Nikon S-kt User manual

MICROSCOPEmodeI
S-Kt
INSTRUCTIO
NS
NIPPON
KOGAKUK.K.

I
1.
2.
CONTENTS
NOMENCLATURE
ATTACHINGTHELENSES .......6
(1) Mounting
the
Objectives.. 6
(2) MountingtheEyepieces
... l
(3) Mounting
the
Condenser
.. 7
ILLUMINATION .... 8
(1) CondenserlrisDiaphragm
.. g
3. (z
(3
(4
(5
(6
17
LightSource... g
Condenser
Focusing
Knob
. ; g
Brightness
Adjustment q
Preparation
andAdjustmentfor Observation f6
Observation
Photom
icrography
4.
(8) Filters
(9) llluminationforVeryLowMagnifications p
(10)
Replacingthe
Bulb . . n
FOCUSTNG . . ... 13
(1)
Focusins
nOiusireni........... ....13
(21 EyepieceAdjustment ....13
(3)
CoarseFocusing .......1a
tf
(41
PresetDevice ...14
(5)
FineFocusing ........14
(6)
Oillmmersion .....i........15
(Vl ExchangingStages . ..1b
MOVTNG
THESPECTMEN
ON
THE
STAGE ... ..
16
(1) RectangularMechanical
Stage
"R" ...
16
l2l Circular
GlidingStage
"C" ....
17
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY ....18
COMBINATIONS. ...19
(1) lnterchangeableEyepieceTubes ......20
(21
lnterchangeableStages ........20
OBJECTIVES,EYEPIECES,CONDENSERS ......21
(1) Objectives ......2i
(21 Eyepieces . ....29
(3) Combinationsof Objectivesand
Eyepieces .. 23
(4)
Condensers.. .....25
(5) llluminationSystem .....25
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. CAUTIONSINHANDLINGANDMAINTENANCE -27

I. NOMENCTATURE(]YIODEL
SBR.I{I)
E
yep
iece
Revolving
nosepiece
Objective
Stagelock screw
F
ield
lens
Voltmeter
window
Field
diaphragm
ring
Lamphousing
socket
Voltage
change-over
key
Filter
holderfor 33mm
diameterfilter
Condenser
focusing
knob
(range
2Bmm)
Field
diaphragm
centering
screw

fi=
Diopter
adjusting
rrng
Interpupillary
distanceadjusting
knob
(54-74mm)
Frrcnicectilhc clamn
Screw
Slide
holder
Condenser
clamP
Lock screw for the condenser
diaph
ragmeccentering
lever
Condenser
diaph
ragmeccenteri
ng
leverfor oblique
illumination
Condenseririsdiaphragm
ring
Knob for longitudinaltravelof stage
Knob for lateraltravel
of stage
Coarse
focus
tensionadjusting
ring
Coarse
focus
knob (range
38mm)
F
ine
focus
knob
one
rotation0.2mm,
range38mm)
Brightness
adjusting
dial
Mainswitch
Coarse
focus
Preset
lever
Cordconnector
5

2. ATTAC]IINO
THTLENSTS
Before attaching the objective
and the
eyepieceto the microscope,
clean the
outer lenssurfaces. Even a light finger
mark may often interfere with image
contrast.
(1) Mounting
the
Objectives
Take special care when handling the
objectives.
Beforeattaching
theobjectives
to the nosepiecerevolver, lower the
microscope
stage sufficiently. Securing
each objective with the fingers
of one
hand, screw it into eachnosepiece
hole
with thoseof the other hand (Fig.
3)
Microscope
model
S-Kt has on the upper
srrrface of the noseniece
revolver
f
our
spots
indicated
@,
@),O and
O (Fig.
4) lt
is advisableto mount the objectives
below the indication
spot in order
from
lowto high
powers
as
below:
example
@
@
o.... 4xobjective
....10Xobjective
....40Xobjective
@.. . ...looxobjective
When rotating the revolver, hold the Fig'
4
outer milled rim with your thumb and
first finger. Do not push the objective
barrelsbecausealignmentof the objec-
tives
maV
bedisturbed
Fis.
3

(2)Mounting
the
Eyepieces
For mounting,simply
put theeyepiece
into theeyepiecetube.lt is
recommend-
edthattheeyepiecebeleft inplace
even
whennot in use
in orderto prevent
the
entrance
of dust into theeyepiecetube.
Or insert
theeyepiececap
inplace of the
removed
eyepiece.The inclined
eyepiece
tube,
trinocular,binocular
gr monocular,
canbe rotated
after
looseningtheclamp
screw,
for convenience
in viewing
from
anvdesired
direction
withoutmoving
the
microscopestand.By further releasing
the clamp screw (Fig. 5) the eyepiece
tube canbe removed
and replaced
with
another
type.
(3)Mountingthe
Gondenser
To mountthecondenser,
loosenthe
lock
screw.and insert the condenser
from
beneath
thecondenser
holderas
farasit
will go.
Then,tighten
the
lock
screw.
In
this
case
locatethediaphragm
eccentering
lever
and its screw
at a convenient
posi-
tionsoas
to facilitatetheirmanipulation
with one hand (Fig. 6). The correct
distance
for retainingimmersion
oil be-
tween
the lowersurface
of theslide
and
the too of condenser
is obtained
when
thecondenser
israisedto theupper
limit
byturning
thecondenser
focus
knob.
Fis.5
Fis.6

3. ITTlJ]t|I]{ATION
Resolution
and
image
contrast
are
greatly
affected
bythe
illumination
method.
(1)
Condenser
lris
Diaphragm
Stopdown the condenser
iris
diaphragm
and slideit in a radial
direction
from
centerto edge.
The morethe iris dia-
phragm
isoff-center,
thehigher
thecon-
trastandresolution.
Details
of theobject
are
distinguished
byincreased
and
unsym-
metrical
shadows
atthe
boundaries
(Fig.
7,a,bl.
When
the irisdiaphragm
is
positioned
so
asto let
thelightbundleenter
theobject
at an angleof inc.idence
equalto the
apertureangleof theobjective,
thereso-
lutionreaches
themaximum
andtwice
as
muchastheresolution
by central
illumi-
natron.
lf thediaphragmisfurther
decenteredto
suchan extent
as
to prevent
the light
bundleentering
the objective,
oblique
darkfield illumination
will beobtained
(Fig.
7,c).lf theiris
diaphragm
isopened
wide,images
by illumination
at various
angles
are
obtained.
An illumination
angle
unfavorablefor the object may be in-
cl
uded.
In centralillumination
maximumresolu-
tionis
obtainedwhenthe
openingofthe
iris diaphragm
just corresponds
to the
apertureangleof the objective.
In this
case
excessiveouterrays
asused
fordark
field
illumination
arecutoff and flare
is
minimized.lf the
opening
ismade
small-
er, contrastis enhanced,
althoughthe
resolution is lowered.
But if the iris
diaphragm is large enough to cover
60-700/0of the objective
aperture,the
decrease
of resolution will not be pro-
nounceo.
lf thediaphragmis
stoppeddownto the
minimum
for admittingonlyvery
small
light
bundles,theeffects of diffraction,
reflection,refraction,
etc., may be ex-
aggerated
so that fringes may beseenat
the
image
edgeswhichmaylikely
induce
misinterpretationof the image,but it
(a)
Central
illumination (b) Obliqueillumination (c) Dark field illumination
Fig.7

may be effective
for special
occasions
(e.9.
definitionofthe
general
structureof
unstained
specimens).
(2)
LightSource
As already
discussed,
the irisdiaphragm
plays
an important
role
in illumination
for microscopy.
In principle,
the dia-
phragm
should
be so adjusted
that the
numericalaperture
of the condenser
is
equal
to thatof theobjectivebeing
used,
in order
to obtain
maximum
resolution.
ln practice,
however,
keeping
out stray
light
whlch
would
reduceimagecontrast
by closing
theaperture
of the
condenser
down to 60-700/o
of thatof theobjective
will bringabout good resultsin most
cases.
Thecoincidence
of condenser
dia-
phragm
aperture
with theaperture
(exit
pupil)
of theobjective
canbeascertained
by lookingdown the microscopetube
after
removingtheeyepieceand
closing
the diaphragm
slowly.
An experienced
user,
however,
may dispense with this
procedure,
andobtain
thesame
resultby
adjusting
the diaphragm
opening
until
satisfactory
distinctness
of the image
is
obta
ined
.
lf high
resolutionand,atthesame
time,
high
contrastare
desirable,
oblique
illumi-
nation
maybe
effective.This
isespecially
suited
forlightlystainedspecimens,
trans-
Fig.I
parent phase
specimens,
etc. However,
withthis
illumination,
asharp
variation
in
contrast
and resolution
may appear;
it
may
benecessaryto change
thedirection
of illumination,
by turning
the
irisdia-
phragm.
The
condenser
aperture
maybedecenter-
ed
in
any
direction
by
rotating
and
atthe
same
time
radiallysliding
thediaphragm.
This
manipulation
canbe
doneby only
using
one hand,the thumb and first
finger
for decentering
and the middle
fingerfor opening
or closing
the dia-
phragm.
(See
Fig.8)
(3)
Condenser
Focusing
Knob
Condenser
focusing
is accomplished
by
turning
thecondenser
focusing
knob.
This
manipulation
isnecessary
mainly
for
Koehler
type illumination
or dark
field
observation.
The condenser
is usually
placed
attheupper
limitand
need
not
be
lowered.
(4)Brightness Adjustment
Theconventional
method
ofadiusting
the
brightness
of the microscope
lamphas
been by a rheostat or transformer,
whereby the voltage
or amPerage
is
cnangeo.
Either method,however,
is disadvan-
tageous
in thattheformer
produces
heat
and the latter,
due to its largesize,
presents
difficulty
in mounting
it inthe
microscope
base.
Modern,advanced
semi-conductor
tech-
nologyhas
provided
a facility
forchang-
ingthe flow time of electric
means.A
so-called
thyristor
ofextremely
small
size
hasbeen
developed
to enable
regulation
of the
brightness
of the
lamp,The
Micro-
scope
Model
S-Kt
has
adopted
this
type
of lightadjuster
built in the
microscope

Dase.
Turnthe
brightnessad
justing
wheel
atthe
side
of the
base,andthe
green
area
in
the
voltmeter
windowwill indicate
thevolt-
age,
increasing
asthewheel
isturnedin
thedirectionofthe
arrowbelowit.
(5) Preparation and Adjustment for
Observation
O AttachingtheLamp
Cord
As shownin Fig.
9, insert the cord
connector,facing
the notch upward,
and fasten it by a clockwise
turn of
theoutside
lockring.
@ Attaching
theLamp
Socket
The lampsocket
isattached
asfol-
lows:
Insert the socket,
fitting the key
groove
accordingto themarkinS
(FiS.
10).Turnit clockwise
and
push
it in
Since
the
socketwill automatically
be
positioned
by
friction,
thereis
no
need
forfurther
ad
justment.
Do not insert
the socket fullv, but
leave
a clearance
of about2mm to
attainthe
brightestillumination.
O Centering
theRadiantField
Diaphragm
Usingthe 40X objective,
bringthe
specimen
into
sharp
focus.
Fully
close
the radiantfield
diaphragm.Move
the
condenser
lens vertically,
until a
sharply
focused
image
of the dia-
phragm
is obtained
on thespecimen
surface.Then, move
the diaphragm
imageto the center
by manipulating
thetwocentering
screws
(Fig.
11).
When
switchingto other objectives,
the diaphragmimage
may slightly
deviate
from the centered
position.
producing,
however,
no objectionable
resultsfor
routine
observation.
Fis.
9
Fig.10
Fig.
11
10

(6)Observation
Themicroscope
permits
observationwith
uniformly bright illuminationranging
from the 4X objectiveup to the oil-
immersion
100X
objective,
with no need
of changingtheillumination
system.
For
interference or phase-contrast observa-
tion, turn the brightnessadjdsting
dial
(Fig.
12)
to
get
a
brighterimage
Notethat this microscope
cannotbeused
for interference
phase-contrast
observa-
tion with the 100X oil-immersion,
be-
causeof insufficient
brightness.
It canbeused
with the40Xobjectivefor
up to a total magn ificationof 400X,
when the illuminationls adiusted for
maximum
brightness.
(7)Photomicrography
Comparedwith the NikonS-Ke Micro-
scope,the
Model
S-Kt
will providephoto-
graphs
of somewhat lower
contrast.
In monochromatic
photography,
good
contrast
can
be
obtained
by theuseof a
green
(monochrombtic)
filter.
In color
photomicrography.
asshownin
Fig. 13, the dial of the built-inlight
adjusterat the side of the microscope
base
is to be set with the voltmeterin
PHOTO
position
(near
7.5V),where
the
green
area
fills
the
window.
UseNikonFilter
CBi65 orWratten58.
(8)Filters
Filters33mmin
diameter
areusedinthe
filter holder
beneaththecondenser
lens,
and 45mm diameterf
ilters abovethe
illuminationfield
lens.
Rri,rhtnocc :rlirrciino rl i:l
Fis.12
Fis.13