SMC Networks KFG2-F Series User manual

Document No. KF-OMY0034-A
PRODUCT NAME
FDA compliant Stainless Steel 316 Insert Fitting
MODEL/ Series/ Product Number
KFG2-F series

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Contents
1. Safety Instructions 3 to 4
2. Specific Product Precautions 5 to 9
3. Specifications 10 to 11
4. Troubleshooting 11
5. Construction 12

- 3 -
FDA compliant
KFG2 Series Stainless Steel 316 Insert Fitting
Safety Instructions
These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage.
These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”
They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards
(ISO/IEC)*1) , and other safety regulations.
*1) ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power -- General rules relating to systems.
ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power -- General rules relating to systems.
IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery -- Electrical equipment of machines.(Part 1: General requirements)
ISO 10218: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety.
etc.
Caution
Caution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result
in minor or moderate injury.
Warning
Warning indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which, if not avoided, could
result in death or serious injury.
Danger
Danger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not avoided, will result
in death or serious injury.
Warning
1. The compatibility of the product is the responsibility of the person who designs the equipment or
decides its specifications.
Since the product specified here is used under various operating conditions, its compatibility with specific
equipment must be decided by the person who designs the equipment or decides its specifications based on
necessary analysis and test results.
The expected performance and safety assurance of the equipment will be the responsibility of the person who
has determined its compatibility with the product.
This person should also continuously review all specifications of the product referring to its latest catalog
information, with a view to giving due consideration to any possibility of equipment failure when configuring the
equipment.
2. Only personnel with appropriate training should operate machinery and equipment.
The product specified here may become unsafe if handled incorrectly.
The assembly, operation and maintenance of machines or equipment including our products must be performed
by an operator who is appropriately trained and experienced.
3. Do not service or attempt to remove product and machinery/equipment until safety is confirmed.
1.The inspection and maintenance of machinery/equipment should only be performed after measures to
prevent falling or runaway of the driven objects have been confirmed.
2.When the product is to be removed, confirm that the safety measures as mentioned above are implemented
and the power from any appropriate source is cut, and read and understand the specific product precautions
of all relevant products carefully.
3. Before machinery/equipment is restarted, take measures to prevent unexpected operation and malfunction.
4. Contact SMC beforehand and take special consideration of safety measures if the product is to
be used in any of the following conditions.
1. Conditions and environments outside of the given specifications, or use outdoors or in a place exposed to
direct sunlight.
2. Installation on equipment in conjunction with atomic energy, railways, air navigation, space, shipping,
vehicles, military, medical treatment, combustion and recreation, or equipment in contact with food and
beverages, emergency stop circuits, clutch and brake circuits in press applications, safety equipment or
other applications unsuitable for the standard specifications described in the product catalog.
3. An application which could have negative effects on people, property, or animals requiring special safety
analysis.
4.Use in an interlock circuit, which requires the provision of double interlock for possible failure by using a
mechanical protective function, and periodical checks to confirm proper operation.

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FDA compliant
KFG2 Series Stainless Steel 316 Insert Fitting
Safety Instructions
Caution
1. The product is provided for use in manufacturing industries.
The product herein described is basically provided for peaceful use in manufacturing industries.
If considering using the product in other industries, consult SMC beforehand and exchange
specifications or a contract if necessary.
If anything is unclear, contact your nearest sales branch.
Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance Requirements
The product used is subject to the following “Limited warranty and Disclaimer” and “Compliance
Requirements”.
Read and accept them before using the product.
Limited warranty and Disclaimer
1.The warranty period of the product is 1 year in service or 1.5 years after the product is
delivered,whichever is first. 2)
Also, the product may have specified durability, running distance or replacement parts. Please
consult your nearest sales branch.
2. For any failure or damage reported within the warranty period which is clearly our responsibility,
a replacement product or necessary parts will be provided.
This limited warranty applies only to our product independently, and not to any other damage
incurred due to the failure of the product.
3. Prior to using SMC products, please read and understand the warranty terms and disclaimers
noted in the specified catalog for the particular products.
2) Vacuum pads are excluded from this 1 year warranty.
A vacuum pad is a consumable part, so it is warranted for a year after it is delivered.
Also, even within the warranty period, the wear of a product due to the use of the vacuum
pad or failure due to the deterioration of rubber material are not covered by the limited
warranty.
Compliance Requirements
1. The use of SMC products with production equipment for the manufacture of weapons of mass
destruction (WMD) or any other weapon is strictly prohibited.
2. The export of SMC products or technology from one country to another is governed by the
relevant security laws and regulations of the countries involved in the transaction. Prior to the
shipment of an SMC product to another country, ensure that all local rules governing that export
are known and followed.
Caution
SMC products are not intended for use as instruments for legal metrology.
Measurement instruments that SMC manufactures or sells have not been qualified by type approval tests
relevant to the metrology (measurement) laws of each country.
Therefore, SMC products cannot be used for business or certification ordained by the metrology
(measurement) laws of each country.

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2. Specific Product Precautions (1)
Warning
(1) Check the specifications.
The product in this catalog is designed to be used
in compressed air systems (including vacuum)
only. If the product is used in an environment
where pressure or temperature is out of the
specified range, damage and/or malfunction may
result. (Refer to the specifications.)
Please consult with SMC when using a fluid other
than compressed air (including vacuum). We do
not guarantee against any damage if the product
is used outside of the specification range.
(2) Do not disassemble the product or make any
modifications, including additional
machining.
It may cause human injury and/or an accident.
Caution
(1) Keep the connection part of fittings and tubing
from rotating or oscillating movement.
The fittings may be damaged if they are used in
the above manner. Especially for swivel elbow,
repeated load applied from the connected tubing
may cause detachment from the stud.
(2) The tubing bending radius in the vicinity of the
fitting should be at least the minimum bending
radius of the tubing.
If the bending radius is less than the minimum
value, fittings may be damaged, or tubing may
crack or be crushed. The minimum bending radius
of the FR soft nylon tubing (TRS series), FR
double layer tubing (TRB series), antistatic soft
nylon tubing (TAS series), polyolefin tubing (TPH
series), soft polyolefin tubing (TPS series) is
measured as following in accordance with JIS
B8381. Tubing deformation ratio at the minimum
bending radius is obtained through the following
formula, based on tubing diameter and mandrel
diameter by wrapping the same radius mandrel
tube.
Tube deformation ratio at the minimum
bending radius
Here, η: Deformation ratio (%)
d: Tubing diameter (mm)
L: Measured length (mm)
D: Mandrel diameter (mm)
(Twice against the minimum
bending radius)
Test temperature: 20 +/5oC
Relative humidity: 65 +/5%
(3) Do not use fluids other than listed on the
specifications.
Applicable fluids are air, water and steam. Please
consult with SMC if using other fluids.
(4) When it is used with water, the fittings or tubing
may be damaged depending on the surge
pressure.
(5) Surge pressure must be under the maximum
operating pressure. If the surge pressure
exceeds the maximum operating pressure, it
will result in damage to fittings and tubing.
(6) When using the swivel elbow, particles may be
generated by rotation for positioning after
connecting. If you are concerned about the
effects on machinery and equipment, check the
particle generation with your machine before
use.
Warning
(1) Operation manual
Install the products and operate them only after
reading the operation manual carefully and
understanding its contents. Also, keep the manual
where it can be referred to as necessary.
(2) Ensure sufficient space for maintenance
activities.
When installing the products, allow access for
maintenance.
(3) Adhere to the thread tightening method.
When installing the products, refer to "Connection
Thread Tightening Method".
(4) There may be cases of the tubing detaching
from the fitting and thrashing around
uncontrollably due to tubing degradation or
fitting breakage.
To prevent the situation from becoming
uncontrollable, fit the tubing with a protective cover
or fix it in place.
Caution
(1) Preparation before piping
Before piping is connected, it should be thoroughly
blown out with air (flushing) or washed to remove
chips, cutting oil and other debris from inside the
pipe.
(2) Winding of sealant tape
When screwing together pipes and fittings, etc., be
certain that chips from the pipe threads and sealant
do not get inside the pipe. Also, when the sealant
tape is used, leave approximately 1 thread ridge
exposed at the end of the threads.
Design/Selection
Mounting/ Piping
100
2d
D-L
1η






Mandrel

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2. Specific Product Precautions (2)
(3) Check the model, type and size before
installation. Also, confirm that there are no
scratches, gouges or cracks on the product.
(4) When connecting the tubing, take pressure
or possible changes to the tubing length into
account, and allow a sufficient margin.
Failure to do so may result in fitting breakage or
detachment of the tubing. Refer to the
recommended piping conditions.
(5) Do not apply unnecessary forces such as
twisting, pulling, moment loads, vibration
and impact, etc. on fittings or tubing.
This will cause damage to the fittings and will
crush, burst or release tubing.
(6) Tubing, with the exception of coiled tubing,
requires stationary installation. Do not use
standard tubing (non-coiled) in applications
where tubing is required to travel inside the
flexible protection tube. Tubing that travels
may sustain abrasion, extension, or
severance due to tensile force, or may result
in removal of tubing from fitting. Use caution
prior to use for proper application.
(7) To install the fitting, screw the fitting in using
the hexagonal face of the body, and tighten
with an appropriate wrench.
Affix the wrench at the base of the thread. If the
size of hexagonal face and wrench do not match,
or tightening takes place near the tube side, it
may cause collapse or deformation of the
hexagonal face, or damage to the equipment.
After installing, confirm that there is no damage
to the fitting, etc.
(8) The swivel elbow rotation is only for
positioning after mounting the product.
It is not intended for repeated rotation or
oscillation, which will cause wear, resulting in
metal particles which may enter the operating
fluid or cause fitting damage.
Caution
(1) Take a tube having no flaws on its periphery
and cut it off at right angles. (Use SMC's
tube cutter TK-1, 2, 3, 5 or 6 for cutting. Do not
use pinchers, nippers or scissors, etc.)
The tubing might be cut diagonally or flattened,
making installation impossible or causing
problems such as disconnection and leakage.
(2) Insert the tube into the union nut with the
union nut removed. Grab the tube and
gently push it thoroughly into the fitting.
(3) After insertion, tighten the union nut
temporarily by hand.
(4) Fix the body with a tool. Tighten the union
nut to the end surface of the body using a
suitable wrench.
Hex. across flats may be deformed, if using
an improper wrench for hex. across flats.
If the body is not secured with a tool, this may
cause breakage. (In particular, for the swivel
elbow, the stud may come off).
(5) Fix the body with a tightening tool. Tighten
the union nut to the end surface of the
body using a suitable wrench.
Hex. across flats may be deformed, if using
an improper wrench for hex. across flats.
Tighten the union nut with the proper
tightening torque shown below.
Fitting size
Proper tightening torque [N・m]
KFG2□01
2 to 3
KFG2□03
KFG2□04
KFG2□06
3 to 4
KFG2□07
KFG2□08
5 to 6
KFG2□09
KFG2□10
8 to 10
KFG2□11
KFG2□12
10 to 12
KFG2□13
KFG2□16
16 to 18
Piping Method
Body securing tool
Union nut tightening tool
Mounting/ Piping
Union nut tightening direction

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2. Specific Product Precautions (3)
Warning
(1) Check the connection before cleaning.
Clean the fittings whilst the tubes connected and
the screws tightened.
Do not clean the fitting when the tube, union nut
and body are not assembled.
(2) Review the conditions before cleaning.
Make sure that the fitting material is not affected
or damaged by chemical solution, temperature,
and water pressure before use.
(3) Do not use a metal brush or tool which
damages or scratches the fitting.
Warning
(1) Type of fluids
Please consult with SMC when using the
product in applications other than compressed
air.
Regarding products for general fluids, please
contact SMC concerning applicable fluids.
(2) When there is a large amount of drainage.
Compressed air containing a large amount of
condensate can cause the malfunction of
pneumatic equipment. An air dryer or water
droplet separator should be installed upstream
from the filters.
(3) Drain flushing
If condensate in the drain bowl is not emptied on
a regular basis, the bowl will overflow and this
may cause the malfunction of pneumatic
equipment. If the drain bowl is difficult to check
and remove, installation of a drain bowl with an
auto drain option is recommended.
For details on the above compressed air quality,
refer to SMC's Best Pneumatics catalog.
(4) Use clean air.
Do not use compressed air that contains
chemicals, synthetic oils including organic
solvents, salt or corrosive gases, etc., as it can
cause damage or malfunction.
Caution
(1) Install an air filter.
Install an air filter at the upstream side of valve.
Select an air filter with a filtration degree of 5μm
or finer.
(2) Install an after cooler, air dryer or water
droplet separator, etc.
Compressed air that contains a large amount of
drainage can cause malfunction of pneumatic
equipment. Therefore, take appropriate
measures to ensure air quality, such as by
providing an aftercooler, air dryer or water
droplet separator.
(3) Ensure that the fluid and ambient
temperature are within the specified range.
If the fluid temperature is 5oC or less, the
moisture in the circuit could freeze, causing
damage to the seals and leading to equipment
malfunction. Therefore, take appropriate
measures to prevent freezing.
For details on the above compressed air quality,
refer to SMC's Best Pneumatics catalog.
Warning
(1) Do not use in an atmosphere having
corrosive gases, chemicals, sea water, water,
water steam, or where there is direct contact
with any of these.
Refer to each construction drawing on the fittings
and tubing material.
(2) Do not expose the product to direct sunlight
for an extended period of time.
(3) Do not use in a place subject to heavy
vibration and/or shock.
(4) Do not mount the product in locations where
it is exposed to radiant heat.
(5) Do not use the ordinary fittings and tubing
in locations where static electricity would
be problematic.
It may result in the system failure and trouble.
In such places, use of antistatic fittings (KA
series) and antistatic tubing (TA series) are
recommended.
(6) Do not use the ordinary fittings and tubing
in locations where spatter is generated.
Spattering may result in a fire hazard. In such a
place, use of flame resistant fittings (KR/KRM
series) and flame resistant tubing
(TRS/TRB/TRBU/TRTU series) are
recommended.
(7) Do not use in an environment where the
product is directly exposed to cutting oil,
lubricant, coolant oil, etc.
Please contact SMC if using for an environment
exposed to cutting oil, lubricant or coolant oil,
etc.
(8) Take note that if nylon tubing, soft nylon
tubing and antistatic tubing are used in a
clean room.
The antioxidant on the surface of the soft nylon
tubing may come off, thereby lowering the
cleanness level.
(9) Do not use in environments where foreign
matter may stick to the product or get mixed
in the product's interior.
This may cause leakage or disconnection of
the tubing.
Operating Environment
Air Supply
Cleaning

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3. Specific Product Precautions (4)
(10)The table below shows the standards that
parts comply with. Please refer for the
verification of the operating environment.
Warning
(1) Perform maintenance inspections according to
the procedures indicated in the operation
manual.
If handled improperly, malfunction and damage of
machinery of equipment may occur.
(2) Maintenance work
If handled improperly, compressed air can be
dangerous. The assembly, handling, repair, and
element replacement of pneumatic systems should
be performed by a knowledgeable and
experienced person.
(3) Drain flushing
Remove drainage from air filters regularly.
(4) Removal of equipment and supply/exhaust of
compressed air
When components are removed, first confirm that
measures are in place to prevent workpieces from
dropping, run-away equipment, etc. Then, cut off
the supply pressure and electric power, and
exhaust all compressed air from the system using
the residual pressure release function.
When the equipment is restarted, proceed with
caution after confirming that appropriate measures
are in place to prevent cylinders from sudden
movement.
Caution
(1) Be certain to wear safety glasses at all times
during periodical inspections.
(2) During regular maintenance, check for the
following and replace any components as
necessary.
a) Scratches, gouges, abrasion, corrosion
b) Leakage
c) Flattening or distortion of tubing
d) Hardening, deterioration or softness of tubing
e) Loosening of the union nut
(3) Do not repair the fittings or patch the
tubing for reuse.
(4) After operation at a high temperature,
leakage may occur due to time dependent
change of the tube material. If leakage
occurs, remove the tube, cut off the
connecting part of the tube, and connect to
the piping again.
Check if the tube dimension accuracy is within
the recommended tolerance. If it is difficult to
take the tube out of the body, bend the tube to
the side to remove.
Caution
(1) Fittings with sealant: R, NPT
First, tighten the fitting by hand, then use a
wrench appropriate for the hexagon flats of the
body to tighten it a further two or three turns.
For a tightening torque guide, see the table
below.
If the fitting is tightened with excessive torque,
the fitting may break. In particular, for the swivel
elbow, the stud may come off.
(2) Insufficient tightening may cause seal failure,
or loosen the threads.
(3) Reuse
Normally, fittings with a sealant can be reused
2 to 3 times.
(4) Once the fitting has been tightened, backing
it out to its original position often causes
the sealant to become defective. Air leakage
will occur.
(5) Connection thread: G
Tighten fittings with sealant using the proper
tightening torques in the table below.
Items
Material
Standards
Machined
part
Stainless steel
AISI316
MIM part
Stainless steel
Equivalent to
AISI316L
Rubber
parts
Fluororubber
FDA 21CFR
177.2600
Grease
Paraffin oil base
NSF H1
Connection Thread Tightening Method
Maintenance
Tube
Body
Connection thread size
Tightening torque [N・m]
NPT, R1/8
3 to 5
NPT, R1/4
8 to 12
NPT, R3/8
15 to 20
NPT, R1/2
20 to 25
Connection
thread size
Proper tightening torque
N・m
G1/8 2.9 to 3.2
G1/4 5.7 to 6.3
G3/8 9.5 to 10.5
G1/2 14.3 to 15.8

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Caution
(1) Chamfer dimension for female thread of the
connection thread
Confirming to ISO 16030 (air pressure fluid
dynamics – connection – ports and stud ends),
the chamfer dimensions shown below are
recommended. By chamfering as shown in the
following table, machining of threads is easier
and effective for burr prevention.
Caution
(1) When using the KFG2-F series with tubing
other than those from SMC, the products are
not subject to warranty.
Connection female
Thread size
Chamfer dimension øD
(Recommended value)
(mm)
M5
5.1 to 5.4
10-32UNF
5.0 to 5.3
Rc1/8
10.2 to 10.4
Rc1/4
13.6 to 13.8
Rc3/8
17.1 to 17.3
Rc 1/2
21.4 to 21.6
NPT、NPTF1/8
10.5 to 10.7
NPT、NPTF1/4
14.1 to 14.3
NPT、NPTF3/8
17.4 to 17.6
NPT、NPTF1/2
21.7 to 21.9
G1/8
10.2 to 10.6
G1/4
13.6 to 14.0
G3/8
17.1 to 17.5
G1/2
21.4 to 21.8
Precautions for use with non-SMC
Chamfer Dimension for Female Thread

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3. Specifications
Specifications
Fluid
Air, Water Note1) Note2), Steam Note3)
Operating pressure range Note4)
-100 kPa to 1 MPa Note5)
Proof pressure
3 MPa
Ambient and fluid temperature
-65 to 260oC (No freezing) Note 5)
[-5 to 150 oC for swivel elbow and G thread]
Lubricant
NSF H1 grease
Seal on the threads
Without sealant [O-ring seal for G thread]
Note1: The surge pressure must be under the maximum operating pressure.
Note2: DI water is not recommended. DI water affects the materials used in the fitting,
which may lead to a deterioration of water quality.
Note3: Consult with SMC regarding applicable tubing separately.
Note4: Avoid using in a vacuum holding application such as a leak tester, since there is leakage.
Note5: Check the operating pressure range and operating temperature range of the tube.
Applicable tubing
Note1: Considering the product application, FDA compliant products are recommended.
Note2: For soft polyurethane tubing, hard polyurethane tubing, antistatic polyurethane tubing, water
cannot be used.
Table of applicable tubings (metric size)
FEP, PFA, Modified PTFE, 2-layer soft fluoropolymer, Nylon, Soft nylon,
Polyurethane, Soft polyurethane, Polyolefin, Soft polyolefin,
Antistatic soft nylon, Antistatic polyurethane, Hard polyurethane
ø4xø2.5, ø4xø3, ø6xø4, ø8xø6, ø10xø7.5
ø10xø8, ø12xø9, ø12xø10, ø16xø13
ø1/8"xø0.086", ø5/32"xø0.098", ø1/4"xø5/32"
ø5/16"xø0.236", ø3/8"xø1/4", ø1/2"xø3/8"
Tubing size
Tubing material Note1) Note2)
TH FEP
●-● ● ● ● ● ● -
TL Super PFA -
● ● ● -●-●-
TLM PFA
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
TD Modified PTFE
●-● ● ● -●- -
TQ Special fluoropolymer
●-● ● -● ● - -
T Nylon
● ● ● ● ● -●-●
TS Soft nylon
●-● ● ● -●- -
TU Polyurethane
●-●- - - - - -
TPH Polyolefin
●-● ● ● -●- -
TUS Soft polyurethane
●-●- - - - - -
TUH Hard polyurethane (High pressure)
●-●- - - - - -
TPS Soft polyolefin
●-●- - - - - -
TAS Antistatic soft nylon
●-●- - - - - -
TAU Antistatic polyurethane
●-●- - - - - -
ø 4xø 2.5
ø 4xø 3
ø 6xø 4
ø 8xø 6
ø10xø7.5
ø10xø8
ø12xø9
Tubing O.D. x I.D. (mm)
ø12xø10
ø16xø13
Series
Tubing material

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Table of applicable tubings (inch size)
Spare Parts
Description
Tubing O.D.
Part No.
Material
Bulkhead nut
ø1/8”
KFG201-P01
Stainless steel 316
ø5/32”
KFG203-P01
ø4
KFG204-P01
ø6
KFG206-P01
ø1/4”
KFG207-P01
ø8
KFG208-P01
ø5/16”
KFG209-P01
ø10
KFG210-P01
ø3/8”
KFG211-P01
ø12
KFG212-P01
ø1/2”
KFG213-P01
ø16
KFG216-P01
G thread O-ring Spare Parts
Description
Thread size
Part no.
Material
G thread
O-ring
G1/8
KQB2-G01-F
FDA Compliant
FKM
G1/4
KQB2-G02-F
G3/8
KQB2-G03-F
G1/2
KQB2-G04-F
4. Troubleshooting
KFG2 series insert fitting cannot be disassembled or repaired in order to quality maintenance.
When failure such as "Non-removable tubing" occurs, please replace the whole product.
ø1/8"xø0.086" ø5/32"xø0.098" ø1/4"xø5/32" ø5/16"xø0.236" ø3/8"xø1/4" ø1/2"xø3/8"
(ø3.18xø2.18) (ø4xø2.5) (ø6.35xø3.95) (ø8xø6) (ø9.53xø6.35) (ø12.7xø9.53)
TH/TIH FEP
● ● ● ● ● ●
TL/TIL Super PFA
●-● ● ● ●
TLM/TILM PFA
● ● ● ● ● ●
TD/TID Modified PTFE
● ● ● ● ● ●
T/TIA Nylon
● ● -●-●
TS/TISA Soft nylon
● ● -●-●
TU/TIUB Polyurethane -
●- - ●-
TPH Polyolefin -
●-●- -
TUS Soft polyurethane -
●- - - -
TUH Hard polyurethane (High pressure) -
●- - - -
TPS Soft polyolefin -
●- - - -
TAS Antistatic soft nylon -
●- - - -
TAU Antistatic polyurethane -
●- - - -
Series
Tubing material
Tubing O.D. x I.D. (inch)

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5. Construction
No.
Description
Material
Remarks
(1)
Union nut
Stainless steel 316
NSF H1 grease
(2)
Half union body
Stainless steel 316
(3)
Elbow union body
Stainless steel 316
(4)
Swivel elbow body
Stainless steel 316
NSF H1 grease
(5)
Stud
Stainless steel 316
(6)
O-ring
FDA Compliant FKM
NSF H1 grease
(7)
G thread O-ring
FDA Compliant FKM
Male connector Male elbow Swivel elbow
1
Connection thread: R,NPT
2
1
3
1
4
6
5
1
4
6
5
7
Connection thread: G
Stainless steel
Metal exists in nature as ore (like oxide or sulfide). This means that oxide or sulfide is more stable than pure
metal. Accordingly, metallic material chemically oxidizes (metallic constituent becomes ion and melts out). It
corrodes in the natural environment.
Even though corrosion of metal easily occurs in an environment where oxidizing tendency is stronger, some kinds
of metal have a characteristic for which corrosion never happens if the level of oxidizing goes higher than a
specific point. In such case, it is called "metal in passive state".
Stainless steel has corrosion resistance because of a thin coat of passive state on its surface. However, there
does not exist stainless steel with absolute corrosion resistance; therefore, many types of stainless steel have
been developed for improved corrosion resistance performance.

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