignment with Respect to Patient 130..........................

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Section Page
7 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE 133...............................................
7.1 Operator Tasks 133.....................................................
7.1.1 Batteries Maintenance 133........................................
7.1.2 Periodic Maintenance 134.........................................
7.1.3 Cleaning and Disinfection 135.....................................
7.2 Service Tasks 135......................................................
8 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 137...........................................
8.1 Factors 137............................................................
8.2 X-ray Tube Insert 139...................................................
APPENDIX A -- GUIDELINES FOR PEDIATRIC APPLICATIONS A-1....................
APPENDIX B -- PROTECT YOUR IMAGING SYSTEM FROM CYBERSECURITY
THREATS B-1......................................................
APPENDIX C -- ADMINISTRATOR USER C-1.........................................

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SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
This manual contains all the information necessary to understand and operate
the Mobile X-ray Units. It provides a general description, safety and regulatory
information, operating instructions and specifications concerning the system.
It is not intended to teach radiology or to take any type of clinical diagnosis.
This Unit is designed for general radiography. It provides all the advantages of
high frequency waveform Generators including lower patient dose, shorter
exposure times as well as greater accuracy and consistency.
The Unit is controlled by multiple microprocessors which render a higher
exposure consistency, efficiency in operation and an extended Tube life. A high
level of self-diagnostics streamlines serviceability, thereby reducing down time.
All functions, displays and controls are logically arranged, easily accessible and
identified to prevent confusion. Technique factors and functions are selected on
the Control Console.
Illustration 1-1
Mobile X-ray Unit

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X-RAY GENERATION COMPONENTS
Control Console.
Ultra software application for image acquisition.
Generator, that comprises:
GPower Module, containing power and control components.
GBattery Module, with batteries and charge/control components.
Radiogenic unit,partoftheHead-Assembly, that comprises:
GPower Module, containing power and control components.
GHV Tank, HV Transformer.
GX-Ray Tube insert: E7886.
ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT AND SUBASSEMBLIES
According to IEC 60601-2-32, the following subassemblies are considered
Associated Equipment and conform to the applicable safety requirements
therein stated.
Unit Motion Assemblies, that comprises:
GBatteries and Charger Module, to power the motors.
GMotor Assembly,Motors and Wheels.
GDriving Control Assembly,Handlebar,Motion Controls at the
Head-Assembly, Gauges and the related Electronic Components.
Telescopic and rotating Column and Arm, holding the Head-Assembly,
and allowing its positioning.
GTelescopic Column: the Telescopic Column in parking position
reduces the height of the system in order to have complete
visibility and safety when driving the system.
GTelescopic Arm: the 4-Sections Arm, provides a compact size for
handling and storage the system when retracted, plus an extra
length when extended. It also provides smooth Head-Assembly
movements and a second Touch Screen on the Head-Assembly.
Collimator, part of the Head-Assembly.
Digital Detector, Grid and Detector Handle (optional). Detector options:
AeroDR 2 1417HQ, AeroDR 2 1417S,
AeroDR 3 1417HD, AeroDR 3 1717HD, AeroDR 3 1012HQ
Holders for Detectors storage and charge (option); storage for Detector
Handle, Grid, and other Accessories.

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1.1 GENERAL FEATURES
The main features of this Unit are:
A solid and ergonomic design. Ease of operation; security and precision
of all positioning movements relative to the patient.
Standard electrical outlet operation with single-phase lines
at 100 -- 240 V~. Automatic line voltage compensation.
Independent operation without mains connection (Stand-Alone). In
normal operating conditions, the Battery Charger keeps batteries stable
and fully charged, provided the Unit is connected to the mains (charging).
Constant potential high frequency.
Controls at the Handlebar and Head-Assembly for motorized
movements of the equipment.
Controls for lock release of Rotating Column and Telescopic Arm.
Column rotation in relation to its vertical axis (¦317o), telescopic and
vertical motion of the Arm.
Head-Assembly rotation in relation to its transverse axis (360o) and
horizontal axis (120o). Collimator rotation in relation to its vertical axis
(180o).
Three Point control by selecting kVp, mA and Exposure Time or Two
Point control by selecting kVp and mAs.
Anatomical Programmer (APR) and operation through the Digital
Radiographic Application Ultra.
X-ray Handswitch for X-ray exposures and Collimator Light.
Infrared Remote X-ray Handswitch (optional) for X-ray exposures and
Collimator Light.
Dosimetry (optional).
Manual Collimation.
Heat Unit storage for the X-ray Tube, even after turning ON/OFF the
equipment.
Tube protection circuitry prolongs Tube life and increases system
performance.
Equipped with closed loop control of X-ray Tube current, kVp and
filaments, which minimize potential errors and the need for
readjustments.

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1.2 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
To provide manufacturer and product information, each major item in the
equipment has identification labels attached. The labels contain the following
information:
Product and Model.
Reference and Type.
Date of manufacture.
Serial number.
Input Voltage (V), Frequency (Hz), Input Power (kVA).
Output Power (kW).
Manufacturer and place of manufacture.
Standards, Certifications and Symbols.
Inherent Filtration.

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1.3 INDICATIONS FOR USE
1.3.1 INTENDED USE
This is a Digital Mobile Diagnostic X-ray System intended for use by a
qualified/trained doctor or technician on both adult and pediatric subjects for
taking diagnostic radiographic exposures of the skull, spinal column, chest,
abdomen, extremities, and other body parts. Applications can be performed
with the patient sitting, standing, or lying in the prone or supine position. Not for
mammography. RX ONLY.
Additional description:
The Mobile X-ray Unit is a piece of equipment designed for general
radiography in hospitals, clinics, radiology imaging centers and medical
practices.
Patients may be physically abled, disabled, immobilized or in a state of
shock.
This Mobile X-Ray Unit contributes to the metrics of imaging
performance ensuring the efficient use of radiation.
The X-Ray image receptors used in this unit are Digital Detectors.
1.3.2 NORMAL USE
The Normal Use of this equipment is defined as the Intended Use plus the
Maintenance and Service tasks.
1.3.3 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Do not use the equipment for any purposes other than those for which it is
intended. Operation of the equipment for unintended purposes could lead to
fatal or other serious injury.
This equipment is not intended for mammographic applications.
If children are to be examined, they should always be accompanied by an adult.

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1.4 APPLIED PARTS
Applied Parts refer to parts of Medical equipment that in Normal Use
necessarily comes into physical contact with the patient for Medical equipment
to perform its function.
This RAD equipment includes the following Applied Parts:
Digital Detectors.
Grids (optional)
Other Accessories.

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SECTION 2 SAFETY AND REGULATORY INFORMATION
This section describes the safety considerations, general precautions for
patient, operator and equipment in order to perform a safe operation and
service tasks.
Regulatory information and symbols used in the equipment are detailed in this
section to operate it safely.
2.1 GENERAL
FOR CONTINUED SAFE USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT FOLLOW
THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS OPERATING MANUAL. BOTH
OPERATOR AND SERVICE PERSONNEL HAVE TO STUDY
THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY, INSTRUCTIONS HEREIN
SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY READ AND UNDERSTOOD
BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO PLACE THE EQUIPMENT IN
OPERATION, ESPECIALLY THE INSTRUCTIONS
CONCERNING SAFETY, REGULATIONS, DOSAGE AND
RADIATION PROTECTION. KEEP THIS OPERATING MANUAL
WITH THE EQUIPMENT AT ALL TIMES AND PERIODICALLY
REVIEW THE OPERATING AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS.
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SERVICE PERSONNEL
SUCH AS INSTALLATION, CALIBRATION OR MAINTENANCE
ARE DESCRIBED IN THE RESPECTIVE CHAPTERS OF THE
SERVICE MANUAL PROVIDED WITH THIS EQUIPMENT.
PLEASE STUDY THIS MANUAL AND THE MANUALS FOR
EACH SYSTEM COMPONENT TO BE FULLY AWARE OF ALL
THE SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS.

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OPERATOR AND SERVICE PERSONNEL AUTHORIZED TO
USE, INSTALL, CALIBRATE AND MAINTAIN THIS
EQUIPMENT MUST BE AWARE OF THE DANGER OF
EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE TO X-RAY RADIATION. IT IS
VITALLY IMPORTANT THAT EVERYONE WORKING WITH
X-RAY RADIATION IS PROPERLY TRAINED, INFORMED ON
THE HAZARDS OF RADIATION AND TAKE ADEQUATE
STEPS TO ENSURE PROTECTION AGAINST INJURY.
OPERATOR MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE TO
COMPETENTLY PERFORM THE DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTIC
IMAGING PROCEDURES WITH X-RAY DEVICES. THIS
KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED THROUGH A VARIETY OF
EDUCATIONAL METHODS INCLUDING CLINICAL WORKING
EXPERIENCE, AND AS PART OF MANY COLLEGE AND
UNIVERSITY RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS IN
ACCORDANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS OR REGULATIONS.
SERVICE PERSONNEL MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT
KNOWLEDGE TO COMPETENTLY PERFORM THE SERVICE
TASKS RELATED TO X-RAY DEVICES AND PARTICULARLY
TO THE EQUIPMENT DESCRIBED IN THIS MANUAL. THIS
KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED THROUGH A VARIETY OF
EDUCATIONAL METHODS FOR TECHNICIANS IN
ACCORDANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS OR REGULATIONS,
INCLUDING SPECIFIC TRAINING ON THIS EQUIPMENT.
X-RAY EQUIPMENT IS DANGEROUS TO BOTH PATIENT AND
OPERATOR UNLESS PROTECTION MEASURES ARE
STRICTLY OBSERVED. IF THE EQUIPMENT IS NOT
ACCURATELY USED, IT MAY CAUSE INJURY.
ALTHOUGH X-RAY RADIATION CAN BE HAZARDOUS, X-RAY
EQUIPMENT DOES NOT POSE ANY DANGER WHEN IT IS
PROPERLY USED.

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SPECIAL ATTENTION MUST BE GIVEN TO DIAGNOSTIC
X-RAY EQUIPMENT SPECIFIED TO BE USED IN
COMBINATION WITH ACCESSORIES OR OTHER ITEMS. BE
AWARE OF POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECT ARISING FROM
THESE MATERIALS LOCATED IN THE X-RAY BEAM (SEE THE
TABLE BELOW FOR THE MAXIMUM EQUIVALENT
ATTENUATION OF MATERIALS POSSIBLY LOCATED IN THE
X-RAY BEAM).
MAXIMUM ATTENUATION EQUIVALENT mm AL
ITEM
21 CFR IEC 60601-2-54:2009 , and
IEC60601-2-54:2009+AMD1:2015
Total of all layers composing the front panel of cassette holder 1.2 1.2
Total of all layers composing the front panel of FILM CHANGER 1.2 1.2
Total of all layers, excluding detector itself, composing the front
panel of DIGITAL X-RAY IMAGING DEVICE 1.2 1.2
Cradle 2.3 2.3
PATIENT SUPPORT, stationary, without articulated joints 1.2 1.2
PATIENT SUPPORT, movable, without articulated joints (including
stationary layers) 1.7 1.7
PATIENT SUPPORT, with radiolucent panel having one articulated
joint 1.7 1.7
PATIENT SUPPORT, with radiolucent panel having two or more
articulated joints 2.3 2.3
PATIENT SUPPORT, cantilevered 2.3 2.3
Note 1.-- Devices such as RADIATION DETECTORS are not included in the item listed in this table.
Note 2.-- Requirements concerning the ATTENUATION properties of RADIOGRAPHIC CASSETTES and of INTENSIFYING
SCREENS are given in ISO 4090 [3], for ANTI--SCATTER GRIDS in IEC 60627[1].
Note 3.-- ATTENUATION caused by table mattresses and similar accessories is not included in the maximum ATTENUATION
EQUIVALENT for PATIENT SUPPORT.
Note 4.-- Maximum ATTENUATION EQUIVALENT mm Al is only applied to the corresponding item. If several items given in this table
are located in the path of the X-RAY BEAM between the PATIENT and the X-RAY IMAGE RECEPTOR, each corresponding maximum
ATTENUATION EQUIVALENT mm Al is separately applied to each item.

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2.2 RESPONSIBILITIES
THIS X-RAY UNIT MAY BE DANGEROUS TO PATIENT AND
OPERATOR UNLESS SAFE EXPOSURE FACTORS,
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND MAINTENANCE
SCHEDULES ARE OBSERVED.
THE EQUIPMENT HEREIN DESCRIBED IS SOLD WITH THE
UNDERSTANDING THAT THE MANUFACTURER, ITS
AGENTS, AND REPRESENTATIVES ARE NOT LIABLE FOR
INJURY OR DAMAGE WHICH MAY RESULT FROM
OVEREXPOSURE OF PATIENTS OR PERSONNEL TO X-RAY
RADIATION.
THE MANUFACTURER DOES NOT ACCEPT ANY
RESPONSIBILITY FOR OVEREXPOSURE OF PATIENTS OR
PERSONNEL TO X-RAY RADIATION GENERATED BY THIS
EQUIPMENT WHICH IS A RESULT OF POOR OPERATING
TECHNIQUES OR PROCEDURES.
NO RESPONSIBILITY WILL BE ASSUMED FOR ANY
EQUIPMENT THAT HAS NOT BEEN SERVICED AND
MAINTAINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MANUFACTURER
INSTRUCTIONS, OR WHICH HAS BEEN MODIFIED OR
TAMPERED WITH IN ANY WAY.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR TO ENSURE
THE SAFETY OF THE PATIENT WHILE THE X-RAY
EQUIPMENT IS IN OPERATION, BY VISUAL OBSERVATION,
PROPER PATIENT POSITIONING AND USE OF THE DEVICES
THAT ARE INTENDED TO PREVENT PATIENT INJURY.
ALWAYS WATCH ALL PARTS OF THE SYSTEM TO VERIFY
THAT THERE IS NEITHER INTERFERENCE NOR
POSSIBILITY OF COLLISION WITH THE PATIENT OR WITH
OTHER EQUIPMENTS.

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IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PURCHASER
/CUSTOMER TO PROVIDE THE MEANS FOR AUDIO AND
VISUAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE OPERATOR AND
THE PATIENT.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR TO ENSURE
THAT ALL THE EXPOSURE PARAMETERS ARE CORRECT
BEFORE PERFORMING AN EXAM TO THE PATIENT, BY
VERIFYING THAT THE PARAMETER SELECTION HAS NOT
BEEN MODIFIED UNINTENTIONALLY OR BY THE CONTACT
OF EXTERNAL ELEMENTS ON THE CONTROL CONSOLE, IN
ORDER TO AVOID THE OVEREXPOSURE OR THE NEED OF
PERFORMING A NEW EXAM TO THE PATIENT.
MAKE SURE THAT THE X-RAY TUBE IS SET IN WORKING
POSITION WITH THE REFERENCE AXIS (X-RAY BEAM)
POINTING TO THE RECEPTION AREA.
2.3 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE (MPD)
Before operation, people qualified and authorized to operate this equipment
should be familiar with the Recommendations of the International Commission
on Radiological Protection, contained in Annals Number 60 of the ICRP, with
applicable National Standards and should have been trained in use of the
equipment.
THE OPERATOR SHALL USE THE LARGEST POSSIBLE
DISTANCE FROM THE FOCAL SPOT TO SKIN IN ORDER TO
KEEP THE ABSORBED DOSE AS LOW AS REASONABLY
ACHIEVABLE.

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2.4 RADIATION PROTECTION
Although this equipment is built to the highest safety standards and
incorporates a high degree of protection against X-ray radiation other than the
useful beam, no practical design of equipment can provide complete protection,
nor can any practical design compel the operator to take adequate precautions
to prevent the possibility of any persons carelessly, unwisely, or unknowingly
exposing themselves or others to X-ray radiation.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR TO
RESTRICT THE ACCESS TO THE UNIT IN ACCORDANCE
WITH LOCAL REGULATIONS FOR RADIATION
PROTECTION.
Because exposure to X-ray radiation can be damaging to the health, use great
care to ensure protection against exposure to the primary beam. Some of the
effects of X-ray radiation are cumulative and may extend over a period of
months or years. The best safety rule for an X-ray operator is “Avoid exposure
to the primary beam at all times”.
Any object in the path of the primary beam produces secondary (scattered)
radiation. The intensity of secondary radiation depends on the energy and
intensity of the primary beam and the atomic number of the object material
struck by the primary beam. Secondary radiation may be of greater intensity
than that of the radiation reaching the receptor. Take protective measures to
safeguard against it.
An effective protective measure is the use of lead shielding. To minimize
dangerous exposure, use such items as lead screens, lead impregnated
gloves, aprons, thyroid collars, etc. Lead screens should contain a minimum of
2.0 mm of lead or equivalent and personal protective devices (aprons, gloves,
etc.) must contain a minimum of 0.25 mm of lead or equivalent. For confirmation
of the local requirements at your site, please refer to your “Local Radiation
Protection Rules” as provided by your Radiation Protection Advisor.