Olympus BHA-P User manual

I
OLYMPUS POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
MODELS BHA -P&B;H.-P ATTACHMENT

i
This instruction rnancral has been written for the use of the Olyn~pusPolarizing Microscope
!,
Modcl CHA-P and Polarizirl!j Attach~nentModel 131-I-P. It is recommended to r-ead the
I
>
manual carefully in order to familiarize yourself fully with the use of Ihe microscope on the
!
polarizing attachment so lhal you can ob~an the best performance and ~ffectiveness.
t
IMPORTANT
Observe the following points carefully:
Operation
1. Always handle the microscope with the care it deserves, and avoid abrupt motions.
2. Avoid exposureof the microscope to direct sunlight. dust and vibration.
3. Only use the tension adjustment ringfor altering the tension of the coarse adjustment.
Do not twist the two coarse adjustment knobs in the opposite directions sirnultane-
ously, which
might cause damage.
4. Ascertain that the voltage selector switch on the base plate is set to conformwit11 the
local mainsvoltage.
5. Disconnect the line cord frorn the AC power outlet for fuse replacement.
Maintenance
1. Lenses must always be kept clean. Fine dust on lens surfaces should be blown or
wiped off by means
of an air blower or a clean brush. Carefi~llywipe off oil or finger-
prints deposited
on the lens surfaces with yaclzs moistened with a small amount of
xylene, alcohol or ether.
2. Do not use organic solutions lo wipe the surfaces of various components. Plastic
parts, especially,should be cleaned with a neutral detergent.
3. Never disassemble the rnicroscope for repair
4. The microscope should be stored in its container immediately aftel- use. li this is not
possible, it slioi~ld
be covered with ti vinyl dust cover. It is best to kcap objectives and
eyepieces in
a desiccator, containingcjcsiccants.
5. Disconnect the linecord frorn the AC power soirrce before fuse replacement.

CONTENTS
t. STANDARD EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
it. NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I1 I. ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1V. IDENTIFICATIONAND FUNCTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS . . .
V. OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. ElectricSystem
2, lnterpupillary Distance and Diopter Adjustments . . . . . . . . . .
3. Light Path Selection
4. Centering the Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Centering the Stage . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Centering the Objectives
7. Use of Iris Diaphragms
8. Focusing Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. OrthoscopicObservation
10. Conoscopic Observation . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
11. Photomicrography
VI. OPTICAL
DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VII. TROUBLESHOOTING. . . . . .t . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-
1. STANDARD EQUIPMENT
Optional Accessories: Mechanical stage for polarizing use Model AH-FMP
Berek cornpensalor Modsl AH-CTP
Qhjectivc (srrain-free) P020X
Model
Microscope stand wrth aux~lrary lens
BHA-F
Rcvo lving nosepiece RH-PRE
l~itermediate polarizing a~tachmenl AH-PA
Quarter wave plate AH-TPI47
BHA-751-P
J
1
1
BHA-651-P
1
1
1
1
pp
BH-P-1
I
0
1
I
1
Sensrt~ve tint plate (53OrnpCI) AH-TP530
Polarlztng b~necular tube (30~) BH-PB 130
Polari~lnq tr~nocular tube (30~1 BH-PTH30
Circular rotatable stage BH-SRP
Swing-out condenser BH -POC
Tungsten lamp house BH-LH
30-watt tungsten filament bulbs LS30
Objecrrves (strain-free)
BH-P-2
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
3
1
1
PO4 X
POIOX
P040X
PO1 00X Iollj
0
1
1
111
1
3
1
' 1
1
1
K5X (with cross hatrs) 1 1-1 1
7
WFlOX (with cross ha~rs} 1 1 1 1
Eyepieces WF1 OX (with 1011 00mm micrometer) 1
BIKSX
1 1 1 1
WFlOX 1 1 11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Photo ~yep~ece F K5X 0
0
Spare fuses
F~lter 45C
Immersion nil
I
V~nyt dust cover
-
1
1
0
0
0
0
-
2
1
1
1
1 10
-
2 0
I
1 I0
1
0
' ,!
0
1
\
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
t
1
1
0 0
0 0

II. NOMENCLATURE
Base 1

Ill. ASSEMBLY
Tfic 141ctl1re i~clow11111~t~atCsthe scq~leritidl ~prncodr~r 1% ol assernbly T!ie nt~nhrvc ~ndtcrlt~
the assembly cjrrlnr ol vilrlous colnponenls. Rel~iove dust caps before mounting Lurnpunents.
Take cars lo Ireep all glaqs surfaces cleat), and avalcl si.4 al~4t111g tlie srrr faces.
0 Eyepiece
Insert
the objective 10X inlo
the fixed aperture of the nose-
piece.
$1 Objective
"I
@ Qbservat~on tu11e Clamping screw
Quarter wave plate
Sensitive rint
@j lntermedrate Dolarizing tube
plate Attach the tube to the stand
--
wrth rhe letters "OLYMPUS"
Berek
facing in front of the micro-
compensator
scope (or align the red dots).
(TI Mechanical stage I 0 Nosepiece \ k---
Rotatable stage
M~croscops stand
@ Lamp house
Insert the two pins 01 the
aux~liary lens ~nto the bush.
rng5 on the microscoae stand
unt~l the lens clicks into posi-
tion.
w~th the convex surface
(with engraving "UPS1DE")
tac~ng upward.
Align~ng red dots, on condens-
er mount and condenser, Insert
the condenser inro the mount
Prior to mounting the stage.
rack down the condenser
mount all the way. To rernwe
the stage, (*move rhe cbn-
denser firs[.
Insert the lamp house and pres-
sing the clamping screw at the
bottom of the base, rotate he
lamp house until the locating
hole and clamplng screw are
al~sned.
, Electr~c connection
1) Pluq 111 11i(! t:o~hnr?ct~ng cord of th~ lari~p hocrsc 10 ~hc r~ccptactr: at tho back of the bds~
2) Inscr i onc plz~g ol the linc cord to the Illis cord socket on rhe llasc and coiincct the orher
or lug to rhe AC [lnwer outlet.

; )
IV. IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
L~ght path selector kr~ol)
/
Pull out the selector knob all
the way for photomicrography.
Analyicl- scaic
Tension adjustment ring
Arrow mark ~ndicatesIncrease
in coarse adjustment tension.
Voltmeter
\ SIlcIinq cont~~ollever
For cont~nuouslyvariable light
intensity.
\ L~icvol~~g~ selector switch

Mer.lianical tube length adjust-
Clarnping screw for
mechanical stage
ngraved letters "IN" for in-
sertion
of Bertrand lens into
the light path;
"OUT" for
removal of the Bertrand lens
from the light
path.
45' click stop lever
Clamping screw for
stage
uated.
Filter mount
Polarizer scale
Reading to 5'.
Field iris diaphragm ring
Polarirer rotation ring
Rheostat trimmer screw
screwdriver until the voltmeter indicates IV,
with the slid~ng control lever positioned
closest to vou (low voltage).
Larnp house clamping screw

Nosepiece clamping
Automatic
the cap of the fuse holder, and
replace the defective fuse with
a replacement fuse.
(Disconnect BEFORE RE-
PLACEMENT.)

A. Match the linevoltage selector switch to local mains voltage (seepage 6).
Summary of Putting the Microscope in Operation
B. Switch on the light source.
Model BHA-P
C.
Rotate the trimmer screw until the voltmeter indicates 1V (page 9)
D.
Place a specirnen slide on the mechanical stage.
E.
Remove the Bertrand lens and analyzer from the ligh! path.
F. Coarse focc~swith the
10X objective.
G.
Make interpirpillary and diopter adjustments (page 10)
H.
Center the condenser (page 10)
I. Center the stage (page 12).
J.
Center objectives other than 10X (page 12)
K.
Swing in the desired objective.
L. Set the condenser, analyzer and Bertrand lens correctly according to your microscopic
purpose (pages 13 and 14).
M. Adjust illumination system.
N. Adjust light intensity.
0. Finefocus.
P.
Adjust aperture irisdiaphragm and field iris diaphragm (page 12).
( Adjustment of illumination system I
For biological use ol the Moclel BHA-P, however, remove the analyzer, Bertrand lens and
sensitive tint plates, and place the high/low magnification selector lever into the "L" posi-
tion lor
4X and lox, aricl the "H" positior?for 20X. 40X and 100X object~ves.
Microscopic
Orthoscopic
observation
Conoscopic
observation
*
Cut off this page at dotted line and put ~t on the wall near the microscope for use as a reminder of
microscopic procedure.
Objective
4X to 100X
20X
to 100X
Intermediate
polarizingat-
tachment
OUT
IN r
Conder~ser
top lens
OUT
IN
Highllow magnifica-
tion selector lever
L
H

V. OPERATION
1. Electric System
1) Adjustment of Light Intensity
The rninimum voltage required for the light source can be adjusted with the rheostat
trimmer screw at the bottorri of the microscope base in accordance with the line voltage
and frequency.
A silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) is provided lor output voltage
control. The
SCR has the following advantages over conventional rheostat cor-itrols.
@ Extremely fine adjustment of light intensity can be easily achieved
@ Flickering of the bulb filament is elirninated and light intensity is stabilized.
@ Increased lifeexpectancy of the bulb.
2) Adjustment of Minimum Line Voltage
@ Ascertain that the voltage selector switch is set to conform with the local mains
voltage. (This switch can be turned with a coin, and can be set to the following
voltages: 100V-110V-I20V or 220V-240V.)
(3 Ascertain that the sliding control lever is positioned closest to you (lowvoltage),and
then activate the mainswitch. The pilot lan-iplights up.
@ If the bulb is dimnily lit, and the voltmeter indicates about IV,the secondary voltage
is correct, and you have only to push the sliding control lever forward in order to
obtain optimum light intensity.
@ If the bulb does not light or lights up brightly immediately after switching on, rotate
the rheostat trimmer screw gradually w~tha coin, until the voltmeter indicates
about 1V.
3) Light Source
The standard light source incorporates a 30W pre-centered tungsten filament bulb,
provided with a socket for positive contact, eliminating the problems of defective
contact and over-heating.
When used at the rated voltage 6V. the aver-age lrfe
of the tungsten bulb LS30 is longer
than 200 hours. This is,.however, greatly reduced, if the bulb is used at higher voltage; for
instance, the bulb life is reduced to 1/50 at 8V. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid
prolonged use at readingsover 6V (inthe red rorie).
Ifthe light source should be used at high voltage constantly, it is reconirnended to usea
high intensity halogen bulb.
* Do not switch the tungsten bulb on &ith the sliding control lever at high intensity posi-
tion (away from the user). It reduces bulb life.

2. lnterpupillary Distance and Diopter Adjustments
1)
Insert the eyepiece v~ithcross hairs of your choice into
tile right eyepiece tube, align~ngthe positioning slot
@
and position~ngpi11 @ . (Fig. 1)
* When the eyepiece positioning pin is inserted into the
lower slot on the tube, the cross lines in the eyepiece
coincide with the vibration direction of polarizer and
analyzer at
0 settings. When inserted into the other
slot, the cross lines are at
45O to the direction of
vibration.
2) Looking through the iight eyepiece (with cross hairs)
with your right eye, rotate the d~opteradjustment ring
@ until the cross hairs are sharpty focused. (Fig. 2)
3) Looking through the both eyepieces with both eyes,
adjust the interpupillary distance, sliding the knurled
dovetail slides
@ of the right and left eyepiece tubes,
cintil perfect binocular vis~onis obtained. Fig.
2
4) Memorize your interpupillary distance setting by means of the scale @
, ))!{
5) Rotate the tube length adjustment ring @ on the right eyepiece tube to match your
interpupillary distance setting which you obtained from the scale
6) Look at the image through the right eyepiece with your right eyepiece v~ithyour right
eye and focc~son the specimen with the coarse and fine adjustment knobs.
7) Look at the image through the left eyepiece with yocrr left eye and rotate the tube length
adjustment ring
@) to focus on the specimen without using the coarse and fine adjust-
ment knobs.
3. Light Path Selection
The trinoc~.llartcrbe is provided with a light path selector knob to direct the light to the
observation tube or to the phototube.
Knob position
Pushed in all the way.
Pulled out all the way.
Amount of light
100% into binocc~lartub:!
20% into binocular tube
80% into phototube
Application
Observation
Photomicrography

4. Condenser Centration
1) Br~ngthe objective 10X into the light path.
* If a specimen is placed on the circular rotatable stage
without
a mechanical stage it is recommended to hold
the peripheries of the specimen with the stage clips
provided to the circular stage.
Swing in the condenser top lens, and br~ngthe specimen
into focus.
Stop down the field iris diaphrag~nw~tliknurled ring
a.
A slightly blurred image of the field diaphragm can now
be seen in the eyepiece. (Fig.
3) Flg. 3
4) Move the condenser up and down to locus on the image of the field diaphragm.
* If the specimen slide is too thick, it is sometimes impossible to obtain a sharply-focused
image.
5) While widening the diameter of the field progressively, iise the condenser centering
screws
(3) to bring the diaphragm iniage Into the center of view. (Fig. 3)
6) Push the analyzer @ into the light path, and make sure
that both polarizer and analyzer are set at position
"0"
to attain the "Crossed filter" position. Then loosen the
clamping screw
(2) of the condenser. (Fig, 4)
7) Remove the speclmen o~~tof the light path so that a
transparent area comes into the light path. Keeping the
polarizer at the
"0" position, rotate the polarirer rota-
.
.,
. ,
I++-&: ,-- j,i
tion ring @ until the optimum extinction is obtained,
/--:,
then clamp the ring. (Fig. 4)
Fig. 4

5. Centering the Stage
I) Looking througlk llic eyeplece ancl objective 10X, cleter~ninesolme particular point, as
you like,
In the specimen irnage and coincidii thrs point with thc center of the cross
hairs of the eyepiece.
2) Rotating the stage, coincide the center of
11111
the rotation oi the specimen's pointg~ith
I-- >-- - --
the center of the cross hairs by means of
two centering screws
[I? provided on tlie
stage. (Fig.
51
* Repeat this procedure until the centra-
tion
is secured.
6. Centering the Objectives
This centration
is necessary to all the PO objectives except
the pre-centered objective
POlOX.
1) Connect a centering knob 9 to each centering screw of
the circular rotatable stage. (Fig. 6)
21 By means of these two centering screws, coincide the
centers of the cross hairs and the rotation of the
specimen.
3) After complete centration, remove the centering knobs. Fig.
6
7. Use of Iris Diaphragms
1 ) Aperture iris diaphragm
Adjust the opening of the aperture iris diaphragm
according to the various conditions scrch as the numeri-
cal aperture of the objective, irnage contrast, depth of
focus, and flatness of field. Generally it is often prefera-
ble to stop do\nln the aperture iris diaphragm to the
70%
-
or 80% of the N.A.of the objective.
After the eyepiece is removed from the observation
tube, if necessary, look through the observation tube
and check the opening of the aperture diaphragm at the
objective pupil.
2) Field iris diaphragm
The field [!-isdiaphl-agm controls the diarnetel-
of tlie ray bcrndle ~nlpingingon the speci-
lneri s~~rfaceand thus increases irriage definition.
Generally, it is prefel-abletoslightly increase the diameter ofthe field iris diaphragm until
it is just outside the field of view.
!

8. Focusing Adjcistment
1) Tension adjustment of coarse adjustment ltnobs
A tension adjustment ring IS provided nc!xt to the
riqlit hand coarse adjustment
knob. With this clevice the
terisior) of the coarse adjustment is freely adjustable
lo^.
eittier- heavy oi licltit movement rfependincl or1 opcrator
01-eference.
Iiowever, do not loosen thc: tension adjustrnent rlny too
rnoch, because the stage clrops, or the
fine adjustrncnt
knobs sl111eas~ly. Fig.
7
* Be careful not to rotate the right and left coarse adjust-
ment knobs
in the opposite directions sim~iltaneously.
2) Pre-focusing lever
This levci.
3) is locked after coarse focirs has been
accomplished. It prevents further ~ipwardtravel of the
stage by nienns of the coarse adjustrnent knobs, and
autoniatically provides a liiniting stop if the stage is
lowered and then raised agaln. (Fig.
8) FI~. 8
9. Orthoscopic Observation
1) Swing out tile top eris of the condensel
In principle, polarizided light enters the light path, parallel to the optical axis, to enable
observalion of the optical characler~st~csof the specirnen. However, this method will
darken the field of view and lower the resolving power
of the objective extremely. There-
fore, swing out the top lens of the condenser, using only the lower aperture of the lower
condenser lens.
2) Insert the analy~erinto the light path, and attain the crossed filter position with analyzer
and polari7er at
0 setting. At this pos~tori,the polari~ervibra~i In is in the north-south
direction, and the analyzer vibration in the east-west d~rection.To open the filter posi-
tion, pull out the analyrer rotation screw.
3) Rotatc the stage until the extinction of the image is
attaned, and n)ove tlic
45' click stop lever $ toward
the operator.
(Fig, 9)
Frorn this position, it is easy to rotate the stage in
45' Increments without having to ircfer to the angular
scale, and the stage clicks at the clla~onalposition, at
\vliicii position. the retardation angle
is measured. To
relcase the
45O cl~ckstops, push back the 45" click slop
lever.
I
Fig. 9

4) Insel-t the quarter \Nave pltite or sensitive tint plate into tlie slot in :he intcrmccliato
l)oIarr?in(j lul~e,
* A Berek compensator is optionally available to measure the birefringence of aspecimen.
Sensit~vetint plate Quarter
wave plate Berek compensator
10. Conoscopic Observation
1) Swing in the top lens of the condenser, and illornrnate the specimen with no need to
immerse between the condenser and specimen slicle,
2) Bring the specimen into foccrs, rotate the Bertrand lens tcrrrent ring into the IN position.
3) Focus on the interference (I~LI~C formed at the back focal plane of the objective frorn
0. ) I
20X ro 100X.
The pinhole cap provided may be ~~sedin place of the eyepiece to directly view the
interference figure mentioned above. In this case, the Bertrdncl lens is disengaged.
11. Photomicrography
1) Photomicrographic equipment
Photomicrography i~iththe h4odel
BHA-P requires photomicrographic equipment such as
the photomicrograpliic system camera, exposure meter, photo eyepiece, etc. Read the
lnsiruction manuals for each equipment, and follow the steps below:
a It is recommended to use a low power photo eyepiece FK2.5X.
@ Photor~iicrographicmagnification 1s same as witl-1 the standard optrcal tube length,
although the optical tube length for- this use
is prolonged because of the intermediate
polariilng tube.

VII. OPTICAL DATA
Immersion objective. Resolving power is obtained when the objective is used at the full
aperture diaphragm.
The eyepieces
K5X and WFlOX incorporate a sliding eye shield. This eye shield can be
pulled out to prevent glare and loss of contrast caused byarnbient light hitting the eye lens.
0 W.D. (Workingdistance):
The distance between the specimen orcover-glass and the nearest point of the objective.
PO20X
0.40
1.58
8.1
3
0.84
1OOX
15.56
1.05
200X
9.19
0.9
Objective Magnification
-
N.A.
W.D. imml
Focal length
(mrn)
--
Resolving power ( P )
0 N.A. (Numerical aperture):
The n~~mericalaperture represents
a perforrnance number whlch cocrld he compared to
the relative aperture (f-number) of a camera lens. N.A.values can be usecl for directly
comparing the resolving powers of all types of objectives. The larger
N.A.. the higher the
resolving power.
P04X
0.1 0
18.77
28.45
3.4
20X
300.0
5.25
40X
172.5
4.5
K5X
[ r::ber 21 )
WFlOX
1181
-
0 Resolving power:
The abllily of
a lens to register small details. The resolving power of a lens IS measured by
its ability to separate two points.
P040X
0.65
0.6
1
4.33
0.52
(Spring
loaded)
200X
4.99
0.53
400X
3.03
0.45
POlOX
0.25
6.78
16.08
-
' 1.3
50X
48.0
2.1
1OOX
27.60
1.8
Total magnification
Focal depth
( I*)
)ecW(mm)-
f otal magnification
Focal depth
( ,U
Field of view (mm)
0 Focal depth:
The disrance between the upper and lower limits of sharpness in the image formed by an
optical system.
A POlOOX
1.30
0.1
1
1.81
.-
0.26
(Spring
loaded)
500X
1.05
--
0.21
1,OOOX
0.66
0.18
0 Field number: t
A number that repl-esentsthe diameter in lnln of the image of the field diapliragnl that is
formed bv the lens
~ri front of it.
0 Field of view diameter: the actual sixof the field of view in mnl.
9

VIII. TROUBLESHOOTING
I
Troubles Causes
I
Remedies
I 1. Optical System I
' (a)With the illuminator The highllow magnification selector Place the lever in correct position.
switched on, the field of lever is not correctly positioned.
I view cannot be seen. The condenser is lowered exces- Raise the condenser to the upper
i-I
Analyzer and polarizer are in the
"crossed filter" position
("0:O").
Sei them at the position "0:90" or
"90:O".
(b)Thefield of view is cut off
or illuminated irregularly.
The nosepiece is notclick stopped. Slightly rotate the nosepiece until
1 clicks into position.
The nosepiece is not correctly at- Insert the sliding dovetail mount
tached to the stand. lnto the stand all the way, until it
stops, then lock.
The auxiliary lens is not correctly
attached.
The light path selector lever is stop-
ped midway.
The highllow magnificationselector
lever is not correctly positioned.
-
Correct the lens position.
Push the lever all the way.
Place the lever all the way.
The condenser is not correctly
mounted on the ring mount. Re-insert the condenser all the way.
The sensitive tint plate is stopped
midway. Push the plate all the way until
it
clicks.
In case of orthoscopic observation,
the condenser top lens stays in the
light path or stops midway.
Swing it out of the light path.
The field iris diaphragm
is stopped
down excessive1y.
Dust oncondeqser top lens.
Open the diaphragm fully.
(c)Dust or dirt
is visible in
the field of view.
Dirty specimens.
I Dust on eyepiece. I
The lamp is not correctly attached.
Dust or dirt on the glass surface at
the light exit onthe base.
Re-insert the lamp correctly.
Clean off the dust or dirt.

Remedies
Raise the condenser.
Operi tile diaphragm.
Mount the auxiliary lens.
Place the lever incorrect position.
Insert the sliding dovetail mount all
the way, until it stops, then lock.
Slightly rotate the nosepiece until
it clicks into
position.
Clean the objective.
Apply immersion oil.
Remove bubbles.
Use the designated oil.
Clean.
Adjust the illumination.
Insert the sliding dovetail mount
into the stand
all the way, then
lock.
Slightly rotate the nosepiece until
it clicks into position.
Place the specirnen on the stage and
secure it with the specimen clips.
Insert the sliding dovetail mount all
the way, until it stops, then lock.
Slightly rotate the nosepiece until
it clicks inloposilion.
Cenler the condenser.
Mocrnt the lens correctly.
Place the lever in correct position.
Troubles
(cl )Excessive irnage contrast.
(e) Pesolution problems:
0 1 fiage is not sharp.
0 lrscrfficient contrast.
lrnage details lack defini-
tron.
D
(f)The field of view is partial-
lyout of focus.
(g)The image goes out
of
focus cccentr~cally.
Causes
The condenser
IS lowered exces-
sively.
The aperture irls diaphragm is stop-
pet1 down excessive1
y.
The auxiliary lens is not mounted.
The high/low magnificationselector
lever is not correctly positioned.
The nosepiece
is not correctly at-
tached.
The objective is not correctly posi-
tioned in the light path.
Dirt on objective front lens.
The immersion objective
is used
without immersion oil.
Birbbles in the
immersion oil.
The Olympcrs designted oil
IS not
used.
Dirty specimen.
Dirt on condenser lens.
The specirnen is not properly il-
luminated.
The nosepiece is not correctly at-
tached.
The objective
IS not correctly posi-
tioned in the light path.
The specimen is not correctly posi-
tioned on the stage.
The nosepiece is not correctly at-
tached.
The objective
is not correctly posi-
tioned in the light path.
The condenser
is out of center.
The auxiliary lens is not correctly
rnoc~ntecl.
The higti/low rnagnlfication selector
lever is stopped midway.

Troubles
- -- -
!h)Wlien objectives are
changed, they are not par-
focal.
(i) Light intensity does no1
increase although the volt-
age is raised.
(1) The condenser does not
come to the correct posi-
tion for optimum extinc-
tion.
(k)No conoscopic image can
be seen.
(I)The crossed filter position
Causes
- - - - - .-
The mechanical tube length is not
correctly adjusted.
The condenser is not correctly cen-
tered.
The condenser
is lowered exces-
sively.
The observation tube and condens-
er are not correctly mounted.
The condenser top lens is not in
the light path.
The analyzer is out of the light
Remedies
Adjiist with the tube length adjust-
ment rings on the observation tube.
Center the condenser.
Raisethe condenser.
Re-mo~lntthem correctly.
Swing it in.
Push it in.
is not atte~ned. I path.
2. Electric System
la)The illuminator
is too
bright (ortoo dark).
(b)Output voltage for the il-
luminator cannot be reg-
ulated.
(c)The light flickers and the
intensity is unstable.
(d)Fuseburns out too often.
(e)The pilot I;~mpl~glitsb~~t
the bull2
docs not.
The rheostat trimmer screw is not
matched to the mains voltage.
-
The mains voltage is too high (or
too low).
The rheostat trimmer screw is not
correctly adjusted.
The voltage selector switch is not
matched to the mains voltage.
The mains voltage is too lowor too
high.
The mains voltage is unstable.
The filament of the bulb is likely
to bi.rrn out.
Loose electrical con1~ection.
The fuse
IS not a standard fuse.
The voltage selector switch is not
matched to the mains voltage.
The bulb
IS burned out.
Loose electrical connection.
Adjust the trimmer screw to match.-B
the mains voltage.
Adjust the mains voltage with
a
variable voltage transformer.
Adjust the trimmer screw until the
voltmeter indicates
1 V.
Adjust the mains voltage selector
switch to the mains voltage.
Adjust the mains voltage with
a
variable voltage transformer.
Use avariable voltage transformer.
Replace the bulb.
Secure theconnection.
Use astandard fuse.
Match the swilch to the mains
voltage.
Replace the b1.115,
Secure the connection.