Tektronix 7000 Series User manual

T eld ronix
COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE
Digitpl Accuracy
Analog Interpretation
7000 Series
Digital Plug-in
Applications
time and frequency
digital delay
amplitude
temperature
. . .more than an oscilloscope

TA BLE O F CO NT EN TS
I n tro d uctio n

. . .......... P age

3
1 Α .
Timing an d F req u ency ;
I n tro d uctio n to 7D14
Digital Counter an d
7D15 U niversal Cou
n
ter/
Timer P
l u g-ins

.....
P ages

4-7
1 Β . Timing M easurements
wit h t he 7D15

...... P ages . 8-12
1
C .
F requency M easurements
wit h t h e 7D14 and
7D15 .............. P ages 12-13
2
Α . Digital Delay ; Intro-
d uction to t h e 7D10
and 7D11 Digital
Delay U nits ........ P ages 14-15
213 .
Delay-by-Time
M eas u rements wit h
t h
e
7D11

..........
P
ages
15-18
2C . Delay- b y- E vents
wit h t he 7D10 a nd
7D11 .............. P age 18
3 Α . Am p litu d e an d
V oltage ; Introd u ction
to t h e 7D12 Α /D
Converter an d 7D13
Digital Mu ltimeter wit h
Modules-Ml, M ulti-
function M o d ule, Μ 2,
Sam p le/ H ol d M o d ule
an d Μ
3,
V
olts
Mo
d ule

...........
P
age

18
3Β . Sam p le an d H ol d an d
True RM S
M
eas
u
re-
ments
wit h t he 7D12/
Μ
2
a nd 7D12/M3

. ..... P ages 19-20
4 .

Tem p erature M eas u re-
me n ts wit h t h e7D12/M2
an d 7D13 . . . . ... . . . P age 21
Digital Ap p lication N otes,
Or d eri n g I nformation an d
B usiness R e p ly Car d

....
P ages 22-23

T h e purp ose of t h is boo k let ...
. . . is to familiarize you wit h t he Te
k -

T he oscillosco pe is α p o p u lar, time
tronix 7000 Series d igital p lug-i n units,

p roven electronic measureme n t tool . Its
and to sh ow you h ow t h ey can ma ke

ban d wi d t h , sensitivity, a n d t he inter p re-
your oscillosco p e α more versatile, ac-

ti υ ep ower in heren t in its visual d is p lay
curate an d easy to use measurement

ma
ke it
an u
nparalleled d evice for ac-
tool . T h e boo k let is d ivided - into four

q uiring an d d
is p
layi
n g electronic sig-
sectio ns : Timing a n d F re q uency M ea-

nals . Yet wit h its ma ny irre p laceable
sureme n ts, Digital Delay M easure-

qualities, t h eoscilloscope typically can-
ments, Am p lit u d e and Voltage

not compare wit hα d igital instrumen t
M easurements,

and Temperature

suc h as α DVM or αd igital counter for
M easurements, wit h α h elpful cross-

acc uracy or resolution .
in d ex of a pp lications
and d
igital p lug-

The
p lug-in com p artme n ts i n t he Te k -
i n un its .

tronix 7000 Series mainframes an d t he
Each section p rovi des α brief d escri p -

availability of crt rea
d
out,
offer
α
εοη -
tion of
t h
e
feat u res
an
do p eratio n of t h e

venient met hod of add i ng true d igital
relate d p l
u g-ins,
and
some
app
lications

measureme n t ca p a
b ility
to yo
u r oscillo-
to h elp ill u strate t h e full measureme n t

sco pe . T he Te k tronix 7000 Series
offers
p ossibilities t h at t h ese p lug-ins offer .

α f u ll com p lement of digital meas u re-
T h is b oo k let will be upd ate d p erio d ical-

me
n t p lug-ins . T h e un its i n clude α εουη -
ly wit h new applications an d ot her in-

ter, universal cou nter/timer, two d igital
formatio n
to
h el p
you
ma ke fuller use of

d
elays, multimeter, sam p le an d h old
your d igital p lug-ins .

D VM,
and
RM S voltmeter .
Incl u d ing
o
n e or more d igital p lug-ins
i n your 7000
Series oscillosco p e system
p rovi des you
wit
h
t
h e a
dd e d accuracy
and resol
u tion
of
α d igital instrume
It also o p
ens t h
e
d oor
to
α number W
measurements
t h at cannot be ma de
wit h eit h er an oscillosco p e or α
d igital
measurement instr u ment alone .

B rig h t Traces
L arge No Parallax
Illuminate d Graticules
E asy Dis p lay Selection
Convenient Came r a
M ountings An d
Connections
2
t u nes
400
MHz
band wi d t h wit h full
sca n overla p .
Crt R ea d out

Calibration Stan d ar d
P lug-in F
lexibility

P ic k T h e Trigger Source
T
h
e 7000
Series ... more t h an an oscillosco
p e
Th is is more true to day t h an ever . T he

W it h over 35 com
p ati b le p lug-ins to

Th e 7000-Se
r
ies com
m itment to su p e-
7000
Series continues to offer υη -

c h oose from, you can
configure α flexi-

r io r p erformance an d wide-ranging
flex-
m atched value
i n oscillosco p es-

ble sco p e pack age arou nd yo
u r digital

ib ίl ί ty m erges d igital accuracy with
s up erior
p erformance, wi d e-ra nging

app lication ; 7000-series
mai n frames

analog
i n ter p retation . Your timing,
flexibility and α
stro n g commitment to

acce p t t hree or four p lug-ins
:

f r equency, voltage,
am p lit ude, d igital
your f u ture nee ds .

"
Digital p lug-i ns . . . O p t for un
i q
ue

delay or
tempe r ature meas u r eme n t is
W it h t h is family of
eig h t oscillosco pe

an d accurate solutio ns to com p
lex

digitally r ea d out
d irectly on t h e crt .
m ai n frames, you can p ut
toget h er α

meas u rement p roblems .

Th is m ea n sα 7000-Series
Plug-in Oscil-
h ig h - p erformance
la b oratory instr u -

" V ertical am p lifiers ... Select your

losco pe offe r s yo
uan easy an d acc u -
ment p ac k age base d on your meas u re-

system b an d wi d t h , n umber of in p u t

r ate way to h and le you r digital αρρ
1 ίεα -
ment
n ee ds
.

c h an
nels, vertical sensitivity, i n p ut

t ί ons .
" Ban d wi d t hs range from 25 to 500 MHz .

im p ed ance, an d
single
or
differential
*Display mo d es incl u de normal or

in
p
uts .
t hree
ty pes
of
storage, bistable and

"
Time bases . . . C h oose swee psp
eed,
fast mes h transfer, both develo p
edby

si n gle or dual swee p , an d now d elta
ί

Te k tronix, as well as variable p
ersist-
time cap ability .
Ι

ence . T h e fast tra n sfer tech
nique,
Also,
w h ic h ma kes multimo d e storage pos-

"
Sam
p ling
and
TD R p lug-ins . . . C h oose
sible, p rovi d es t he fastest writing

single or
d u
al
c hannel sam p li ng p lus
rates available to day .

time d omain
reflectometry .
" Si ngle o r
available
beam mo d els are avail-

" Sp
ecial- p ur
p
ose p
lug-ins
. . .
Select
dual
able
; t h
edu
al beam ca p ability tea-

logic
analyzers,
an
d c u rve
tracers
.

Time
an d
F re q uency .
W it h our universal
cou nter/timer
γου
ca n visually select
coun ter start an d sto p p oints on your

Te
k tronix h as long recognize d t he con-
'

wavefor m to measure p ulse p erio d ,

venience an d ease of o p eration af-
pu lse wid t h , or more com p lex p arame-

for d edby crt readout of scale factors,
ters li ke risetime, t he time betwee n
non-

test d ates, test n umbers, an d ot h er per-
adjacent
ad j ace n t events,
or
t he fre
q uency of α

tinent test d ata . T h e d igital p lug-ins
gated burst .
Two
examples
of visually

give you t h e furt h er convenience of t h e
selecte d
meas u reme
n
ts t h at you can

spee
d , re p eatability, and p recision of
ma
ke
are t he time between t he first and

d
igital meas urements, wit h t he mea-
eig
h t
hp
ulse i n α d ata trai n or t h e width

su
rement res u lts dis p laye d on t h e crt .
of αp ulse t h
at occurs i n th e mi dd le of

Individual d igital p lug-ins p rovi de ot h er
α
co
n trol
seq uence . B ot h our cou n ters

time saving features . T he universal
p rovi d e gate d is p lays of t h eir measure-

counter/timer, for exam p le, offers fin-
ment intervals, w h ic h can be d is p laye d
ger ti p selection
of
frequen cy, p ulse
on t he crt to re d uce errors i
n trigger

perio
d , p
ulse wi d t h an dtime interval
level ad ju stments,
an d ma k e it easier

measurements . V isual d is p lay of t he
for you to see exactly
w h at measure-

gate waveforms lets you set up mea-
me n t
you are ma k ing . You can also

su rements q u ic k ly and p recisely .
ma
ke
single-s h ot meas u reme n ts wit h
both cou n
ters . You mig h t, for exam p
le,

more accuracy
measure t h e wi d t h of α noise sp i ke in α
control sequence to d
etermine t he
amo u nt of filtering nee de d in
α
circuit .

The basic am p litu d e a ndtime interval
measurement accuracy of t h e conven-
`

Temperature . Ou r two m u ltimeter units
I N TR OD U CTIO N

also measure tem p erature . W it h α sp e-
cial voltage insulated p robe you can
measure t h e tem p erature of semicon-
ductor d evices un d er test, d o ub le check
more measureme n
t

your h eat sin k calc u lations, or q uic k ly
ca p ability

troubleshoot α d igital logic boar d .
vi de two d igital multimeters, α true RM S
voltmeter, and sam p le an d h old meas-
u rement cap ability . T he sam p
le an d
h ol d p lug-in allows you to visually se-
lect a ny p oi n t on you r waveform an d
accurately measure its voltage wit h re-
s p ect to ground , or measure t he voltage
d ifference between any two p oi n ts
on
t he waveform . W it h th is unit you can
measure voltage levels
in
core
memory
an dp ulse am p litu des i n logic
or control
icircuits .
easy to use
Digital Delay . B ot h of our d elay units

tional oscillosco p e is 3°/
ο .
Delay time
p rovi d e d elay-by-events, w h ic h allows

measurements can be ma de at accu-
you to d elay your oscilloscope's time

racies
up
to 1 % . T he 7000 Series digital
base by an ex act number of eve n ts
or

p l u g-i ns
p
rovi degreat imp
roveme n t
i
n
cloc k p ulses
.
T h is ty p e of d elay elimi-

t h is basic accuracy . T h e 7D12/M2Sam-
n ates any i nh ere n t system j itter due to

p le/ H ol d DVM, for exam p le, gives you
mec h anical fluctuations an d also allows

direct am p lit u de measurements at ac-
you to easily exami ne d ata trains bit by

curacies a pp roach ing 0 .25%, w h ile t h e
b it . Α very accurate time d elay is also

7D15 U niversal Counter measures time
available for wor k in d igital logic, ra d ar

i n tervals wit h up to 0 .0001
°/
ο accuracy .
and sonar .

T he 7D11 Digital Delay p rovi d es d elay
V oltage and Am p litu d e . W e
also p ro-

time accuracies
up to
0
.00001%
.

1 Α TI M I N GA N D
FRE Q UEN CY
The 7D14
Digital Counter an d t he 7D15
U
niversal Cou n ter/Timer give you t he
k i n d of versatility
t h at lets you solve
to d ay's
measurement p ro b lems as well
as tomorrow's
. B y combi n ing o ne of
t h ese co un ters
wit h any 7000-Series
oscillosco p e, you obtai
n greater flexi-
bility an d acc u racy t han is p ossible
wit h
eit her an oscillosco pe or α co unter
alone .
T h e cou n ter gives you digital
accu r acy an d resolution, w h ile t h e os-
cillosco p e lets
you
see w h at t he cou n -
ter is triggeri ng on . T he visual d is p lay
re d uces errors,
s p eed s up meas u re-

The 7D14 Digital Counter an d t h e 7D15 Un iversal Counter/Time r
ment time, an d allows you to ma ke α
greater variety of meas u rements . T h is
combinatio n also ma
kes p ossible t h e

T h e following section d escribes t he

counter . T he TR IG SOUR CE p ositions
u niq ue feature of oscillosco pe co
n -

p
ur p ose a
ndop
eratio
n
of some of
t
he

of
t he I NPU TS EN S (7D14) and t he Ρ - Ρ
trolle d trigger armin g . W it h trigger arm-

basic controls on t h e 7D14 an d 7D15,

S EN S (7D15) switc h es select t h is inter-
ing you can visually select specific time

to h el p you better u n dersta nd t he full

παΙ
trigger
source mo d e . T
h
is sig n al in-
i n te r vals for meas u rement wit h in α re-

measurement capab ility of t he units .

p ut met ho d re d uces circuit loa d ing and
p etitive or non-repetitive p ulse trai n .

F ollowing t h is General O p eratio n sec-

p rovi des p re-conditioni ng of t h e in p ut
Cou
n ter/oscillosco p e measurement

tion is α series
of
detaile d ap plications,

signal .
systems h ave p rove d
invaluable
to
e n-

w h ic h illustrate
t
he measureme
n t
of

Trigger
level p reset is also available on
gi neers and d esigners
in d igital elec-

both
time an d frequency
p
arameters

both units .
W it h t he 7D14, t he p reset
tronics, com p uter electronics, in d ustrial

suc h as wi d t h , p erio d , p ro pagation d e-

level can be
set wit h α front- p anel,
controls,

communications

an d ma n y

lay, frequency, etc . E ach app lication

screw d
river
a
d ju stment . Wh en t he 7D15
ot h er fiel ds .

i n cl ud es an e q u i p ment setu p illustra-

T R IGG ER
LEVEL co n trols are set to
B ot h t he 7D14 an d 7D15 measure fre-

tio n and α coo k boo k ty ped escri p tio n
PRESET, t h e unit
automatically triggers
q u ency an d eve n ts, ma k i ng t h em i n-

of t h e p ro p er control settings .

at t h e 0 volt level . In t h is p osition you
valuable tools w h en wor k ing wit h C W

can also set t h e trigger level exter n
ally
or fre q ue n cy b urst signals . T h e 7D14

eneral
et
eration

(see t h e following d iscussion) .
g
p
measures fre q uency d irectly to 525
MH z ; t he 7D15 measures fre q uency up
to 225 MH z .

Triggering . Th e trigger selectivity of
t
h e
T he 7D15 can also p rovi d e you wit h

7D14 an d 7D15 contributes g r eatly to
timing measurements wit hαhigh d e-

the measu r ement flexibility of t h ese
gree of accuracy (0 .5 pp m) an d resolu-

units . B ot h units p rovi de oscillosco pe
tion . Α sim p le touch of α button selects

ty pe
trigger co n trols, w h ic h allow t h e
t h e measurement re q uired, suc h as

choice of AC or DC cou p ling, + or -
period, pu lse
w
i d t h , or time i n te r val .

slo p e, i n ter n al or exter n al trigger
U sing t he d elaye d swee p of your time

source, an d ad j ustable trigger level .
b ase, you can externally arm t h e trigger

These controls are located
in
t he green
circuits w h ic h allows you to visually

sh
ade dareas of eac
h p
lug-i n . Το obtain

Trigger L evel J ac k s . Th e 7 D
15 provides
select t h e ti m e interval you wantmea-

α
trigger signal, t h e signal to be mea-

two front- p a n el
T
R IG
LEVEL
jack s . T h e
sured . Now you cansee if you are false

sured is generally in pu
t
directly into t he

voltage t h at a pp ears at t h ese j acks is
triggeri n g on n oise or even measuring

counter t hroug hα front p anel signal in-

p
ro p ortio n al to t h e act u al voltage levels
t h
e
wrong
time inte r val .

p u t connector . W it h t he counter in α

at w h ic h t h e trigger circuits ( Α
and
Β )
h orizontal p lug-in com p artment, h ow-

have
b
ee n set to trigger . Table 1 lists
ever, you can ro u te α sig n al from α ver-

the actual trigger level ranges of t he
tical am p lifier p lug-in internally
t
hroug h
trigger circ u
its for t h e t h ree p ositio n s
t he oscillosco pe mainframe
to
t
h e

of
t
h eΡ - ΡS EN S co n trols an d t he
corres p on ding out pu ts at t he TR IO
LEVEL j acks . N ote t h at for all t h ree trig-
ger level ranges, t he out p ut of t he T R IG
LEVEL j ac ks is from -0 .5 V
to
+0 .5 V .

F or t h e 5 V and 50 V ra n ges,
t he TR
IG

cou nter to ma ke h
ig
h ly accurate mea-

F ig . 1 sh ows an exam
p
le of
t h e mea-
LEVEL outp ut is t hus p ro p ortio n al to

sureme n ts on selecte d p ortio ns of α

surement of t h e time betwee n two non-
h
e
actual trigger level voltage . U si ng α

re p etitive or non-repetitive pulse trai n .

ad j ace n t p ulses, u sing trigger arming .
VM to monitor t h e voltage at on e of

F
ew ot
h
er cou n ters offer t h is feature .

In t h is case, both t h e ch a nn el Α an dΒ
th ese j ack s, you can set t h e res p ective

Since t h e counter is being use d in an

trigger controls are set to trigger on t he
trigger circuit to trigger on an exact

oscillosco p e, t h e delayed swee p gate,

50% level of t h e p ositive-going slo pe
voltage level . For exam p le, if you want

whic h
is
read ily availa b le from t h e time

of
α p ulse . T he d elayed swee p gate of
to set t he Α TR IGG ER LEVEL to trigger

base, ma k es αvery co nvenien t exter n al

the oscilloscope is used as t he arming
on t he +2 .5 V level of t he Α i np ut sig-

armi ng signal for t he co u nter . T h e d e-

gate,
and
m u st be connecte d to b ot h
ηαΙ , t hen measure + 0 .25 V wit hα DVM

laye d swee p gate
is p articularly u sef u l,

the Α ARM and t he Β A RM co nn ectors .
at Α TR IG LEVEL OU T PU T . T h is also

beca u se b ot h t h e wid
t
h a
nd t he ti m e

Usi ng t h e oscillosco pe Delay Time ΜυΙ -
mea ns t h at younee d to be
on
t h e 1 Ρ - Ρ

p
ositio n ( d elay) of t h is gate can
b
e
con-

ti p lier
a
nd th
e
Β swee p Time/Divisio n
SEN S

range . T h is feature
is
h el p ful

trolle d wit h t h e time base Time/ Division

controls, t h edelayed swee p gate can
w hen
trying to measure α p arameter li
ke

co n trols and t he Delay Time M ulti p lier

be ad j usted to select t h e sp ecific p ulses
risetime or p ulse wi d t h , w here trigger

co n trol, res p ectively . T he gate also cor-

to
b e measure d .
level is critical,

res p o
nds to t he i n tensifie d zone t h at is

N ote t h at w hen using trigger arming,
Ρ -
Ρ

T r igge r L evel

TR IG LEVEL
Th e arming sig n als are in p ut i n to t h e

tells t h e trigger circuits w h en t h ey
7D15 t h ro u g h th e ΑA R M an d Β AR M
s h o u l d begin loo k i ng
for
t h
e selecte d
0 .1

-
0 .5
ν
to + 0 .5
ν

- 0 .5
ν
to + 0 .5
ν
start and sto p meas u rement points .
-5 ν to +5 ν

-0 .5V to +0 .5V

co nnecto
r s . An arming gate am p litu de
. T he
10

-5 ο ν t ο +50V

- ο .5 ν to + ο .5 ν

of greater t h an 0 .5
V ( αh ig h ) arms

setti n gs of t he trigger controls d eter-
chann el Α and an am
p litu d e of less t han
mine t h e exact trigger p
oi n ts and t hus
0 .2 V ( α low) arms c
h
a
nn
el
Β . Wh en

the
measure m ent interval .
S EN S R ange Outp ut
table 1
TR IGG ER
LEVEL
R A NG ES

seen on t he C R T in t he Α Intensified By

t he arming gate does not affect t he ac-
Β swee p mode
.

c uracy of t he measureme n t . It merely
ch a n nel Α is arme d , t h e counter starts
--

---

counting as soon as t he cha n nel Α trig
Wh en one of t he T R IGG ER LEVEL con-

ger con
d itions are met ; w h en chan nel
trols is set to PRE SE T, t he trigger cir-

Β is arme d , t h e counter sto ps cou n ting
cu it au tomatically triggers on t he 0 V

as soon as
t he ch annel Β trigger cond i-
10
level
of
t h e signal .
In
t he PRE SET p osi-

tions are met
.
tion, h owever, you can also set t he trig-
ger level exter n ally, by i npu ti ng α volt-

Ι

Ι
age level t hroug h t he resp ective T R IG

Ι

Ι

Ι
LEVEL j ack .
As
w it h t h
e
outp ut
voltage

C h Α Trigger

Ι C h Β Trigge r
of
t he TR
IG
LEVEL j
ack
,
t he
i
n p ut
volt-

Ί

FIL
age range of t h e j ac ks is also -0 .5 V

P u
lse Train
to +0 .5
V .
T h e setti ng of t h e Ρ - ΡS EN S

Ι

Ι
F1
switc h agai n sets t he trigger level
ra n ge, an d you in p ut α voltage t h at is

Ι

Ι

Ι

Ι
p ro p ortio n al to t he d esire d trigger level

Delaye d Swee p
Gate
voltage . F or exam p le, if α +15 V trigger

Ap
p
lie d to
bot
h

Ι
level is d esire d , set t h e Ρ - ΡS
EN S
switc h

Α
ARM a nd Β ARM

Ι

Ι
to 10 V (t he 50 volt ra
n ge) an d apply α

Ι

Ι

Ι
DC voltage of +0 .15 V
to
t he
T R IG
LEVEL j ac k .

Pseudo Gate (Actual

Ι

Ι

Ι
Time Interval

Ι

Ι
M easu r ed )

Ι j
. TRIG

Ι Ι

Ι
Ι
LEVEL ,¬ ~

Ι

ι

ι

ι
Β
ARM
Selective Trigger
A r mi n g . A n ot h er use-
ΜυΙ feature
of t
h
e 7D15 is t he ability to
m

xternally arm t h
e co u nte r trigger cir
cuits . Th is gives you external control
of
t
he measurement interval, b ut more
im p ortant, it allows you to use t he
C h Α is Armed

Ch B is
Armed
Cou n t sta r ts a n d slo p e

Co u nt sto ps a nd slo p e
Fig . 1 M easuring t he time int e rval betweentwo
non-adjacent
pu l ses usi
n g tr igge r
225 MH z UNIV ER
armi n g .
G0 U ΝΤΕ R / ΤΙ Μ
1

_

-
___,
5

0
4
f`
- 1 -11,
_ .
{ . .
trigger con d itions of c h annel Β .
E xternally Gate d F reque n cy M eas u re-
t h ea b
ility
to
exter nally gate t he cou nter

Th e resolution
you select also d eter-
for frequency meas u re m ents . B yd is-

mines t he
maximum time i n terval you
p layi ng t h is gating waveform along wit h ca n measure wit h out
overflowi ng t he 8
t he
signal b eing measure d , you h ave

d igit C RT rea dout
. For exam p le, if α
t he uni
que ability
to
meas u re fre qu ency

resolution of 10 ns is
selecte d (10 ns
and co u
nt events wit h in non-repetitive

cloc k rate and Χ 1
measurement aver-
signals, li
ke gated b
ursts
. As wit h time

aging), t he lo n gest time
interval t h at
interval measureme
n
ts, t h ed
elaye d can b e measure d before overflow
oc-
F ig . 2 . Crt display of time interval mea-

swee p gate from t he oscillosco pe pro-

curs is .99999999 second . T he selecte d
surement . Intensifie d zone indi-

vides α convenient gating signal .

resol u tio n d
etermines t he units of t he
cates p osition of ar m
i
n g gate .

least significa
n t d igit of t h e d is p lay . F or
α longer time
interval, you must select
less resolution
. T h is is p rovi d ing t h at
you care about
t h e most significant
d igit of t he
measureme n t . If you are
merely trying to resolve αsmall time
dif-
ference, and d o not
care about t he
actual time interval, you ca
n overflow
t h e counter and still obtain t h e
maxi-
mum resolution d esire d .
Counter Gate Dis p lays . B ot h
t
he
7D14
an d t he 7D15 p rovi d e t h e capa b ility of
displaying their internal m eas
u
re m en t
inte r val gates, which in d icate t he ac-
t u
al points of
α measu r eme n t . As is
sh ow
n in F ig . 2, t h ese gates are d iffer-
ent from t he
external
or
arming gates .
T h e counter gate d is p lays
h
el p to re-
d uce errors, s peed set up time, and
p rovi d e you wit h greater trigger selec-

Selectable
R esolution an d Accuracy .
tivity .

M easu r e m ent ave r agi ng a nd selectable
Wh en t h e
7D14 a n d 7D15 are in vertical

cloc k rates on t h e 7D15 allow you to
mainframe com p artme n ts,

t h e

gated

se l ect t h e amo u nt of resolution and t he
d is p lays are obtained
by p ressing t h e

maximum acc u racy possib l e for α par-
a pp ro p riate mainframe
chan nel selec-

tic u lar ti m e meas u r ement . Th is feat u re
tion switc h . In αh
orizontal com p art-

also h el p s you p revent readout over-
me n t, α cable m u
st b
e
connecte d from

flow w hen measuring long time inter-
eit h er t he MO N ITO R conn ector
(7D14)

vals .
or t he DIS PL AY E D W A VEF O RM OU
T-

T he C L OC K p us hb uttons set
t hebasic
PU T connector (7D15) to o ne channel

resolution of t he co u nter .
T he 7D15's
of
α vertical am p lifier . Wh en t h e cou n -

fastest cloc k rate is 10 ns, w h ic h is t h e
ter gate is d is p laye
d
(see
F ig . 2), you

maximum resolution
p ossi b le for α
ca n see t he
sig n
al
b eing measure d
si n gle sh ot time
measurement . Wh en
along wit h t h e actual interval
i n wh
ic
h

measuring re p etitive
signals, resolution
t he measurement is being ta
ken
.
T h
e

can b e increased using
measureme n t
arming gate is ge n erally n ot
d isplaye d .

averaging . M easurement
averaging is α
H owever, if t h e delayed swee p gate is

statistical met h o d of increasing
resol u -
being used for trigger arming, its wi d t h tion w h ic h i n volves ma k ing α number
an d p osition are i n dicate d b y t he inten-

of measurements an d averaging t he re-
sified zone on t h e d is p lay .

su lts . W hen measuri ng p erio d , for ex-
T he 7D15 p rovi d es t h ree ty pes of gates .

am p
le, wit h th e Χ 1000 AVER G push but-
T
he
T RUEGAT E is t he act u al gate

ton p resse d , t he cou n ter measures t he
waveform ge
n erate d eac h time t he

time for 1000 cycles an d d ivi des t he
counter ta k es α measurement . It ty p i-

result by 1000 to
obtai n th e time of o ne
cally h as αlow re p rate a nd is
difficult

p
erio d . F igs . 3, 4, an d 5 s h ow grap h s of
to u se, beca use it is d e p en d ent on t he

resolution vs . p erio d , resol u tion vs . time
setti ng of t he DIS PL AY TIME control
.

i n terval, an d resolution vs . fre q uency
T he PS EU DO GAT E is α h
ig
h re p etition

for t he various setti ngs of t he C L OC K
re p lica of t he T RUEGAT E , and is t he

an
d AVER G p us h butto n s . N ote t h at for
most useful of t h ese two . T he PS EU DO

perio d meas u rements, resolution is in-
GAT E h as α h ig h er re p rate, because it

creased 1000 times from t he Χ 1 to t he
is generate d eac h time t h e trigger an d
arming con d itio ns are met . Α t h ir d dis-
p lay, C HΒ , is α con d itione d signal t h at
6
is d erive d from t he 7D15's C
HΒ trigger

Χ 1000 AVER G setting . F or time interval
meas urements, t he maximum resolution
is increase d from 10 ns to 2 ns (for t he
10 ns
cloc
k
rate)-an
increase in reso~
ments . B ot h t h e 7D14 and 7D15 p rovide

Ιυ
t ίοη
of
5 times .
Accuracy is d efine d as t he ratio (in p er-
cen t) of t h e worst case error for α mea-
su rement to t he actual measurement,
an d is α
fu n ction of resolutio n and t h e
accuracy of t he crystal controlle d cloc k
oscillator .
As F igs . 3, 4, an d 5 ill u strate,
accuracy te nds
to
i n crease wit h i n-
creases in t he p erio d , time interval, or
freq
u ency being measure d . T h e 7D15
cloc k oscillator h as an acc
u racy
of 0 .5
p pm, w h ic h p rovi des time measurement
accuracies of up to 0 .0001% on
long
time i n tervals-muc
h greater t h an t h e
1 % accuracy of an oscillosco pe
.

:
.

r

. i . . .-
. . .

. .

.
.
.ι

.
the signal
being measured, you have
, ., , _ _ _,
. . -

non-repetitive
nals, like gated
bursts . As with time
interval measurements, the delayed
.
display
.

-
sweep gate

.

-
oscilloscope
. .
Intensified

.

.

.-

.
nvenient gating signal .
cates position of arming gate .
is generate d eac h time t h e trigger an d
armin g conditions are met . Α t h ir d dis-
play, C HΒ , is α con d itio n ed signal t h at
6
is d erive d from t he 7D15's C
HΒ trigger
circ u it . It is useful for setting up t
he
trigger con d itions of chan nel Β .
Counter Gate Dis p lays .
B
ot h
t he 7D14
and t he 7D15 p rovi d e t h e ca p ability of
displaying t h ei r internal m eas u rement
interva l gates, w h ic h indicate t h e ac-
tua l points of α meas ure m ent . As is
sh own in F ig . 2, t h ese gates are d iffer-
ent from
t
he
exter n al or arming gates .
T h e counter gate d
is p
lays
h
el
p
to
re-
duce errors, s peed set up
time,
and
provi d e you wit h greater trigger selec-

Selectable Resolution
an d Accuracy .
tivity .

M easu r e m ent ave r agi ng a nd selecta b le
Wh en t h e
7D14 a n d 7D15 are in vertical

cloc k rates on t h e 7D15 allow you to
mainframe com p artments,

t h e

gated

select t he a m ount of resolutio n an d th e
d is p lays
are obtained by p ressing t h e

maxim
u
m acc uracy possible fo r α par-
a pp ro p riate mai n
frame chan nel selec-

ticula r time meas ur eme n t . Th is feat u re
tio n switc h . In αh
orizo n tal com p art-

also h el p s you p revent readout over-
me n t, α ca b le
m u st b
e
connecte d from

flow w hen measuring long time inter-
eit h er t he MO N ITO R conn ector
(7D14)

vals .
or t he DIS PL AY E D W A VEF O RM OU
T-

T he C L OC K p us h buttons set
t hebasic
PU T connector (7D15) to o
nechannel

resolution of t he counter
. T he 7D15's
of
α vertical am p lifier . Wh en t h e cou n -

fastest cloc k rate is 10 ns, w h ic h is t h e
ter gate is d is p laye
d (see F ig . 2), you

maximum
resolution p ossible for α
ca n see t he
signal being measure d
single sh ot
time measurement . Wh e n
along wit h t he actual
i n
terval
in w h
ic
h
measuring re p etitive
signals, resolution
t he meas u rement is being ta
ken . T he

can be increased using
measurement
arming gate is generally
not d isplaye d .

averagi ng .
M
eas u
rement averaging is α
H owever, if t h e delayed swee p gate is

statistical met h o d of
increasing resolu-
bei n g use d for trigger arming, its wi d t h tion w h ic h involves ma k ing α number
an d p osition are i n dicate d b y t he inten-

of measurements an d averaging t he re-
sifie d zone on t h e d is p lay .

sults . W hen measuri ng p erio d , for
ex-
T he 7D15 p rovides t h ree ty pes of gates .

am p le, wit h th e Χ 1000 AVER G push but-
T he T RUEGAT E is t he actua l gate

ton
p resse d , t he cou n ter meas u res t he
waveform
ge n erated eac h time t he

time for 1000 cycles an d d ivi d es t he
co u nter ta k es α measurement . It ty p i-

result by
1000
to
obtain t h e time of one
cally h as αlow re p rate and is
difficult

perio d . F igs . 3, 4, an d 5 s h ow graphs of
to use, b ecause it is d e p en d ent on t
he

resolution vs . p eriod, resolution vs .
time
setti ng of t h e DIS PL AY TIME
control .

i n terval, an d resolution vs . fre q uency
T he PS EU DO GAT E is α h
ig
h re p etition

for t he various settings of t he C L OC K
re p lica of t he T RUEGAT E , an d is t he

an
d AVER G p us h butto n s . N ote t h at for
most useful of t h ese two . T he PS EU DO

perio d meas u rements, resolution is in-
GAT E h as α h ig h er re p rate, because it

crease d 1000 times from t he Χ 1 to t he
Χ 1000 AVER G setting . F or time interval
meas urements, t he maximum resolutio n
is increase d from 10 ns to 2 ns (for t he
10 ns cloc k
rate)-an
increase in reso~
lution
of
5 times .
T he resolution
you select also deter-
mines t he
maximum time interval you
can measure wit
h out overflowing t he 8
d igit C RT reado
u t . F or exam p le, if α
resolution of 10 ns
is selecte d (10 ns
cloc k rate a nd Χ 1
measurement aver-
aging), t he lo n gest time
interval t hat
can be measured before
overflow oc-
curs is .99999999 secon d . T he selecte d
resolution
d etermines t he un its of t he
least sig n
ificant d igit of t h e d is p lay . F or
α longer time
interval, you m u st select
less resolution
. T h is is p rovi d ing t h at
you care about
t he most significant
d igit of t he meas
u reme n t . If you are
merely trying to resolve αsmall time d
if-
fere n ce, and do
not care about t h e
actual time interval, youca
n overflow
t h e co u nter and still obtain t
h
e
maxi-
mum resolution d esire d .
Accuracy is d efine d as t he ratio (in p er-
cent) of t h e worst case error for α mea-
s u rement to t he actual measurement,
a n d is α fun ctio n of resol u tio n and t he
accuracy of t he crystal co n trolle d cloc k
oscillator . As F igs . 3, 4, an d 5 illustrate, *

Ι
accuracy te nds
to
i n crease wit h in-
creases in t he p erio d , time interval, or
freq
u ency being measure d . T h e 7D15
cloc k oscillator h as an
accuracy
of 0 .5
pp m, w h ic h p rovi des time measurement
accuracies of up to 0 .0001% on
long
time intervals-muc
h greater t h a n t h e
1 % accuracy of an oscillosco pe
.

F ig . 3 . R esolutio n vs . P erio d Interval
F ig . 4 . R
esolution vs . Time Interval
F ig .
5 . R esolution vs . Fre q
uency
CLOCK - ιπα
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INPUT TIME
INTERVII
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-T. NI-FR RECOGNITION
NLY AT DE
S'
RED POINT ON
1 ΚΗι 1 αΚΗτ

1 ΦΚΗι

1 -

ΙΟΜΗ +

1001011

1GHz
INPUT FREQUENCY

1 Β
TIMING
MEASUREMENT
p ulse wi dt h
T
h e
TIM W IDT H Α mo d e p ush b u tto n on
t
he
7D15 allows you to measure p ulse
wi d t hd irectly . Only t h ec h a nn el Α trig-
geri ng
circuit is u sed in t h is measure-
ment . F ig . 6 s h
ows t heequ i p ment setu p
to measure t
h
e
wid t h of α TT L cloc k
p ulse . T he 10 ns clock rate an d Χ 1000
measurement average p rovi des maxi-
mum accuracy and resol u tion . T h e dis-
play
of t h ePS EU DO GAT E in d icates t h e
measureme n t i n terval .
W idt h measurements are ge n erally
made at t h e 50% ο am p litu d e level of t he
p ulse . F or an exact measureme n t of
p ulse wi d t h at any am p litude level,
set
t he trigger level by monitoring t he
chan nel Α TR IG LEVEL j ack wit hα
D VM . T h is p ulse h as α5 V am p lit ud e .
W it h t he Ρ - ΡS EN S control set to 1 V,
t he trigger level sho u ld be set for an
o u t pu t at t h e Α TR IG LEVEL j ac k of
+0 .25 V . T h is voltage yiel ds an act u al
trigger level of 2 .5 V (see Table 1) .
F ig . 7 sh ows t h e e qu
i p ment set
up
to
measure t h e wi d t h of α noise sp
i k
e
t h at
is a pp eari n g in α
logic signal . U si n g
trigger armi n g, th e
7D15 is set to ma k e
t h e wi d t h measurement o n ly after t
h
e
logic sig n al h as gone low .
Connect t he delayed swee p gate outp ut
to t h eΑA
RM connector of t he 7D15 .
Th e Delay Time
M ulti p lier an dth e Vari-
able Time/D W control ca n now
be use d
to p ositio n
t
he b
eginning of t h e armi ng
gate after t h e falli n g e d ge of t h e logic
sig nal a nd to k ee pth e trigger circuit
arme d for t h e du rationof t h e low level .
T he inte n sified zon e i nd icates t he
p
osi-
tio na nd wid t h of t h e arming gate . W it h
t h is setu p , t h e 7D15
will cap t u re and
meas u re t h e wid t h of t he first p ositive-
going transition t h at occu r s after it is
armed .
M ai nfr a m e
V e r tical M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alt .
711315

H o r izo n tal M ode
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Β
M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TIM wid
t
h
Α

8 Trigge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L eft V ertical
loc k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . .
1 ρ100

Ti m eB ase
C
Ti m e/div (7 Β 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N or m

Triggering . . . . . . . ... . .
. .
. .. .
. . . .. . . . . . . . .
Displayed W avefo rm . . . . . . . . . . PseudoGate
T r igge r Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50% Amplitu de

V e r tical Am p li f ie r
Slope
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +

Disp
lay
M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
Coup l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

.
DC

T r
igge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I npu t
Α

V olts/ d iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 V
F ig . 6 . E q ui p ment setup for typical wi d t h measurement .
7113115
Gate f r om
M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TM width Α

R ear P a n el
Averg . . . . . .
. .. .
. . . . . .... . .
. . ... . . . .
Χ 1000
Cloc k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.. . . . . . 10 ns
Gate
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. .
. . . . . . . .
N
o rm

Ti m e
B
ase
DIsplayed W avefo rm
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . T rue Gate

Ti m e/Div (7880) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T r igge r Level
.... . . . . . . .
. . .
50% Am p litude

Ti m e/Div (7885) .
Slo
p
e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+

T r igge r ing (71380) . . . . . . ....
.
....... . . ., Α C, .1 π t
Source
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .

DC

Triggering (71385)

. . . . . . .

.

N o r m,AC, E xt
ou
r ce

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Input
Α

Β Delay M ode

. . . . . . . . . .

Β starts afte r delay
M ai n f r a m e

Ve r tical Am p li f ie r
Ve r tί ca Ι M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
L T

C h 1 and
2 V
olts/Div
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H or izo n tal M o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dis p lay Mo d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
h 1
Β Tr igge r Sou r ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T rigge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F ig . 7 . Equi p me n t set up fo r transient measurement .
Cloc k
L ogic
C
i
rcu
i
t
B oar d
2 ν

12 αη 7 Α Ιαμ S `;
4 j~A
11

7 Ή 26

7D15

~

7Β 85

~

7
Β 80
~
CHA
σ
Data `
LL Ι 41o*
6143 $Q Ουβ
7704 Α
7704 Α
7 Α 26 Ι 7D15 Ι 7Β85 Ι 7880
Ο
CH 1
CHΑA

ι
RM

''

ΕΧΤ
T R IG
Ι 4
ροΟ
IN?
Ι
F rame

Ι

Delaye d Swee p

500 m ν 'OQ06
Fig . 8 . W aveform an d wi d t h meas u re-
ment r eadout fo r d estruction
test .
T h e 7D15 can also measure t he wi d t h
of single-s h ot events . F ig . 8 sh ows t he
waveform p hotograph of destruction
test ma de with α storage oscillosco
pe
and t h e 7D15 . T h e wi d t h
of
t h
is p ulse
was measure d simultaneously
wit h
t
he
storage of the d is p
lay . Since the event
only occurred o n ce, t he arming gate
was not require d .
p ulse p erio d
7D15

to E
xt Trig In

from R ear
M o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tim Α- ι Β

P anel
Ave r g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Χ 100
Cloc k . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
. . 10 n s
Gate
.. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .

. . N
o
r m
Dis p layedW avefo rm . . . . . . . . . . P seudo Gate

Ti m e B ase
Trigge r Level Α & Β . . . . . . . . .50% A mp lit ude

Main Ti m e/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slo pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A+, 13-

Delaye d Ti m e/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C ουρΙ Α&Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC

T r igge r
ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sou r ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I
np
ut Α

Β
Delaye d
M
od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M ainf r a m e

V e r
tical
Am p
lifie r
Ve r tical M o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alter nate

Disp lay M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
H o r izontal Mo d
e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Α

T r igger So u rce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
Α Trigger So urce
. . . . . . . . . . V e r tica M o d e

V olts/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F ig . 9 . Eq ui p ment set u p for measurement of time b etween non-adjacent
events .
P ulse p eriod is ju st as easy to meas u re

time b et w een
non-adjacent events
wit h t h e 7D15 as wi d t h . U sing t he same
set υρ as sh own for t h e cloc k p u lse
wi d t h measureme n t in F ig . 6, p ress t h e

The
ability to select α p articular p ulse

slo p
es,
an d b y ad j usting t h e p ositio n
PER IOD ΑM
OD
E pus h button . T heρ ~r ί -

in α p u lse train for measurement, as

and wi d t h of t h e i n tensifie d zone (t h e
o d meas u rement is
now
read out
on
t h e

was p revio u sly illustrated b y t he p u lse

d elayed sweep gate) . T he Delay Time
C
R T . M erely
set
t
he ΑTR IGG ER con-

w
i d t h measurement of α n oise sp i k e,

Mu lti p lier (DT M ) con trol d etermines t he
trols
to
trigger t he
counter eit h er on t h e

can
also b
eap
plie d
to
t h e meas u re-

p ositio n of t h e lea d ing ed ge of t he d e-
lea d i n g or falling e d ge of t he p ulse . T he

ment of t he
time-
b etween non-adjacent

laye d swee pgate and t hus t h
e p oi n t of
trigger level ca n be ad j usted to meet

events .
F
ew ot h er time counters are

armi ng t he Α TR IGG ER circ u it . T
he time
your sp ecific

measurement require-

able to measure wi d t h or time between

b ase V aria b
le
Time/Division
control
ment .

non-adjacent eve n ts in re p etitive or

sets t he wid t h
of
t hed
elaye d swee p
non-repetitive signals suc h as d igital

gate an d t h us t he p osition of t h e fall-
Si
nce t h e signal being measure d is re p -

w
ord p ulses from α comp u ter's main

ing
edge of t he gate, or t he p oi n t of
etitive,
Χ 1000 meas u rement averagi n g

storage, C PU, ra d ar I FF res po n ses, etc .

arming
for
t
h e ΒTR IGG ER circuit . T he
is selecte d
to
obtain maximum accuracy

In t h ese ty pes of measurements,
an

d
elayed sweep gate is app lie d to t he
an d resol u tion
.
See
t h
e
d iscussion of

oscilloscope is essential .

Α an d Β A RM inp
u ts, Α trigger is arme d
accuracy an d resolutio n at t
he
begin-

d uring t he time
Β trigger is disarme d ,
nin9 of t h is section .

F ig . 9 sh ows t h e eq ui
p
me n t set up for
and vice versa .
α time interval meas u rement on α serial
As wit h p u lse width measurements,
trig-

wor
d trai n from α d is k memory d evice .

In t h is exam p le, t h e cou n ter armin g
ger arming is not n ecessary to measure

The origin p u lse in t h is case is u sed to

gate
is set to meas u re t he time between
t
he p
eriod of α signal . Arming is useful

trigger t he Α time base

t h e falling edge
t hou g h w h en loo
king at data pulse

. T he d elayed
display and ghe ο leading e d ge of t h e
trains or ot
her signals w here α p ulse

cou n ter's trigger circuits . In t h is case

last p ulse .
T h
e waveform
p hoto in F ig .
may or may not be p
resent du ring α

t h
e
d elaye d swee p gate is connecte
d to

9
sh ows t h e analog waveform d is p lay
given clock cycle .

b ot h t h e ΑA RM a nd Β A RM co n nec-

(u
pp er trace), t h e P S EU DO GAT E dis-
tors, because t he TIM Α - Β mo d e is be-

play
of t hecoun ter's act u al meas u re
ing used .

ment p erio d (lower trace), an d t h e read
out of t he act u al measurement . T h is
Once α stable display is obtai ned ,

p
articular meas u reme n t is 1 .1041 ms,
measurements can be ma d e betwee n
whic h is muc h better resolutio n
t han
any two p oints on t h e waveform merely
by a d j usti ng t he trigger levels an d
9
U
λ .'~ 2ι 1 Αι
τ
LV
Χ ;
ON ,;
7704 Α
7 Α 26
Ι
7D15
Ι
7 Β 85
Ι
7 Β
80
W ord

CH 1
Dis k
Trai n
M emory

c
L .J

I
Y
Α
CH
θΆ &
Β

ΕΧΤ TR IG
1D44
0
IN ηΙ
Original Pu lse

Swee p Gate
ρ

can be obtained visually from t h e ana-
log d is p lay . T he 100 Χ measureme n t
averagi ng im p roves t he accuracy an d
resolution of t he measurement . T h e ac-
curacy in t h is case is wit h in 4 ns
( .00036%) .
time between two voltage
levels
R isetime, t he time between t he 10%
and 90% p ulse levels, or t he time re-
q uire d for α tra n s d ucer to rise from one
level to an ot
h er, can easily b
e
acq u ire d
from t he 7D15's TIME Α - Β
M
o de .
T he 7D15
offers
digital
rea
d
o
u t, accu-
racy an d
convenience in
ma
k ing t h ese
measureme
n
ts . For exam
p
le, if you are
ma k i ng α series of risetime measure-
ments w here t he 10% an d 90% levels
are n ot c h anging, eac h risetime is d igi-
tally read out on t h e crt ; t h is elimi n ates
th e nee d to carefully p osition t h e wave-
form, an d , t h en count d ivisions on t h e
crt .
Cloc k
7603
0
Delaye
d
Swee p
Gate
C)"+
M ainf r a m e
V ertical M ode
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alte r nate
He
r
ί
z
οπ
t
α
t

M
o
d
e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Α
713115

Α
Tr igge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L eft V e r tical
M o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tim Α-
ι
Β

Ti
m
eB ase
Ave r g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Χ 1000

Main Time/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cloc k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 n s

T r igge r i ng
,

.
.
Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N o r m

Β Delaye d M o de

1n de
p
en den t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displaye d W avefo r m . . . . . . . . . P seud o Gate
T r igger L evel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Α .6 V , Β5 .4
V

V e r tical Am p li fie r
Slo p e Α& Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +

Dis p lay M od e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ch 1
Co up le Α &Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC

Trigger So urce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ιπρυ t Α

V olts/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wh en ma k ing a d j ustments to yo u r cir-

F
ig . 10 . E qui
p
ment setu p
for risetime measurement .
c u itry, you can resolve small ch anges
in risetime wit h outstandi n g ease and
than 125 ns . T he
trigger arming gate

sig n
al
from t h e c h annel Α in p ut (in t he
resolution . H owever, t
he 7D15
is
not

(t he d elayed swee p gate) must be con-

TIM
Α - Β mo d e) . Wh en in, eac h trigger
recommended for
measuring risetimes

necte d to bot h t h e Α A RM an d
t
h e
Β

circuit receives its trigger

1
faster t h an
125
n
s .

gger
signal from
A RM connectors . Set t he Α trigger level

its res p ective in p ut connector .
T he two separate trigger circuits of t h e

co n trol to trigger at t h e 10% p oint and
7D15 and
t
h e
ability to set exact trigger

t h e Β trigger level co n trol for
t he
90%

Trigger
armi ng is required for t h is
levels t hroug h t
h
e
two TR
IG
LEVEL

p
oint . Now α ty p ical time interval mea-

measurement, because ch a nn el Β must
j ack allows you to ma
k
e
very
accurate

surement (TIM Α - Β ) can b ed one by

know w h ic h p
u lse
to
trigger
on
wit h re-
-isetime measurements wit h
t
h e 7D15 .

moving t he intensifie d zone from one

seect
to t he undelaye dp
ulse
. Con
n ect
Again, trigger arming can b e use d to

risetime to anoth er . T h is allows you to

the d elayed swee p gate to
bot h trigger
select α p articular p ulse i n non-rep eti-

acc u rately p erform selective risetime

arming in p ut j acks .
tive pu lse trains .

measurements wit h greater
resol u
tio n
Wit h t he oscillosco p e vertical mo d e set
F ig . 10 s h ows t he eq ui p ment set up for

t
han
wit
hα conventional oscillosco p e .

for alternate trace sweeps, trigger t he
measuri ng t h e risetime of α cloc k p u lse

sco p e
on
t h e un delayed p ulse (c h ann el
as it is in p ut into α fli p -flo p . T h is is α

p ro p
agation delay

1) .
Now
ad j ust t he intensifie d zone so
f Ιίρ -flo p w h ic h reg υί res α cloc k p ulse

that it begi
ns before t he rise of t he υη -
,
risetime of 150 ns from t he 0 .6 V to t h e

d elaye d p ulse, an d en ds before t he rise
5 .4 V level .

T h e two signal inputs to t he 7D15 trig-

of
t h
e
d elayed p u lse . T h e p ro p agation
ger circuits allow you to ma
ke
p ro p aga-

d elay is t hen read out on
t h
eCRT
. T he
T h e T R IGG ER SL O PE controls i n t h is

tion d elay measure m ents q uic k ly an d
meas u rement in t h is case is 76 .60 ns .
measurement are both set to + . To set

easily . F ig . 11 sh ows t he e q ui p ment set-
t
he
T
R IGG
ER LEVEL controls, connect

up re q uire d to measure t he p ro p aga-

F
oGER
r

LEVEL

acc u racy, b ot h t he et for
αD VM to one T R IG LEVEL j ac k at α

tion d elay ex p erienced by α cloc k sig-

the

LEVEL controls sh ould be s
time, and set t he Α trigger level
for
0 .6

ηαΙ as it p asses t h roug h seve n TT L
same voltage level . ri n g can be ob-
V an d Β trigger level for 5 .4 V . W it h t h e

gates .

taine d eit h er by
measuring t h e voltage
TIM Α ~ Β M OD E push button p ressed ,

levels t hroug h t he
T R
IG
LEV E L j ac ks
t h e r ί et ί me is read directly on t he CR T .

In t h
is setup, t h e un d elayed p ulse is

wit hα D VM, or by a pp lying t he d
esired
1 η t h is case t he αί diecmeasurement

con n ected to both channel
1 of t he ver-

voltage level to eac h j ac k (see t he d
is-
is 155 .60 ns . T h e accuracy is within 2 n s

tical am p
lifier
an
d c hann el Α of t h e

cussion of trigger level in
t
he
intro d u c-
or 1 .3%
.

7D15 ; t he d elayed p ulse is connecte d
tion sectio n ) .
to ch a nn el 2 of t h e vertical am
p lifier

1 0
T
h
is
met h o d can be easily use d for

an dchannel Β of t h e 7D15 . T he
7D15's
measuri n g rise an d fall times slower

SO UR C E I NPU T Β push button d
eter-
mines t he so u rce of t h e trigger signal
10

for c h annel Β . Wh en out, it receives its

Σ
ph ase s h ift
Ph ase sh
ift is
critical
in areas
li
ke
servo,
RF
or
d igital
system d esign . T he most
common met
h o d of meas u ri n g ph ase
sh ift
is to
u
se an oscillosco pe in t h e
Χ - Υ or d elaye
d swee p mo de . Α more
acc u rate met h
o d of measuring p hase is
wit h t
he 7D15
.
To d etermi n e ph ase, t he
time
betwee n t he same voltage level on
t
he lea ding an d lagging sign als is
measure d an d d ivi d ed by α conversion
factor (Time/Degree) .
F or exam p le, if t he p erio d
of
t h
e signal
(as meas u re d wit h t he 7D15)
is 2 its
(5 MHz), t he Time/Degree conversio n
factor is : 2μ s/360 degree = 5 .55 ns/ d e-
gree . If t h e time interval b etwee n t he
two p hases is meas u red at 50 ns, t h
e
p h ase d ifference is t hus :
50 ns/5 .55
ns/ d egree=9 .09 d egree
of
p h
ase s h ift .
F ig . 12 sh ows t he eq ui pment set up for
t h e measurement of t h e ph
ase sh
ift
of
α 5 MH z signal . L i ke
t he p revious p ro p a-
gation d elay meas u rement, o n e signal
is
app lied to eac htrigger in put to t he
7D15
. Again t he SO UR C E I NPU TΒ
p us h butto n is p resse d to enable b
ot
h
in pu
t con nectors . B ot h t he ch a nn
el Α
and ΒTR IGG ER LEVEL controls
are
set to PRE SE T, w h ic h
means t he trig-
ger circuits will trigger
on t h e zero
crossover p oint .
Trigger arming
is not re q uire d for t h is
measurement . M erely trigger t he sco p e
on t he negative goi ng slo pe of channel
1 . T h is assures t h at t h e p seudo gate
d is p lay is on t he C RT . T he p seu
d o gate
dis p lay i nd icates t h at t h e
measureme n t
is being made b etwee
n t he two zero
crossover p oints
. In
t
h is case, t h e time
measure d is 75 .60
ns
for ph ase sh ift of
75 .6
ns/5
.55
ns/ d egree=13 .8 d egrees .
T h is met h o d of meas u ring p
h ase sh ift
can be use d for si n gles h
ot or re p etitive
sig n als, wit
h accuracies of 0 .125° an d
0 .075°, res p
ectively at 35 kH z . Several
factors affect t
h is accuracy :
1 . Am p litu d
e of
t h
e two signals-It is
more d ifficult for t h e 7D15 trigger cir-
cuits to d etect t he zero crossover
p oint
on low am p litu d e signals .
2 . R elative
am
p litu d
e of t he two signals
-I
d eally both signals sh o u l d be t h e
same
am
p
lit ud e .
Cloc k
In p ut
7TT L
Gates i n
Series
L
ead ing Ph ase

I

11 CH 1
L aggi ng Ph ase
Delaye d
Cloc k
7 Α 18
Ι
7D15
Ι
7Β53 Α
C H Α & Β

D
L Y'D T R IG
CH 2 ςΗ ΑARMC
F i
Β

IN
Ι

ο
7DIs

Out p ut
M o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tim Α - Β
Ave r g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Χ 1000
Clock . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .. .
. .. . . . . . . .
. . . . 10 π5
Gate
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N o rm

Ti m e B ase
Displayed W avefor m . . . . . . . . . . Pse ud o Gate

Main Ti m e/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trigger Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50% A mp lit ude

Delayed Ti m e/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slo p e Α& Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +

Triggering

. .
Cou p l Α &Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DC

Delaye d Trig . . . . . . . . . . Run s After Dly Time
So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input
Β
V e r tical Am p lifie r
M ai nfr ame

Dis p lay M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternate
V ertical M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alte r nate

Trigger So urce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
T r igge r Sou r
ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L eft

V olts/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F ig . 11 . Eq ui p
ment setu p for p ro p agation d elay measurement .
F ig . 12 . Eq uipment setup
for p h ase s h ift measurement .
7603
7
Α 18 Ι 7D15 Ι 7Β53 Α
ο
Delaye d
Swee p
Gate
Out
M ai nfr ame
7 ρης

V e r tical M ode
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alte r nate
M o
d
e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ti
m Α- ιΒ

Trigger So
u
rce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Left
Averg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Χ

Ti
m
e B ase
Cloc k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 π
s

M ai n Ti m e/Div .
Gate
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. .. .. . .
N o rm

I r igge r ing

-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dis p laye d W aveform P se ud o Gate . . . . . . . . . .
T r igge r L evel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pr eset

V e r tical A mp lifier
Slope Α &Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +

Dis p lay M o d e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
L T
C ουρΙ Α&Β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . .
AC

Trigge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C h1
So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I n put Β

V olts/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . . .
.
.

3 . N oise on
t h e signals- N oise may
fire t he trigger circuits p
rematurely
ca u sing j itter in t h e measureme
n t, ulti-
mately affecting t he resolution of
t he
rea d out .
4 . F re q ue n cy of t he signals-T
h
e
fre-
q uency ra n
ge, for best results, is 60 Hz
to 50 MH z .
FRE Q
UEN CY
ME AS
UREMEN TS
frequency
F ig . 13 sh ows t he eq u i p ment setup for
αbasic fre q ue ncy meas u rement of α
CW sig n al wit h t he
7D14 . F
or
t
h
is mea-
su rement, t he signal to b e measure d is
route d t hroug h t he vertical am p lifier to
t h e 7D15 . T he ME AS UREMEN T I NT ER-
VAL d etermi n es t he resolution of t h e
meas u rement . T h
e
longest measure-
ment interval (10 s) p rovides t
he h ig h -
est resol u tion . In t h is case, t he fre-
q uency is 120 .055 MHz .
measuring
t he frequency of α
burst signal
F ig . 14 sh ows t
h
ee qu
i p ment set up for
t h e meas u rement of α T . V . B urst
signal
wit h t he 7D14 . (T he samemeas u rement
ca
n
also
b e ma d e wit h t h e 7D15 .)
N ote
t h at t h e
burst signal from t h eT . V . sig-
nal generator is
connecte d to bot h t h e
713114 for meas
u rement and to t he ver-
tical amplifier for d
is p
lay on
t he CR T .
T he co u nter measurement
i n terval
gate is co nnected from t he
7D14
MON-
ITOR/EXIT GAT E con nector to
t h
e
vertical am p lifier for d isplay on t
h
e C
RT .
T h e d elayed swee p gate is used in
t h
is
meas u rement to trigger t he cou n ter,
and t h us t he Delay Time Mu lti p lier . d e-
termines
t
he p
oint w here t he fre q ue n cy
measurement begi
ns
.
T he 7D14 fro n
t-panel d eca de divide
buttons select t he
measurement inter-
val for
t h is measurement
.
T he selecte
d
meas u rement i n terval m u st
b
e
shorter
t han
t h e bu rst time, or αcon
siste n tly
lower frequency read ing will occur
.
Since
1 ms is t he sh ortest meas u
rement
C W
Signal
B urst
7 Α 19 i 7 Α 26 i
7D14 i 7 13 92 Α
I NPU T
ο
F ig . 13 . E q uipment setup for fre quency
measurement .
μριΙμιιΙΙιιιμΙΙΙ
f
ν , S πκ

se
M O N ITO R
FVC
Η 1
FT -0 0

I
RE S ET
C H 2

Ι

C H Q A
Fig . 14 .
Eq ui p me n t setu p for measurement of burst
fre
q
uency .
7704 Α
M
ai
nfr ame
V ertical M ode
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Left
T r igge r So ur ce (B Hole) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L eft
Trigge
r So ur ce ( ΑH ole) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R ig h t
Ti m
eB ase
M ai n Ti
m e/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71314

T r iggeri ng
. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
M
easure
m en t I n te r val . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 m s
Β W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 MH z

V ertical A
mp lifie r
Cou p li n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .
DC

Dis p lay
M o de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L evel/Slo pe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V A R

T r igger So u rce . . . . . . . . . . .
I np ut Se nsitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trig So ur ce

V olts/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7704 Α
7 Α
26 7D14

7 13 92 Α
Ο
Delayed
Swee p
Gate Out
R ear P anel
71314
M easu reme n t I n terval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ms
B W . . . . . . . .
.. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 MHz

Ti m e
B
ase
Co up li ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC

Mai n Ti m e/Div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L evel/Slo pe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V AR

Delaye d Time/Div
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Se n sitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T r iggeri ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M ai nf rame

V e r tical
Amplifier
V e r tical Mo de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L eft

Dis p lay M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H o r izo ntal M od e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Β

Trigge r Sou r ce . . . . . . . . . . .
Β T r igge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L eft V e
r
tical

V olts/Div
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

interval, w h
ic h ca n be selecte d on t h e
7D14, t he burst to b e measure d must
be wi d er t han 1 ms . T he resol u tion of
*h e 7D14 u sing t h e 1 ms i n terval is 1
kH
z . M
easurement resolution is t hus
limite d on lower freq u ency sig n als .
For t h is burst fre quency measurement,
t he 1 ms ME AS UR EMEN T I NT ERV A L
is
selecte d . T he I NPU T S EN SITI V ITY
is
set to 100 mV and t h eT R IGG ERLEVEL /
S L O PE control is set to count
on
t h
e
positive-going
slo pe of eac h cycle wit h -
i n t
he burst . F ig . 14 sh ows αbu rst fre-
q uency
measurement of 3 .577 MH z . On
bu
rsts of 10 ms or greater, t he 10-ms
ME AS UREMEN T I NT ERV A L can be se-
lecte d
to increase t he resolution b yα
factor of te n .
counting t he number of cycles
or events in α burst
7 Α 26
Disp lay M od e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C hop
Co up ling . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ... .. . . . . . . DC
Se n sitivity
C h 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as re q .
C h 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 V
Tr igge r So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h 1
Burst
Signal
7 Α 26 7 Α 19 7D14 7Β92 Α
CH 1
σ
CHA
7704 Α
Delaye d Swee p Gate
Out R ear Panel
7D14

7 Β 92 Α
Manual
Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off

M
od
e ... . . . .
. . . . ... .
.
. ... . .... .. .. . .
A uto
Dis p lay Ti m e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M i dr ange

Co
up
li ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC
Fig . 15 SNO W S the equipment Set- U for

Cou p
li
n g
.. . .. . .. . .
. .
.
.
. . .
.
. . .. . . . .. . . DC

So
urce
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ιη t .
ρ

Βω . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
525 MHz

τ i m e/ οι y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D ι y Time
Counting
t he n u mber of Cycles i n
α

Ι

L evel/Slo pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V ar .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ru ns afte r d ly
Input Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 MV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alt . Off .
bu rst . In t h is case, t h e d elayed swee p
gate sets t he measurement
interval of

F ig . 15 .
E q uipment setup for cou n ting t h e num ber of cycles in
α burst .
t h
e
7D14 .
Si
nce
t
h
e d elaye d swee pgate
is not α p recision cali b rated measure-
ment interval,
οηΙγ t h e actual cou n t is

is d is p laye d in t h e u pp er center of t h e

α meas u
reme
n
t

f O 3114 cycles in α
" readou t wit
h no frequency units . Once

crt . T h e ±1 co u nt ambiguity i nh eren t

burst . T h
e only limitation in ma k ing
t
h is
α
stable d is p lay is o b tained, t h e Delay

in cou n ter measurements d oes not af-

measurement is t h
at
t he minim
u
m i n p u t
Time M ultiplier
an d t h e V ariable Time/

fect t he accuracy of t h is meas u rement

cycle wi d t h
to
t he
CHΑ
I NPU
T is 10 n s,
Division
controls are set to obtain α d e-

if t he co u nter gate is op ene d and closed

an d t h
e gate
i n p
ut must be at least 500
laye d swee p
gate t h at encloses t he

between bursts
as
sh own . F ig . 17 sh
ows

ns wi d e .
b u rst
to be measure d . ( N ote t h at t h is is
t he o pp osite
of t
he
fre qu e ncy measure-
ment .)
Si
nce t he
d elayed swee pgate is
d
is p laye d on t he C RT along wit h t h e
Bu rst, t he p osition and wi d t h of t he
measurement interval can
be set q uic k -
ly and accurately .
Wh en o p erating t he 7D14 in α vertical
plug-in com p artment
of
t
h e oscillo-
sco p e, t heout p ut
of
t
h e counter s h ap er
can
also be d is p laye d (see F ig . 16) .
Sim u
ltaneo
u
s
viewi
ng of t h e 7D14 trig-
ger s h a p er out p ut wit h t h e burst ma kes
it p
ossible to ad j ust t h e 7D14 T R IGG ER
LEVEL control to cou n t only t h ose cy-
cles of t h e d esire d am p litude as sh ow n .
T he mainframe vertical mo d e switc h
must be set to alternate
or
ch
o p to view

F ig . 16 . Dis p lay of counter s h a p er

F ig . 17 . Dis p lay of 3114 cycle burst
.
t h e trigger sh
a p
er
ou t p ut
.
As t h e T R IG-

out p ut .
G
ER LEVEL control
is a d j usted for
h ig h er levels, t helower
am
p lit
u de cy-
cles
of
t h e bu rst
are n ot recognize d
~ by t he 7D14 trigger
circuit . T he count

Th e oscillosco p e delaying swee p time
base is αstandard tool for measuring
t h e time d elay between events and for
ma k ing delayed swee p measurements .
Trigger j itter an d th e 1% ο accuracy of
t h e d elaying sweep ram p , h owever,
often limit t he usefulness of t h is analog
ty pe d
elay .
T h ese
p
roblems become
critical w h e n wor k
i
n g wit hd igital logic,
com pu ter peri p h erals, P CM telemetry,
radar, son ar, sh oc k tube testing, or d e-
lay line measureme n ts, w here low f it-
te r , precision time delays are re q uire d .
Th e Tektronix 7D11 Digital Delay a nd
7D10 Digital Delay units
provide
solu-
tions to t h ese p ro b lems
of
accu r acyand
jitte r .
At first glance t he o p eration of t he 7D11
Digital Delay may seem com p licated,
b ut it actually p erforms t he same func-
tio nas t
h e oscillosco pe analog
d elay .
In t h e 7D11 α p recise cloc
kan dh ig
h
resol u tio
n
counter h ave b ee
n
s
u
bsti-
tuted for t he d elaying swee p ram p a n d
Delay Time M ulti p lier control, w h ic h
p rovi d es t h e delay time i n an oscillo-
sco pe . T h e 7D11 h as two mo d es of
o p eration, delay-by-time andde l ay-by-
events, selecte d wit h fro n t pan el push
buttons . T h e delay-by-time m o d
e
du p li-
cates t h e f u nctio n
of
t
he oscillosco pe
delayi n g swee p time b ase, bu t wit h
muc h greater accuracy t han is p ossible
wit h analog d elay . The delay-by-events
mo de allows you to delay t h e sweep for
α s p ecific nu mber of counts or cloc k
pu lses . (T he 7D10 is similar to t he 7D11
exce p t t h at it p rovides only t he d elay-
by-events mo de .)
1 η th e delay-by-time m ode (see F ig . 18),
t he 7D11 receives α trigger t h ro ugh t he
front- p anel ΕΧΤ T R IG IN connector,
w h ic h signals it to start cou n ti n g t h e
h ig h ly accurate internal cloc k . At t he
e nd of α selecte d d elay time, α delaye d
trigger signal is d elivere d both to t he
fro
n
t-
p
anel D L Y'D TR IG OUT con n ector
a nd i n ternally to t h e mainframe, w here
it can be route d d irectly to t h e time
b ase u sing t h e mai n frame trigger selec-
tio n p u s hbu ttons .
2 Α
DIGITA L DEL AY
ME AS UREMEN TS
d igital d elay
Τ 
R 
Delaye d Trigger
Ι
Delaye d Trigger
Ι
E ve n ts
7D11
Delay Time
F ig . 18 . 7D11 DIGITA L D EL AY operating in delay-by-time mode .
7D11
ι
Ι

D
L
Y'D T RIG
OUT
ΕΧΤ TRIG
C)'EVEN TS
~
IN

STAR T
Ο

?
T
I
RIG
IN
F ig . 19 . 7D11 DIGITA LD EL AY operating in d elay-by-events mo de .

T
h e d elay time is selecte d wit h t he
fro
n t p anel D EL AY TIME OR EVEN
TS
dF I NE D EL AY con trols . F or conve-
J
n
e
n ce, t he setti n g of t he D EL AY TIME
OR EVEN TS control is d is p laye d
on
t he
oscillosco p e crt readout .
T he 7D11 internal cloc kp rovi des an
acc u racy of - -2 n s (0 .5 ppm), w h ic h is

Τ
muc h more accurate t han can
be o
b-
taine dfrom an analog d elayed swee p
time base . If accuracy
greater t han 0 .5
pp m is re q uire d , t he
7D11 d elay-by-

R
P
Ι
time
cloc
k can
be referenced to an ex-
ternal
1- MH z timing stand ard i n p ut

Ι
t
hrough t h e ΕΧΤ 1 ΜΗΖ IN connector .

Delaye d Trigger
J itter wit h t he d igital d elay is re d uce
d
to less t ha n 2 .2 n s for d elay times as

Ι
lo ng as 22 ms .
1 η t h e delay-by-events m ode (see F ig .

Ί ---

Delay Time

-j,
19), t he 7D10 or 7D11 counts trigger
events from an exter n al source, eit h er
p eriodic
or ap
erio d
ic, and generates α
d elayed trigger once
α p
reselecte
d
co un
t h
as been reached . Two signals
are re q uire d to o p erate t h e 7D10 or
7D11 i n t he delay-by-even ts mo de . One
signal is in p ut t hroug h t h e ΕΧΤ T R IG IN

F ig . 20 . R a d ar pulse timing measurement
.
co nn ector a n d p rovi des t h e eve n ts to
be cou n te d . T h e ot h er signal is in p ut
t hroug h t h e EVEN TS STA RT TR
IG ΙΝ
,-------------
. on n ector and tells t h e delay un it w hen

G B

p ELAY- ΒΥ - ΤΙΜΕ
to begin counting . B ot h connectors

t h is instability
can become excessive
h ave in depen d ent trigger controls
.

an d
ma
k
e t he d is p lay unuseable Wh en
MEASUREMENTS
.
50 MH z
Events ca n be cou n te d at rates
up to

using d elay-by-events, t he oscillosco p e
,
Wh en t h e selecte d num b er of

is triggere d at or near t he event
to b e
events h
as bee n cou n te d , α signal is

observe d , rat h er t han at t he
en d of α

Testing α ra d ar system is one exam p le
d elivere d to both t he D L Y'D T R IG O UT

fixe dtime d elay . Timing
signal j itter h as

of
h ow more accurate measurements
connector an d i n ter n ally to t he mai n -

no effect on t hed is p
lay .

can be made wit hαd igital d elay un it .
frame . T he events count, w h ic h is d is-

T he measurement
of
t
he d elay time be-
p laye d on t he crt read o u t,
can be set to

Wit h delay-by-events
you h ave t h e

tween t h e
transmitter
p ulses ( Τ) an d
any n umber from 1
to 10
million
.

a dd e d conve n
ience of being able to

ec ho p ulses (R) of α ra d ar system ty p i-
select
α p articular cloc kp ulse (t he 10t h
c αΙΙγ calls for t he measureme n t of long
T h e main reason for u
si ng delay-by-
p
ulse,
t he 256t h pulse, etc . i nα long
is d is p
lay stability . Disp lay sta-

ρ

)

g
d elay times wit h αη accuracy of α few
b ί lity
becomes α p roblem wit h tr αd ί t ί α -

pulse trai
n to trigger t he oscilloscope

na n osecon ds . Ιη t h is exam p le, t he 7D11
οη . T
h is relieves you of t he j ob
of vis-

p
rovi d es αvery accurate time refere n ce
αΙ d elay-by-time
measureme n ts, w hen

υαΙΙγ counting cloc k p ulses οη t he
crt

for t h is ty p e of measurement (see F ig .
t h e sig n al b ei n g used
to trigger t h e
d is p lay .

20) . Το ma ke t h is measurement, t h e
d elay is unstable . S p ee d variations i n
α rotation d is k memory, for example,

transmitter p ulse is use d to trigger t h e
cause ty p ical d is k timing signals li ke

7D11 . T he 7D11 delayed trigger outp ut
origin or sector p u lses to j itter . Wh
en

is t hen com p are d
οη
t he crt wit
h t h e
u sing eit h er analog or d igital
time d e-

ech o p ulse . Coi n ci d
ence between t h e
Ιαγ , w here t he
swee p is d elaye d by α

two p ulses
is obtaine d by ad j usti n g t he
fixe d
amount of time, t h is j itter causes

7D11 D EL AY
ΤΙΜΕ O R EVEN TS an d
t he d is p lay to ju m pback απ d fort h . F or

F I
NE D EL AY controls . T he d elay time
h
ig
h time

resolution

measurements

d
is p laye d οη t h e C R T rea do u t p lus t he
,

setting of t h e F I NE D EL AY control is
t h e delay time between t he transmitter
,-

an d t he ec h o p ulses .

B efore making this measurement, the
oscilloscope an d t he d elay unit must be
calibrate
d . F ig . 21 shows the equi p -
ment setu pand waveforms
for cali b rat-
ing t h is ra dar p u lse measureme
n t
system . Initial system cali b ration
is
required beca use t he 7D11 and
t he
oscillosco
p e time b ase plug-in h
ave
in depen de
n t trigger level controls .
For
maximum
measurement accuracy, both
p lug-ins must be set to
trigger on t h e
same level and slope .
F or t he most acc u rate meas u rements,
α
time mark generator with α 500-ns
time marker should be
used for cali-
bration . Τ -connect the time mark
gen-
erator out p ut to b oth
t
he
7D11 ΕΧΤ
TR IG IN connector and C
H 1
of
t h
e
d ual-trace vertical am p lifier, t
hen con-
nect t h e 7D11 D L Y'D TR IG O UT to C
H2
of t h e vertical am p lifier . Set t he vertical
am p lifier trigger source switch to C H 2,
an d t he mainframe vertical mo d e, left
an
d trigger source, left . Select α500-ns
d elay (0
.0005 ms) wit h t he 7D11 D EL AY
TIME O
R EVEN TS co n trol, and set t he
F
I NE D
EL AY control to zero . After set-
ting t h e time base
trigger level
for α
sta b le d isplay, ad ju st t he 7D11 TR IG-
G ER LEVEL con trol for
exact overlay
of t he 0 .5 μs time mar k and t he
7D11
delaye d trigger o u t p u t p ulse as sh own
in F ig . 21 . T he system is now cali b rate d .
T h e 7D11 an dtime base TR IGG ER
LEVEL controls m u st n ot b e read j uste d
t hroughout t h e remainder of t h e mea-
su rement .
16
Time M ar k
Generator
5 ά0+ν ~ ~QbSI '~, 54# ι
5'' .
IN
7603
7 Α 26 7D11
7 121 53 Α
ο
C H 1

DLY'D TRIG
OUT
ΕΧΤ TRIG
ΟΟ
C H 2
7011

M ainframe
Trigge r Sou r ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ΕΧΤ

V ertical M od e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LEF T
T r igger Co up ling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC

Α T r igger So u rce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LEF
T
Trigger L evel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
+
Β Sweep Delay M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IND

Time
B
ase
Delay Time or
Events
. . . . . . . . . . 500 ns Delay

Vertical
Amplifier . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Count M ode . . . . . . . ΤΙΜΕINTERNALC LOCK

Trigger Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CH 2
F ine Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 ns

Vertical M
ode
. . . . .. . . . ..............
.ALT
F ig . 21 . Eq uipment setup for initial calibration
using αtime
mar
k generator .
If α time mar k ge n erator is not avail-
ab le, t he met ho d s h own in F ig . 22
7 Α 26

7D1 1

7
Β
53 Α
can be use d for
calibrating t h e system
at α slig h
t sacrifice in accuracy . Th i s

CH 1

DLY'D TRIG
met ho d relies on
t he accuracy of t h e

OUT
analog swee p
for t h
e
initial calibration .

Rad ar

( Τ )

Ε Τ
T
R IG
Τ -connect
t h
e
transmitter p ulse to both

Ρ

CH 2

ο
ο
t he 7D11 ΕΧΤ TR IG IN con n ector an d
C H 1 of t he vertical am p lifier, t h en con
-

(T)
nect t he 7D11 DL Y'D TR IG O U T con-
nector to C H2 of t he vertical am p
lifier .
Select minim u m d elay (0 .0001 ms) wit h
t he
7D11 D EL AY
TIME
O R EVEN TS
con
trol,
and again
ma k e sure t he 7D11
F I NE D EL AY co n trol is at
zero
.
Trigger

7 ρ
11
the oscilloscope swee pon the trans-

Delay
Time
or
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .0001 ms
mitter

p ulse,

t hen

ad ju st t he

7D11

(same as F ig . 21)
7603

7 Α2 Β
TR IGG ERLEVEL control so t h at 100 ns

Vertical M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LEFT

Vertical M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALT
exists between the leading e d ges of t h e

Trigger
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LEFT

Trigger Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH 1
transmitter p ulse an d t h e 7D11 DL Y'D
TR IG O
UT p ulse . T h e system is now

F ig . 22 . Alternate met h o d of system calibration using t h e ra
d
ar transmission
puls~
calibrate
d . Again, t he 7D11 an d time
base
TR IGG ER LEVEL controls must
n ot be read
j uste d t h ro ugh o u t t he re-
main d er of t h e measureme n t .

T h e accuracy of t he radar
p ulse mea-
su rement w hen u
sing t he cali b ration
t
hodsh own in Fig . 21 is 2 n s . U si n g
1W
e
met hO
d s h ow n i n F ig . 22 yiel d s an
acc uracy
of 5 ns or less d e pen d ing
on
t h e accuracy of t h e an alog swee p
ram p .
W it h t he
system cali b rate d , t he time
difference between the
transmitter p ulse
(
Τ) and t h e ec h o p ulse (R) ca n now
be measure d wit h t he result d is p
laye d
on t he crt rea d out . F ig . 23 s h ows t h
e
eq ui p ment connecte d for
t he actual
ra dar p u lse measureme n
t . Connect t h e
transmitter p ulse
to
t he
7D11 ΕΧΤ T R IG
IN connector, t he ec h
o p ulse to C H 1
of t he
vertical am p lifier, and set t he
vertical
am p lifier trigger source for
C
H 2 . T
he 7D11's D L Y'D TR IG
O
UT
pu lse
is now triggering t h e system . T he
d
is p lay is now α cali b rate d , movable
time win d
ow controlle d by t h e 7D11
D
EL AY TIME O R EVEN TS control . T h e
7D11 D L Y'D T R IG OU T p ulse is t
he
meas u reme n t reference p oint
on
t
he
dis p lay .
A d ju st t h e 7D11

D EL AY
TIME O R

Fig, 23 . Eq uipment
setu p for ra d a r p ulse d elay time measurement .
EVEN TS k no b to move t he ec
ho p ulse
to coinci d e wit h t he
lea d ing e d ge of
t he DL Y'D T R
IG O
UT p
ulse . Use slower
w ee psp ee ds at first, t hen as
t he wave
forms get nearer, switc
h to faster

10 μ s
swee p sp ee ds for better
resol u tio n .
Wh en t h e
ech o p ulse is wit h i n 100 ns
of t h e risi ng p ortio
n of t h e D L Y'D TR IG

1 μ S
O UT p ulse,
use t he 7D11 F I NE D EL AY

Ι

7D11
Ι
d ial to align
t he two p ulses (as sh own

Dis p lay ,litte r
Ι vs .Ι
i n F ig .
26) . Wh en aligne d , t he actu al

1 ρ 0

Delay Time
η s
d
elay time betwee n tra n smitter an d
ec h o p ulses is t h e s u m of t h e crt rea d -
out p lus t he F I NE D EL AY setti
ng .
F
or

10 ns
t h is illustratio n , t he 0
.0051 ms crt rea d -

22
ou t an d 75 ns F I NE D EL AY
read o u t

ms
give α total d elay of 0 .005175
ms . T h e

2 .2 n s
accuracy of t h e measureme n
t is wit h in

1 ns
t h e 7D11 s p ecifie d accuracy
of 2 ns .

10 μ s

100 μ s

1 ms

10 ms

100
ms

1 s

10S

100S
T he same measurement
ma de wit h t he
analog d elayed swee p ,
yiel d s an error

DE L AY TIME
of a pp roximately
40 ns .
To
d etermine t he amount
of j itter t h at
will a pp ear on t h
e d is p lay, u se t he c h art
i n F ig . 24 . F or t h
e ab ove measureme n t
of 0 .005175
ms, t he d is p lay j itter is
less t han 2 .2 ns . T h is jitter is n ot n otice-
able since t
he swee p s p ee d is 5 ns/
DI V . T h
is dis p lay j itter is also 20 times
better t han can b e o b tai ne d wit ha n
alog
g Ιαγ .
R ad ar
7 Α 26

713111
Vertical M ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALT

Delay
Time . . . . . .

Set Delayed Trigger Out
Trigger Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ςΗ 2

to be Coincident with RΡ
F ig . 24 . C h a r t of 7D11 j
itter vs d elay time .
(R
)
i

ιιδΗ
2ΙΝ
,
? 0
ο
σ
5000
7 Α
26 Ι
7D11
Ι
71353
Α
I
GH 1

Ι

D LY'D I TRIG
ααοσ s+

s + υ ; :

)
ΙΙΙΙΙ ~
OUT
ΕΧΤ TRIG