Pasco Scientific ME-9447 User manual

Instruction Manual
and Experiment Guide
for the PASCO scientific
Model ME-9447
012-04715
4/96
Revision B
Force Table
CAUTION CAUTION
Model Me-9447
FORCE TABLE
PASCO
scientific
Copyright ©November 1991 $5.00

012-04715B Force Table
®
i
Table of Contents
Section Page
Copyright andWarranty .................................................................................... ii
Equipment Return ............................................................................................. ii
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
Equipment......................................................................................................... 1
Assembly .......................................................................................................... 2
Experiment 1: Vector Addition ........................................................................ 5
Appendix .......................................................................................................... 9
Storage .................................................................................................. 9
Protractor ........................................................................................................ 10

012-04715B
Force Table
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ii
Copyright Notice
The PASCO scientific Model ME-9447 Force Table
manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved. However,
permission is granted to non-profit educational institu-
tions for reproduction of any part of this manual provid-
ing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories
and are not sold for profit. Reproduction under any other
circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO
scientific, is prohibited.
Limited Warranty
PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from
defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one
year from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCO
will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the product
which is deemed to be defective in material or workman-
ship. This warranty does not cover damage to the product
caused by abuse or improper use. Determination of
whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing
defect or improper use by the customer shall be made
solely by PASCO scientific. Responsibility for the return
of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer.
Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage
and shipped postage or freight prepaid. (Damage caused
by improper packing of the equipment for return ship-
ment will not be covered by the warranty.) Shipping
costs for returning the equipment, after repair, will be
paid by PASCO scientific.
Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return
Please—Feel free to duplicate this manual
subject to the copyright restrictions below.
Credits
This manual authored/edited by: Jon and Ann Hanks
Equipment Return
Should the product have to be returned to PASCO
scientific for any reason, notify PASCO scientific by
letter, phone, or fax BEFORE returning the product.
Upon notification, the return authorization and
shipping instructions will be promptly issued.
When returning equipment for repair, the units
must be packed properly. Carriers will not accept
responsibility for damage caused by improper
packing. To be certain the unit will not be
damaged in shipment, observe the following rules:
➀The packing carton must be strong enough for the
item shipped.
➁Make certain there are at least two inches of
packing material between any point on the
apparatus and the inside walls of the carton.
➂Make certain that the packing material cannot shift
in the box or become compressed, allowing the
instrument come in contact with the packing
carton.
Address: PASCO scientific
10101 Foothills Blvd.
Roseville, CA 95747-7100
Phone: [phone]
FAX: [phone]
email: [email protected]
web: www.pasco.com
NOTE: NO EQUIPMENT WILL BE
ACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT AN
AUTHORIZATION FROM PASCO.

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012-04715B Force Table
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CAUTION CAUTION
Model Me-9447
FORCE TABLE
PASCO
scientific
Introduction
The PASCO Model ME-9447 Force Table is used to
physically demonstrate the addition of vectors using
the concept of equilibrium. The vectors are forces
supplied by the weight of the masses that hang over
the pulleys. Masses hanging over pulleys placed at
given angles are balanced by another mass over a
pulley at another angle.
The PASCO force table has several excellent features:
• It is lightweight.
➤NOTE: Do not exceed 200 g on each pulley.
• It can be stored in a small space.
• The pulleys have very little friction.
• The pulley clamps allow the string to be lowered
close to the angle markings on the table, reducing
the parallax in reading the angle.
• Equilibrium can be obtained by centering a knot
(which gives greater precision) or by centering
the conventional ring.
Spool of Thread
Plastic Ring
Equipment
The ME-9447 Force Table includes the following:
• Force Table Assembly with Center Post and three
Detachable Legs
• Three Super Pulley Clamps
• Three Mass Hangers
• Plastic Ring
• Spool of Thread
• Instruction Manual/Experiments Guide which
includes protractors that may be reproduced
Additional Equipment Recommended
• Masses such as PASCO model ME-9348 Mass
and Hanger Set or PASCO model SE-8704
Slotted Mass Set
• Metric Ruler such as PASCO model SE-8731
• Protractor such as PASCO model SE-8732
Super Pulleys with
Clamps (3)
Mass Hangers (6)
Force Table with Center Post
and Detachable Legs

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Assembly
Figure 1 Force Table: Before and After Assembly
Bottom of Force Table
Clip
CAUTION CAUTION
Model Me-9447
FORCE TABLE
PASCO
scientific
Assembly
➀Remove the three legs from the clips on the bottom
of the plastic force table disk.
➁Screw the legs into the holes on the bottom of the
disk (see Figure 1.)
➂Attach three pulleys and clamps to the rim of the
disk. If more than two forces are to be added, use
the desired number plus one pulley and clamp for
the equilibrant force.
There are two ways to attach the strings to the table:
The first way uses the conventional ring in the center
of the table and the second way uses an anchor string
through the hole in the center of the table. The advan-
tage of the anchor string is that a higher precision can
be achieved because a single knot is being centered
instead of the massive ring. The anchor string keeps
the masses from falling to one side when the system is
not in equilibrium.
➤NOTE: In both methods it is important to
adjust the pulleys so that the strings are parallel
to the top surface of the Force Table, and as
close to the top surface as possible. When
adjusting the pulleys, don't let the ring rest on the
top surface.

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Figure 2 Ring Method of Stringing Force Table
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PASCO
scientific
Model ME-9447
FORCE TABLE
200 GRAMS
MAXIMUM ON
MASS HANGERS
CAUTION
200 GRAMS
MAXIMUM ON
MASS HANGERS
CAUTION
Force Table Clamp
with PulleyString String
Ring
Ring
Center
Post
Ring Method
See Figure 2. To use this method, screw the center post
up until it stops so that it sticks up above the table.
Place the ring over the post and tie one 30 cm long
string to the ring for each pulley. The strings must be
long enough to reach over the pulleys. Place each
string over a pulley and tie a mass hanger to it.
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PASCO
scientific
Model ME-9447
FORCE TABLE
200 GRAMS
MAXIMUM ON
MASS HANGERS
CAUTION
200 GRAMS
MAXIMUM ON
MASS HANGERS
CAUTION
Figure 3 Anchor Method of Stringing Force Table
Force Table Clamp
with Pulley String
String
Anchor String
Center
Post
➤NOTE: A string can be attached to the
PASCO mass hanger by wrapping the string
several times (4 or 5) around the notch at the top
of each mass hanger.
Anchor String Method
See Figure 3. Cut two 60cm lengths of string and tie
them together at their centers (to form an "X"). Three
of the ends will reach from the center of the table over
a pulley; the fourth will be threaded down through the
hole in the center post to act as the anchor string.
Screw the center post down so it is flush with the top
surface of the table. Thread the anchor string down
through the hole in the center post and tie that end to
one of the legs. Put each of the other strings over a
pulley and tie a mass hanger on the end of each string.
➤NOTE: A string can be attached to the
PASCO mass hanger by wrapping the string
several times (4 or 5) around the notch at the top
of each mass hanger.

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012-04715B Force Table
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EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
ME-9447 Force Table, –3 pulleys and pulley clamps, –3 mass hangers, –mass set, –string, –
metric ruler, –protractor, –2 sheets of paper
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to use the force table to experimentally determine the force
which balances two other forces. This result is checked by adding the two forces by using their
components and by graphically adding the forces.
Theory
This experiment finds the resultant of adding two vectors by three methods: experimentally, by
components, and graphically.
Experiment 1: Vector Addition
➤NOTE: In all cases, the force caused by the mass hanging over the pulley is found by
multiplying the mass by the acceleration due to gravity.
Experimental Method
Two forces are applied on the force table by hanging masses over pulleys positioned at certain
angles. Then the angle and mass hung over a third pulley are adjusted until it balances the
other two forces. This third force is called the equilibrant (
F
E
) since it is the force which
establishes equilibrium. The equilibrant is not the same as the resultant (
F
R
). The resultant is
the addition of the two forces. While the equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the resultant, it is
in the opposite direction because it balances the resultant (see Figure 4). So the equilibrant is
the negative of the resultant:
–F
E
=F
R
=F
A
+F
B
Figure 4 The Equilibrant Balances the Resultant
F
E
F
R
F
B
F
A

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Component Method
Two forces are added together by adding the x- and y-components of the forces. First the
two forces are broken into their x- and y-components using trigonometry:
FA=Axx+Ayyand Bxx+Byy
where
A
x
is the x-component of vector
F
A
and
x
is the unit vector in the x-direction. See
Figure 5. To determine the sum of
F
A
and
F
B
, the components are added to get the compo-
nents of the resultant
F
R
:
F
R
=(A
x
+B
x
)x+(A
y
+B
y
)y=R
x
x+R
y
y
To complete the analysis, the resultant force must be in the form of a magnitude and a
direction (angle). So the components of the resultant (
R
x
and
Ry) must be combined using
the Pythagorean Theorem since the components are at right angles to each other:
F
R
=R
2
+R
2
tan θ=R
x
R
y
And using trigonometry gives the angle:
Graphical Method
Two forces are added together by drawing them to scale using a ruler and protractor. The
second force (
F
B
) is drawn with its tail to the head of the first force (
F
A
). The resultant (
F
R
)
is drawn from the tail of
F
A
to the head of
F
B
. See Figure 6. Then the magnitude of the
resultant can be measured directly from the diagram and converted to the proper force using
the chosen scale. The angle can also be measured using the protractor.
Figure 5 Components
F
B
F
A
A
x
By
x
y
F
R
x
y
Ry
R
x
θ
F
B
F
A
F
R
Figure 6 Adding Vectors Head to Tail
θ

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Setup
➀Assemble the force table as shown in the Assembly section. Use three pulleys (two for the
forces that will be added and one for the force that balances the sum of the two forces).
➁If you are using the Ring Method, screw the center post up so that it will hold the ring in
place when the masses are suspended from the two pulleys. If you are using the Anchor
String Method, leave the center post so that it is flush with the top surface of the force table.
Make sure the anchor string is tied to one of the legs of the force table so the anchor string
will hold the strings that are attached to the masses that will be suspended from the two
pulleys.
➂Hang the following masses on two of the pulleys and clamp the pulleys at the given angles:
Force A = 50 g at 0˚
Force B = 100 g at 120˚
Procedure (Experimental Method)
By trial and error, find the angle for the third pulley and the mass which must be suspended
from it that will balance the forces exerted on the strings by the other two masses. The third
force is called the equilibrant (
F
E
) since it is the force which establishes equilibrium. The
equilibrant is the negative of the resultant:
–F
E
=F
R
=F
A
+F
B
Record the mass and angle required for the third pulley to put the system into equilibrium in
Table 1.
To determine whether the system is in equilibrium, use the following criteria.
Ring Method of Finding Equilibrium
The ring should be centered over the post when the system is in equilibrium. Screw the
center post down so that it is flush with the top surface of the force table and no longer able
to hold the ring in position. Pull the ring slightly to one side and let it go. Check to see that
the ring returns to the center. If not, adjust the mass and/or angle of the pulley until the ring
always returns to the center when pulled slightly to one side.
Anchor String Method of Finding Equilibrium
The knot should be centered over the hole in the middle of the center post when the system
is in equilibrium. The anchor string should be slack. Adjust the pulleys downward until the
strings are close to the top surface of the force table. Pull the knot slightly to one side and
let it go. Check to see that the knot returns to the center. If not, adjust the mass and/or
angle of the third pulley until the knot always returns to the center when pulled slightly to
one side.

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Analysis
To determine theoretically what mass should be suspended from the third pulley, and at
what angle, calculate the magnitude and direction of the equilibrant (
F
E
) by the component
method and the graphical method.
Component Method
On a separate piece of paper, add the vector components of Force A and Force B to determine
the magnitude of the equilibrant. Use trigonometry to find the direction (remember, the
equilibrant is exactly opposite in direction to the resultant). Record the results in Table 1.
Graphical Method
On a separate piece of paper, construct a tail-to-head diagram of the vectors of Force A and
Force B. Use a metric rule and protractor to measure the magnitude and direction of the
resultant. Record the results in Table 1. Remember to record the direction of the
equilibrant, which is opposite in direction to the resultant.
➀How do the theoretical values for the magnitude and direction of the equilibrant compare to
the actual magnitude and direction?
Method
Magnitude Direction (θ)
Equilibrant (FE)
Rx= ___________
Ry= ___________
Component:
Graphical:
Experiment:
Table 1 Results of the Three Methods of Vector Addition

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012-04715B Force Table
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Appendix
Storage
The force table may be stored with or without the pulleys and pulley clips attached. To minimize the storage space
needed for the force table, remove the legs by unscrewing them from the table. Then put the legs in the clips that
are on the underside of the force table. Then the force tables are ready to be stacked on a shelf.
Protractor
The protractors on the following pages are smaller versions of the top surface of the Force Table. These can be
duplicated, trimmed and used as overlays on the Force Table for drawing and tracing of the string positions.

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Force Table
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Protractor Template
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Protractor Template

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Technical Support
Contacting Technical Support
Before you call the PASCO Technical Support staff it
would be helpful to prepare the following information:
• If your problem is with the PASCO apparatus, note:
Title and Model number (usually listed on the label).
Approximate age of apparatus.
A detailed description of the problem/sequence of
events. (In case you can't call PASCO right away,
you won't lose valuable data.)
If possible, have the apparatus within reach when
calling. This makes descriptions of individual parts
much easier.
• If your problem relates to the instruction manual,
note:
Part number and Revision (listed by month and year
on the front cover).
Have the manual at hand to discuss your questions.
Feed-Back
If you have any comments about this product or this
manual please let us know. If you have any sugges-
tions on alternate experiments or find a problem in the
manual please tell us. PASCO appreciates any cus-
tomer feed-back. Your input helps us evaluate and
improve our product.
To Reach PASCO
For Technical Support call us at 1-800-772-8700 (toll-
free within the U.S.) or [phone].
email: [email protected]
Tech support fax: [phone]
Web: http://www.pasco.com