Scott Safety ELSA User manual

ELSA
Compressed-air Escape Breathing Apparatus
Service Manual
Article No. 1035072
Issue G 09. 2016

BREATHING APPARATUS SERVICE MANUAL
Issue F 09. 2010
10. TESTS AND TOOLKIT
9. MISCELLANEOUS
8. AIRLINE EQUIPMENT
7. CYLINDER VALVES
6. BACKPLATE AND HARNESS
5. PNEUMATICS
4. DEMAND VALVES
3. HEADGEAR
2. PRODUCTS
1. INTRODUCTORY NOTES

ELSA SERVICE MANUAL - CONTENTS
Article Number 1035072
Issue F 09. 2010
10. TK-17, FS-2, LKT-7
9.
8.
7.
6.
5. RCV-2
4.
3. HD-3
2. ELSA Product Module
1. Introductory Notes

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
Section Module ExtendedDescription Issue Date
1. IN-1 Introductory Notes A01. 2009
2. ELSA Product Module F11. 2009
3. HD-3 Hood B10. 2009
5. RCV-2 Reducer/Cylinder Valve D10. 2009
10. TK-17 Toolkit A07. 2009
FS-2 Flow-setting and Test C12. 2009
LKT-7 Leak-test A01. 2010
Issue F 09. 2010

INTRODUCTORY NOTES IN-1
WARNINGS
Please Read Carefully and Fully Understand
This Service Manual is for use by personnel who have successfully completed a
recognised training course in, and hold a current certificate for, the servicing of
breathing apparatus supplied by Scott Safety Limited. Unqualified personnel MUST
NOT service breathing apparatus.
Scott Safety Limited have taken great care to ensure that the information contained
within this Service Manual is accurate, complete and clear. However, Training
and Technical Support Services will be pleased to clarify any points in this Manual
and answer questions of a general nature on breathing apparatus.
Failure to adhere to the above instructions may result in the cancellation of the
certificate for servicing breathing apparatus supplied by Scott Safety Limited.
The following warnings are in accordance with certifying authority requirements and
apply to the use of breathing apparatus in general:
In toxic atmospheres where the contamination is likely to exceed minimum levels, reference
should be made to EN 529 : 2005 and the Health and Safety Executive publication HS(G)53 -
RespiratoryProtective Equipment, a PracticalGuide for Users.
The quality and purity of air used to supply and charge compressed-air breathing apparatus
must meet the requirements of EN 12021 :2014.
Observe all existing regulations regarding the use of Pressure Systems and Transportable
Gas Regulations. These regulations will not only apply to compressed-air cylinders and
vessels where used, but also to the supply hoses.
To ensure operational readiness, it is strongly recommended that breathing apparatus which
is not in regular use should be tested in accordance with the instructions given in the Service
and User Instruction Manuals; and operated at monthly intervals.
Apparatus that fails a routine check or any of the tests detailed within this Manual MUST be
withdrawn from service until the fault is identified, rectified and all tests and routine checks
have been passed successfully.
Fully de-pressurise the pneumatic system and disconnect from air supply prior to servicing
pneumatic components.
Wear suitable eye protection when working with compressed-air equipment.
Registered Office: Scott Safety Limited, Pimbo Road, West Pimbo, Skelmersdale,
Lancashire, WN8 9RA, England.
Issue A 01. 2009 IN-1 (Page 1)

IN-1 INTRODUCTORY NOTES
1. TERMS FOR USE OF THIS MANUAL
Failure to comply with these instructions or misuse of the apparatus may result in
death, injury or material damage; and invalidate any warranty or insurance claims.
Scott Safety Limited retains the right to modify the apparatus or the information
contained in this Manual without prior notification. Scott Safety Limited will
endeavour to keep all registered users fully informed of all changes.
This Manual must not be copied in part or whole, or used for purposes other than its
intended purpose without the written permission of Scott Safety Limited.
This document remains the sole property of Scott Safety Limited and must be
surrendered upon request.
For further advice and information regarding the servicing of breathing apparatus
supplied by Scott Safety Limited, please contact:
Training and Technical Support Services
Scott Safety Limited
Pimbo Road,
West Pimbo,
Skelmersdale,
Lancashire,
WN8 9RA,
England.
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
2. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
•Servicing of the apparatus MUST ONLY be performed by trained personnel in
possession of a current servicing certificate issued by Scott Safety Limited and
in strict accordance with the correct instructions.
•Use only genuine replacement parts supplied by Scott Safety Limited.
The use of other parts may degrade the performance of the apparatus and
render it unsafe.
•Use only the tools specified in service procedures. The use of other tools may
damage components and render the apparatus unsafe.
•Keep the work area clean to minimise the risk of dirt or debris contaminating or
entering pneumatic assemblies.
•The apparatus MUST be cleaned in accordance with the appropriate
instructions prior to dismantling or servicing.
•Use only the specified cleaning substances and lubricants. Failure to do so may
cause damage or degradation to components and materials.
•When using lubricants, take care to prevent oral or skin contamination. Wear
protective gloves and wash hands IMMEDIATELY following use. DO NOT
smoke in the proximity of lubricants.
IN-1 (Page 2) Issue A 01. 2009

INTRODUCTORY NOTES IN-1
•Wear eye protection when using a compressed-air airline to clean or dry parts.
•Examine all components carefully for signs of wear or damage and renew
where necessary in accordance with the servicing instructions.
3. BREATHABLE AIR
Air for respiratory protective equipment may be natural or synthetic. The quality of air
used to supply and charge breathing apparatus must conform to EN 12021: 2014
Note:
•Contaminants must be kept to a minimum and must not exceed permissible
exposure levels.
•Air supplied to breathing apparatus must be free from the odour of oil. The
odour threshold is in the region of 0.3 mg/m3.
•For self-contained, open-circuit, compressed-air breathing apparatus, the water
content shall not exceed 30 mg/m3 for 300 bar apparatus or 50 mg/m3 for 200
bar apparatus.
•Air for compressed-air breathing apparatus must have a dew-point sufficiently
low to prevent internal freezing when apparatus is used below 4°C.
•National regulations for compressed-air airline breathing apparatus must be
observed.
Issue A 01. 2009 IN-1 (Page 3)

IN-1 INTRODUCTORY NOTES
4. HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
4.1 CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL
This Manual is comprised of the following information:
i) Introductory Notes - (this section);
ii) Product Module - (providing specific information for the complete apparatus);
iii) Component Modules - (detailing specific information for sub-assemblies of the
complete apparatus);
iv) Tests and Toolkit Section - (explaining relevant test procedures and giving
details of any toolkit that may be required in order to service and maintain the
apparatus).
The Product Module contains the following information:
•Introduction - (general notes for guidance);
•Apparatus Description - (a technical description of the composition and
function of the apparatus);
•Recommended Service Schedule - (detailing the minimum scheduled
maintenance required to ensure that the apparatus is maintained in a fully-
operational state);
•Service Instruction Index - (listing the Component Modules used in the
apparatus along with the specific identity of each Module);
•Fault-finding Chart - (providing possible causes of faults and detailing remedial
action);
•General Assembly Instructions - (giving details of how to remove component
sub-assemblies from and re-assemble component sub-assemblies to the
complete apparatus);
•Assembly Diagram and Parts List - (showing line-drawings of component
sub-assemblies in their relative position with each other and providing Article
Numbers for each sub-assembly where applicable).
Each Component Module contains the following information:
•Technical Description - (a technical description of the composition and
function of the particular component or sub-assembly);
•Tools - (a list of the tools required to service the component or sub-assembly);
•Recommended Service Schedule - (detailing the minimum scheduled
maintenance required to ensure that the component or sub-assembly is
maintained in a fully-operational state);
•Servicing Instructions - (giving details of how to dismantle and re-assemble
the component or sub-assembly);
•Assembly Diagram and Parts List - (showing line-drawings of component
parts in their relative position with each other and providing Article Numbers for
replacement parts where applicable).
IN-1 (Page 4) Issue A 01. 2009

INTRODUCTORY NOTES IN-1
The Tests and Toolkit Section contains the following information:
•Tests - (explaining the procedure for carrying out specific tests on the
apparatus and detailing the criteria and course of action for successful and
unsuccessful test results);
•Toolkit - (providing Article Numbers and descriptions of the toolkit and its
contents).
4.2 ASSEMBLY DIAGRAMS AND PARTS LISTS
An Assembly Diagram and Parts List are provided at the end of each Product and
Component Module. In some cases, more than one Assembly Diagram and Parts List
may be present.
The objectives of each Assembly Diagram and Parts List are to:
•Assist with component identification by providing a line-drawing of each
component relevant to the particular Module. Each component is shown in its
relative position;
•Clearly show the relationship of individual components to higher levels of
assembly;
•Identify which components will be included if an assembly is ordered;
•Provide Article Numbers for those components which may be ordered as
replacement parts;
•Identify those components which may not be ordered individually as
replacement parts;
•Provide a meaningful description of each component;
•Inform the reader of any further information that may be relevant to a particular
component, for example: component dimensions, specific application, or the
quantity of components supplied in the pack against a given Article Number.
The following example shows a typical Parts List and provides guidance on how to
interpret the information contained:
Issue A 01. 2009 IN-1 (Page 5)

IN-1 INTRODUCTORY NOTES
Item
1
2
3
4
Article No Description
1234567 Cradle Assembly
1234568 . Latch Kit
- .. Latch
1234569 Nut
[B] [C]
Remarks
Pack of 6
[A] [D]
Key:
[A] Item Number
The numbers displayed in this column correspond with those on the Assembly
Diagram.
[B] Article Number
This column displays the Article Number of the replacement component or kit, which
can be ordered from Scott Safety Limited. In cases where a component is not
available as a separate item, this is indicated by a dash (-) in place of the Article
Number. An example of this can be found against item 3 above.
[C] Description
This column provides a meaningful description of each component or kit. Additionally,
the relationship of individual components to higher levels of assembly is given.
Components contained within a higher level of assembly are indicated by one or more
dots (referred to as indents) in front of the component description. One indent indicates
that the particular component is part of one higher level of assembly, two indents
indicates that the particular component is part of two higher levels of assembly; and so
on. If no indents are present, the component is not available as part of a higher level of
assembly within the context of the Module in which it appears.
Similarly, indents indicate those components which will be supplied as part of an
assembly.
For example:
•Item 1 has no indents in front of the description and so is not part of a higher
level of assembly within the context of the Module.
If item 1 is ordered, items 2 and 3 will also be included.
•Item 2 shows one indent in front of the description so is contained within one
higher level of assembly. In this case, as part of item 1.
If item 2 is ordered, item 3 will also be included.
•Item 3 shows two indents in front of the description so is contained within two
higher levels of assembly. In this case, as part of item 2 and item 1.
IN-1 (Page 6) Issue A 01. 2009

INTRODUCTORY NOTES IN-1
[D] Remarks
Additional information is provided where applicable. For example: component
dimensions, specific application, or the quantity of components supplied in the pack
against a given Article Number. If no pack quantities are stated, the pack will contain a
quantity of one of the given Article Number.
5. ORDERING REPLACEMENT PARTS
1. Refer to the relevant Assembly Diagram and Parts List and note the Article
Number(s) you require.
2. Contact our Customer Services department, quoting the Article Numbers and
quantities required.
Customer Services:
Scott Safety Limited
Pimbo Road,
West Pimbo,
Skelmersdale,
Lancashire,
WN8 9RA,
England.
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Issue A 01. 2009 IN-1 (Page 7)

ELSA
1. INTRODUCTION
To ensure that you are fully familiar with the safety aspects, operation and
configuration of the apparatus, please read the Introductory Notes section of this
Manual and the User Instruction Manual prior to using these Service Instructions.
2. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
ELSA is a self-contained, open-circuit, constant-flow, compressed-air, escape
breathing apparatus. Respiratory protection is provided during escape from a
hazardous environment for either 10 or 15 minutes duration, depending upon the size
of cylinder fitted to the apparatus. The apparatus provides a constant flow of air at 38
litres per minute for the duration of the cylinder supply. ELSA may be worn by
personnel entering potentially hazardous areas or stored, ready-for-use, within the
area.
Pictogram user instructions and the duration of the air supply are printed clearly on the
front panel of the bag. The cylinder contents gauge is visible through a transparent
panel on the reverse of the bag, enabling the level of cylinder charge to be checked
without opening the bag.
The apparatus comprises a compressed-air cylinder, a reducer/cylinder valve and a
hood, all of which are contained within a high-visibility orange or black anti-static bag.
A quick-fire strap connects the access flap on the bag or hood to the actuating pin
on the reducer/cylinder valve. The action of opening the bag flap pulls the actuating
pin from the reducer/cylinder valve and starts the flow of air to the hood.
To use ELSA, the wearer places the carrying strap around the neck, pulls the flap of
the bag open and dons the hood, where air is immediately available to the wearer. If
the reducer/cylinder valve does not open when the wearer opens the bag flap, the
quick-fire strap can be used to pull the actuating pin manually.
The quick-fire strap is not connected when the apparatus is first delivered, allowing the
contents of the bag to be inspected and the anti-tamper tags fitted prior to deployment.
Tamperproof tags are provided with the apparatus and MUST be fitted prior to
deployment.
Providing the apparatus is serviced regularly in accordance with these instructions,
there is no shelf-life limit.
The hood is fabricated in high-visibility, flame-retardant PVC or PVC-coated materials
with a rubber neck seal. An inner mask, that covers the wearer’s nose and mouth,
minimises visor misting and carbon dioxide dead-space. The spring-loaded exhale
valve helps maintain hood integrity. The breathing hose elbow is attached to the front
fitting of the hood by a U-Clip, which is held in position by the exhale valve fitting.
The reducer/cylinder valve (RCV) is a spring and piston device with a fixed orifice
outlet that provides a constant flow of air at 38 litres per minute to the hood. A charging
adaptor that conforms to EN 144-2: 1999 is provided.
Versions of the reducer/cylinder valve are available fitted with a 250 bar burst disc,
which protects the system from over-charging.
Issue F 11. 2009 ELSA (Page 1)

ELSA
3. SERVICE SCHEDULE
ELSA must be inspected / serviced annually by trained and qualified personnel, who
may also be required to inspect, clean and maintain the apparatus on a monthly basis.
Alternatively, monthly checks may also be performed by trained wearers. The
method of maintenance adopted is the responsibility of the employer, who must
ensure that all participants are fully aware of their duties and responsibilities and are
suitably trained.
There is a recommended service schedule for each Module contained in the
following table. Service details for each Module are contained within other sections
of this Manual. In the following table, item numbers, e.g. (Item 8) refer to the
components shown in the appropriate Assembly Diagram and Parts List.
3.1 HOSES
Hose assemblies must be leak-tested and the apparatus examined thoroughly to
ensure that components are undamaged.
All medium and high-pressure hoses have a maximum service life of 12 years, after
which they must be renewed. Hoses must be inspected annually and those which
display any of the following defects must be renewed:
•Splits, abrasion, exposed braiding and severe crazing of the outer surface of the
hose (minor crazing is acceptable).
•Damaged couplings, ferrules, excessive wear and corrosion.
Hoses contaminated by corrosive substances must be assessed for damage by a
qualified expert and discarded if damage is suspected.
Note:
•Apparatus that is used frequently in close proximity to corrosive substances,
high levels of ultraviolet light or high temperatures should be tested and
serviced more frequently.
•Apparatus that is likely to suffer impact or abrasion damage should be tested
and serviced more frequently.
•Life-expired and damaged hoses must be destroyed or rendered unusable to
prevent accidental re-use.
•Items not in the following Main Service Schedule should be replaced only when
damaged or worn.
ELSA (Page 2) Issue F 11. 2009

ELSA
3.2 MAIN SERVICE SCHEDULE
ARTICLE DESCRIPTION YEAR1 YEAR2 YEAR3 YEAR4 YEAR5 OR 10
HOOD (HD-3)
1032984 HOOD ASSEMBLY(ITEM1) INSPECT INSPECT INSPECT INSPECT INSPECT
1032112 EXHALEVALVE &O-RING (ITEM 9) INSPECT INSPECT INSPECT INSPECT RENEW
1025990 LABEL(ITEM11)
- - - -
RENEW
REDUCER/CYLINDERVALVE(RCV-2)
1025109 HOSEASSEMBLY (ITEM 1-PARTSLIST 5.3) LEAK-TEST&
INSPECT
SEE
SECTION3.1
LEAK-TEST&
INSPECT
SEE
SECTION3.1
LEAK-TEST&
INSPECT
SEE
SECTION3.1
LEAK-TEST&
INSPECT
SEE
SECTION3.1
LEAK-TEST&
INSPECT
SEE
SECTION3.1
1027891 O-RING (ITEM 2 -PARTSLIST 5.3) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
2015406 O-RING (ITEM 5 -PARTSLIST 5.3) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
1029995 RELIEFVALVE &O-RING (ITEM 11) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
1027797 O-RING -ACTUATOR(ITEM 15) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
2009622 O-RING -ACTUATOR(ITEM 16) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
1028016 O-RING -PISTON (ITEM 23) FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST RENEW
2014896 O-RING -PISTON STEM (ITEM 24) FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST RENEW
1029421 PISTONSEAT(ITEM25) FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST FLOW-TEST
1031241 CHARGINGADAPTORASSEMBLY (ITEM 29) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
1027987 O-RING -CONTENTSGAUGE (ITEM 36) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
1028161 O-RING -REDUCERBODY(ITEM40) LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST LEAK-TEST RENEW
Note:
We recommend that cylinders be tested in accordance with current regulations and the
cylinder valve be serviced when the cylinder shell is tested. Please contact Scott
Safety Limited for more information.
4. SERVICE INSTRUCTION INDEX
COMPONENT MODULE SECTION
Hood HD-3 Headgear
Reducer/Cylinder Valve RCV-2 Pneumatics
Toolkit Flow-setting
and Test
Leak-test
TK-17
FS-2
LKT-7
Tests and Toolkit
Note:
Based on product usage and storage conditions, the reducer can be serviced every 5 or
10 years.
Issue F 11. 2009 ELSA (Page 3)

ELSA
5. FAULT-FINDING CHART
COMPONENT SYMPTOM POSSIBLEFAULT REMEDIALACTION
HOOD
HOODINFLATES
EXCESSIVELY
EXHALEVALVESTICKING CLEAN/RENEWEXHALEVALVE
LEAKINGHOOD
HOODINCORRECTLYFITTED
ADJUSTHOODANDRE-TEST
HOODDAMAGED
RENEWHOOD
EXHALVEVALVEO-RINGDRY OR
DAMAGED
CLEAN,LUBRICATEORRENEW
EXHALEVALVEO-RING
EXHALEVALVENOT CLOSING
RENEWEXHALEVALVE
REDUCER/CYLINDERVALVE
LEAKAGEFROMHOSE
PORT
DAMAGEDO-RING RENEWO-RING
LEAKAGEFROM
REDUCERHEAD
DAMAGEDPISTONO-RINGS RENEWPISTONO-RINGS
LEAKAGEFROM
CONTENTSGAUGE
DAMAGEDO-RING
RENEWO-RING
DAMAGEDGAUGE
RENEWGAUGE
LEAKAGEFROM
CHARGINGADAPTOR
DAMAGEDSLUG OR O-RING
RENEWSLUGANDO-RING
DAMAGEDBONDED SEAL
RENEWBONDED SEAL
LEAKAGEFROM
CYLINDERNECK
DAMAGEDCYLINDERORO-RING
RETURNTOAUTHORISEDCYLINDER
SERVICECENTRE
LEAKAGEFROM
ACTUATORPIN
DAMAGEDO-RINGS RENEWO-RINGS
PRESSURERELIEF
VALVEVENTING PISTONSEATDAMAGED
RENEWPISTON SEAT
REDUCERBODYDAMAGED RENEWREDUCERBODY
LEAKAGEFROM
WHISTLE DAMAGEDPISTONO-RINGS
RENEWPISTONO-RINGS
DAMAGEDGAUGEO-RING RENEWGAUGEO-RING
FAILS FLOW-TEST REDUCED-PRESSURELOW:
WEAKREDUCERSPRING
RENEWREDUCERSPRING
REDUCED-PRESSUREHIGH:
DAMAGEDPISTONSEAT
RENEWPISTON SEAT
REDUCERNOISYOR
VIBRATING DAMAGEDORDRYPISTONO-RINGS
RENEWORLUBRICATEPISTON O-
RINGS
ELSA (Page 4) Issue F 11. 2009

ELSA
6. GENERAL ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
Refer to the relevant component Service Module for removal and servicing instructions
of sub-assemblies. A list of all component Service Modules is given in Section 4 of this
Module.
WARNING:
•Fully de-pressurise the pneumatic system prior to servicing pneumatic
components of ELSA.
•Wear suitable eye protection when working with compressed-air
equipment.
6.1 TOOLS
The following tool is required to remove and replace component sub-assemblies:
Item Article
No. Description Remarks
(A) 1025884 Krytox Grease
Note:
For full toolkit details, please refer to the Toolkit Module within the Tests and Toolkit
section.
6.2 REMOVE CYLINDER FROM BAG
1. Break tamperproof tag (11) and open bag flap carefully.
2. Disconnect quick-fire strap (8) from D-Ring located inside bag flap.
3. Open bag (9) fully and confirm that firing pin on quick-fire strap (8) is located
securely through actuating pin on reducer/cylinder valve (6).
4. Ease contents gauge through slot at transparent window in bag (9) and remove
cylinder assembly (5), breathing hose (7) and hood assembly (1) from bag.
Issue F 11. 2009 ELSA (Page 5)

ELSA
6.3 FIT CYLINDER INTO BAG
1. Insert cylinder assembly (5) into bag (9) and locate contents gauge into slot at
transparent window, so that gauge can be seen clearly when bag is closed.
2. Feed approximately half of the breathing hose (7) into bag (9).
3. Fold hood (1) into bag (9) and arrange breathing hose (7) under rear of hood so
that it will not foul when hood is pulled from bag.
4. Fit quick-fire strap (8) to D-Ring on bag flap.
WARNING:
When fitting the quick-fire strap, ensure that it will not foul the breathing hose or
wrap around the reducer/cylinder valve when pulled.
5. Close bag flap and fit tamperproof tag (11).
6.4 REMOVE BREATHING HOSE CONNECTOR FROM HOOD
1. Remove breathing hose (7) and hood assembly (1) from bag (9) as described in
Section 6.2 of this Module.
2. Pull exhale valve cover (3) to remove from exhale valve fitting on hood (1).
3. Pull exhale valve assembly (2) to withdraw from exhale valve fitting on hood (1).
ELSA (Page 6) Issue F 11. 2009

ELSA
4. Withdraw U-Clip (4) and remove hood connector from inlet fitting on hood (1).
6.5 FIT BREATHING HOSE CONNECTOR TO HOOD
1. Check to confirm that hood connector is in good condition, clean and free from
grease.
2. Locate hood connector into inlet fitting on hood (1) and secure in position using
U-Clip (4).
3. Ensure that exhale valve O-Ring has been lightly lubricated with Krytox Grease
(A) and push exhale valve assembly (2) into exhale valve fitting on hood (1).
Issue F 11. 2009 ELSA (Page 7)

ELSA
4. Fit exhale valve cover (3), ensuring that it 'clicks' into position.
5. Insert breathing hose (7) and hood assembly (1) into bag (9) as described in
Section 6.3 of this Module.
6.6 TESTAPPARATUS
1. When servicing any of the pneumatic components or when cylinder has been
disconnected, the apparatus must be subjected to a flow-test (see FS Module)
and a leak-test (see LKT Module).
2. Complete the ‘Routine Checks’ instructions detailed in the ELSA User
Instruction Manual prior to returning the apparatus to service.
ELSA (Page 8) Issue F 11. 2009

ELSA
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Issue F 11. 2009 ELSA (Page 9)