Zte ZXR10 5900E Series User manual

ZXR105900ESeries
Easy-MaintenanceMPLSRoutingSwitch
CongurationGuide(IPv6)
Version:3.00.11
ZTECORPORATION
No.55,Hi-techRoadSouth,ShenZhen,P .R.China
Postcode:518057
Tel:[phone]
Fax:[phone]
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RevisionHistory
RevisionNo.RevisionDateRevisionReason
R1.02015–01–15Firstedition
SerialNumber:SJ-20150114102049-011
PublishingDate:2015-01-15(R1.0)
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Contents
AboutThisManual.........................................................................................I
Chapter1IPv6AddressConguration.....................................................1-1
1.1IPv6AddressOverview......................................................................................1-1
1.2ConguringIPv6Addresses..............................................................................1-13
1.3MaintainingIPv6Addresses..............................................................................1-13
1.4IPv6AddressCongurationExample.................................................................1-15
Chapter2NDPConguration....................................................................2-1
2.1NDPOverview...................................................................................................2-1
2.2ConguringNDP................................................................................................2-2
2.3NDPMaintenanceandDiagnosis........................................................................2-5
2.4NDPCongurationExample...............................................................................2-7
Chapter3IPv6TunnelConguration.......................................................3-1
3.1IPv6TunnelOverview.........................................................................................3-1
3.2ConguringIPv6Tunnel.....................................................................................3-4
3.3IPv6TunnelCongurationExamples...................................................................3-6
3.3.16in4TunnelCongurationExample...........................................................3-6
3.3.26to4TunnelCongurationExample...........................................................3-8
Chapter4IPv6ACLConguration............................................................4-1
4.1IPv6ACLOverview............................................................................................4-1
4.2ConguringIPv6ACL.........................................................................................4-1
4.3IPv6mixed-ACLMaintenanceandDiagnosis.......................................................4-7
4.4IPv6ACLCongurationExample........................................................................4-9
Chapter5IPv6StaticRouteConguration..............................................5-1
5.1IPv6StaticRouteOverview.................................................................................5-1
5.2ConguringIPv6StaticRoutes............................................................................5-1
5.3MaintainingIPv6StaticRoutes............................................................................5-2
5.4IPv6StaticRouteCongurationExample.............................................................5-4
Chapter6RIPngConguration.................................................................6-1
6.1RIPngOverview.................................................................................................6-1
6.2ConguringtheRIPng........................................................................................6-3
6.3RIPngMaintenanceandDiagnosis......................................................................6-7
6.4RIPngCongurationExample.............................................................................6-9
I
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Chapter7OSPFv3Conguration..............................................................7-1
7.1OSPFv3Overview..............................................................................................7-1
7.2ConguringOSPFv3...........................................................................................7-5
7.3OSPFv3MaintenanceandDiagnosis.................................................................7-11
7.4OSPFv3CongurationExamples......................................................................7-13
7.4.1OSPFv3CongurationExample1...........................................................7-13
7.4.2OSPFv3CongurationExample2...........................................................7-16
Chapter8IS-ISv6Conguration...............................................................8-1
8.1IS-ISv6Overview...............................................................................................8-1
8.2ConguringIS-ISv6............................................................................................8-2
8.3MaintainingIS-ISv6..........................................................................................8-14
8.4IS-ISv6CongurationExamples........................................................................8-18
8.4.1Single-AreaIS-ISv6CongurationExample.............................................8-18
8.4.2Multi-AreaIS-ISv6CongurationExample...............................................8-22
Chapter9BGP4+Conguration...............................................................9-1
9.1BGP4+Overview...............................................................................................9-1
9.2ConguringBGP4+............................................................................................9-1
9.3MaintainingBGP4+............................................................................................9-2
9.4BGP4+CongurationExamples..........................................................................9-8
9.4.1BGP4+RouteReectorCongurationExample..........................................9-8
9.4.2BGP4+GeneralCongurationExample...................................................9-10
Chapter10IPv6QoSConguration........................................................10-1
10.1IPv6QoSOverview........................................................................................10-1
10.2ConguringIPv6QoS.....................................................................................10-1
10.3IPv6QoSCongurationExamples...................................................................10-1
Chapter11IPv6MulticastConguration................................................11-1
11.1IPv6MulticastOverview...................................................................................11-1
11.2ConguringPublicIPMulticast.........................................................................11-3
Chapter12MLDConguration................................................................12-1
12.1MLDOverview...............................................................................................12-1
12.2ConguringMLD............................................................................................12-2
12.3MaintainingMLD............................................................................................12-6
12.4MLDCongurationExamples..........................................................................12-8
12.4.1MLDv2CongurationExample..............................................................12-8
12.4.2StaticGroupCongurationExample......................................................12-9
Chapter13IPv6PIM-SMConguration..................................................13-1
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13.1PIM-SMOverview..........................................................................................13-1
13.2ConguringIPv6PIM-SM................................................................................13-3
13.3IPv6PIM-SMMaintenanceandDiagnosis........................................................13-9
13.4IPv6PIM-SMCongurationExample..............................................................13-16
Chapter14IPv6PIM-SSMConguration................................................14-1
14.1PIM-SSMOverview........................................................................................14-1
14.2ConguringIPv6PIM-SSM.............................................................................14-1
14.3IPv6PIM-SSMMaintenanceandDiagnosis.....................................................14-2
14.4IPv6PIM-SSMCongurationExample.............................................................14-3
Chapter15IPv6StaticMulticastConguration.....................................15-1
15.1IPv6StaticMulticastIntroduction.....................................................................15-1
15.2ConguringIPv6StaticMulticast.....................................................................15-2
15.3MaintainingIPv6StaticMulticast.....................................................................15-3
15.4IPv6StaticMulticastCongurationExample.....................................................15-3
Chapter16ISATAPTunnelConguration..............................................16-1
16.1ISATAPTunnelOverview................................................................................16-1
16.2ConguringanISATAPTunnel........................................................................16-2
16.3ISATAPCongurationExample.......................................................................16-3
Chapter17IPv6BasicConguration.....................................................17-1
Chapter18TCP6Conguration..............................................................18-1
18.1TCP6Overview..............................................................................................18-1
18.2ConguringtheTCP6.....................................................................................18-1
18.3TCP6MaintenanceandDiagnosis...................................................................18-3
Chapter19UDP6Conguration..............................................................19-1
Chapter20DHCPv6Conguration.........................................................20-1
20.1DHCPv6Overview.........................................................................................20-1
20.2ConguringDHCPv6......................................................................................20-3
20.3MaintainingDHCPv6......................................................................................20-9
20.4DHCPv6CongurationExamples...................................................................20-10
20.4.1DHCPv6ServerCongurationInstance................................................20-10
20.4.2DHCPv6RelayCongurationInstance..................................................20-12
Figures.............................................................................................................I
Tables............................................................................................................III
Glossary.........................................................................................................V
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AboutThisManual
Purpose
ThismanualistheZXR105900ESeries(V3.00.11)Easy-MaintenanceMPLSRouting
SwitchCongurationGuide(IPv6),whichisapplicabletotheZXR105900E(V3.00.11)
seriesswitches.
IntendedAudience
Thismanualisintendedfor:
lNetworkplanningengineers
lCommissioningengineers
lOn-dutypersonnel
WhatIsinThisManual
Thismanualcontainsthefollowingchapters:
Chapter1,IPv6AddressCongurationDescribesIPv6address,conguration
commands,maintenancecommandsand
congurationexamplesontheZXR105900E.
Chapter2,NDPCongurationDescribesNDPtechnologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter3,IPv6TunnelCongurationDescribesIPv6tunneltechnologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter4,IPv6ACLCongurationDescribesIPv6ACLtechnologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter5,IPv6StaticRouteCongurationDescribesIPv6staticroutetechnologyand
principle,congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter6,RIPngCongurationDescribesRIPngtechnologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
I
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Chapter7,OSPFv3CongurationDescribesOSPFv3technologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter8,IS-ISv6CongurationDescribesIS-ISv6technologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter9,BGP4+CongurationDescribesBGP4+technologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter10,IPv6QoSCongurationDescribesIPv6QoStechnologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter11,IPv6MulticastCongurationDescribesIPv6multicasttechnologyand
principle,congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter12,MLDCongurationDescribesMLDtechnologyandprinciple,
congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter13,IPv6PIM-SMCongurationDescribesIPv6PIM-SMtechnologyand
principle,congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter14,IPv6PIM-SSMCongurationDescribesIPv6PIM-SSMtechnologyand
principle,congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter15,IPv6StaticMulticastCongurationDescribesIPv6StaticMulticasttechnologyand
principle,congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
Chapter16,ISATAPTunnelCongurationDescribesISATAPtunneltechnologyand
principle,congurationcommands,maintenance
commandsandcongurationexamplesonthe
ZXR105900E.
II
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Chapter17,IPv6BasicCongurationDescribesfrequentlyusedIPv6conguration
commandsandmaintenancecommands.
Chapter18,TCP6CongurationDescribesTCP6principlesandmaintenance
commands.
Chapter19,UDP6CongurationDescribesUDP6principlesandmaintenance
commands.
Chapter20,DHCPv6CongurationDescribesUDP6principles,conguration
commands,maintenancecommandsand
congurationexamplesontheZXR105900E.
Conventions
Thismanualusesthefollowingtypographicalconventions:
ItalicsVariablesincommands.Itmayalsorefertootherrelatedmanualsanddocuments.
BoldMenus,menuoptions,functionnames,inputelds,optionbuttonnames,checkboxes,
drop-downlists,dialogboxnames,windownames,parameters,andcommands.
Constant
width
Textthatyoutype,programcodes,lenames,directorynames,andfunctionnames.
[]Optionalparameters.
{}Mandatoryparameters.
|Separatesindividualparametersinaseriesofparameters.
Danger:indicatesanimminentlyhazardoussituation.Failuretocomplycanresultin
deathorseriousinjury,equipmentdamage,orsitebreakdown.
Warning:indicatesapotentiallyhazardoussituation.Failuretocomplycanresultin
seriousinjury,equipmentdamage,orinterruptionofmajorservices.
Caution:indicatesapotentiallyhazardoussituation.Failuretocomplycanresultin
moderateinjury,equipmentdamage,orinterruptionofminorservices.
Note:providesadditionalinformationaboutacertaintopic.
III
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Chapter1
IPv6AddressConguration
TableofContents
IPv6AddressOverview..............................................................................................1-1
ConguringIPv6Addresses.....................................................................................1-13
MaintainingIPv6Addresses.....................................................................................1-13
IPv6AddressCongurationExample.......................................................................1-15
1.1IPv6AddressOverview
IntroductiontoIPv6
InternetProtocol(IP)version6isanewIPprotocol,designedtoreplaceIPversion4,
theInternetprotocolthatispredominantlydeployedandextensivelyusedthroughoutthe
world.
However,theoriginaldesigndidnotanticipatethefollowingconditions:
lRecentexponentialgrowthoftheInternetandtheimpendingexhaustionoftheInternet
Protocolversion4(IPv4)addressspace.
lGrowthoftheInternetandtheabilityofInternetbackbonerouterstomaintainlarge
routingtables.
lNeedforsimplerautocongurationandrenumbering.
lRequirementforsecurityattheIPlevel.
lNeedforbettersupporttoreal-timedeliveryofdata—alsocalledQualityofService
(QoS).
Note:
FeaturessuchasIPSecurityProtocol(IPSec)andQoShavebeenspeciedforboth
versionsofIP .
InternetProtocolVersion6(IPv6)featuresahugeaddresscapacityupto128bits,which
isdescribedasbelow:
lItprovides2128differentIPv6addresses,thatis,the
numberoftheallocableaddressesaroundtheworldis
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456.
lItprovides2.2×1020addressespercm2ifaddressesareallocatedbasedonground
areaofthewholeworld.
1-1
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ZXR105900ESeriesCongurationGuide(IPv6)
ThefollowingaredifferencesbetweenIPv4andIPv6inheaderformat.
Figure1-1andFigure1-2aretheheaderformatsofIPv4andIPv6respectively.(Numbers
inthetablesrefertobitnumbers.)
Figure1-1IPv4HeaderFormat
Figure1-2IPv6HeaderFormat
AnIPv6headerissimplerthananIPv4headerinstructurebecausemanyeldsinthe
IPv4headerthatarenotfrequentlyusedaredeletedfromtheIPv6header,andareput
intoitsoptionsandheaderextension,whicharedenedmorestrictly.
lIPv4containsteneldswithxedlength,twoaddressspacesandsomeoptions,while
IPv6containsonlysixeldsandtwoaddressspaces.
lAlthoughanIPv6headeroccupies40bytes,whichis1.6timesofanIPv4headerwith
24-bytes,itdoesnotconsumetoomuchmemorycapacityduetoitsxedlength(the
lengthoftheIPv4headerisvariable).
lThefollowingsixeldsaredeletedfromanIPv4header:headerlength,typeof
service,identier,ags,fragmentedoffsetsandheaderchecksum.Namesand
somefunctionsofthethreeeldsoftotallength,protocolandTimetoLive(TTL)are
changed,anditsoptionalfunctionsiscompletelychanged.Apartfromthis,twoelds
areadded:trafctypeandowlabel.
lTheIPv6headerformatisgreatlysimplied,whicheffectivelyparesdownoverheadof
processingheaderbyarouterorswitch.Atthesametime,IPv6enhancesthesupport
totheextensionheaderandoptions,whichnotonlyallowsmoreefcientforwarding,
butalsoprovidessufcientsupportsforfutureloadofnewapplicationstonetworks.
1-2
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Chapter1IPv6AddressConguration
EachIPv6packetcanhave0,1ormoreextensionheaders.Eachextensionheader
isdeterminedbythe"nextheader"domainofthepreviousheader.
AddressClassications
InRFC2373,addressesareclassiedbasedontheaddressprex.ForalistofIPv6
addresstypes,refertoTable1-1.
Table1-1IPv6AddressTypes
AddressTypePrex(Binary)
Unassignedaddresses00...0(128bits)[::/128]
Loopbackaddresses00...1(128bits)[::1/128]
Multicastaddresses11111111[FF00::/8]
Link-localunicastaddresses1111111010[FE80::/10]
GlobalunicastaddressesOthers
ThebroadcastaddressinIPv6isnotvalidanymore.RFC2373denesthreetypesofIPv6
address:
lUnicast
Itistheidentierofasingleinterface.Thepacketssenttoaunicastaddresswillbe
transmittedtotheinterfacewiththisaddressidentier.
lMulticast
Itistheidentierofagroupofinterfaces.Theseinterfacesbelongtodifferentnodes.
Thepacketssenttoamulticastaddresswillbetransmittedtoalltheinterfaceswith
thisaddressidentier.
lAnycast
Itistheidentierofagroupofinterfaces.Theseinterfacesbelongtodifferentnodes.
Thepacketssenttoananycastaddresswillbetransmittedtoaninterfacewiththis
addressidentier(selectingthenearestonebycalculatingthedistancebasedon
routingprotocol).
AnIPv6unicastaddresscanberegardedasanentitywithtwoelds.Oneeldisused
toidentifynetworksandtheotherisusedtoidentifyinterfacesofnodesonthisnetwork.
Inthesubsequentdescriptionofthespecicunicastaddresstypes,theuserwillndthat
thenetworkidentiercanbedividedintoseveralparts,eachofwhichidentiesdifferent
networkpart.
1.Unicastaddress
AnIPv6unicastaddresscanhaveavaried-lengthprex.ForthestructureoftheIPv6
unicastaddress,refertoFigure1-3.
1-3
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ZXR105900ESeriesCongurationGuide(IPv6)
Figure1-3StructureofanIPv6unicastaddress
TheIPv6unicastaddresscanbeclassiedintothefollowingcategories:
lAggregatableGlobalUnicastAddress
Thisisanotherkindofaggregation,whichisindependentofInternetService
Provider(ISP).Theprovideraggregatableaddressesmustbechangedasa
providerchanges,whiletheexchange-basedaddressesaredirectlylocatedby
anIPv6switchingentity.Theexchangeprovidesaddressblocks,andusersand
providersconcludecontractsforthenetworkaccess.
Suchnetworkaccessiseitherdirectlyprovidedbyaprovider,orindirectlyprovided
byanexchange.However,theroutingisthroughtheexchange.Inthisway,auser
needsnottoaddressagainwhenitchangesaprovider.Atthesametime,users
areallowedtousemultipleISPstoprocesssingle-blocknetworkaddress.
Aggregatableglobalunicastaddressesincludealltheaddresseswhosethree
startingbitsare001,whichcanbeusedasprexesforotherunallocated
unicast.Table1-2liststheaggregatableglobalunicastaddresselds.
Table1-2AggregatableGlobalUnicastAddressFields
3138241664
FPTLAIDRESNLAIDSLAIDInterfaceidentier
Thetableincludesthefollowingelds.
àFP
Thisisthe3-bitformatprexinanIPv6address,indicatingtowhichaddress
categoryintheIPv6addressspacethisaddressbelongs.Currently,theeld
is001,indicatingthisistheaggregatableglobalunicastaddress.
àTLAID
Thisisthetop-levelaggregationidentier,includingtheroutinginformation
abouttheaddressesatthehighestlevel.Here,itreferstotherouting
informationwiththemosthostsinnetworkinterconnection.Currently,this
eldis13-bitandcanobtainatmost8,192differenttoplevelroutes.
àRES
Thisisan8-biteldandreservedforfutureuse.Itislikelytobeusedfor
extendingthetop-ornext-levelaggregationidentiereld.
àNLAID
Thisisthenext-levelaggregationidentierwith24-bit.Thisidentieris
usedbysomeinstitutions(includinglarge-sizeISPsandotherinstitutions
1-4
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Chapter1IPv6AddressConguration
thatprovidepublicnetworkaccess)tocontrolthetop-levelaggregationfor
addressspacearrangement.
Suchinstitutionscandividethis24-biteldforuseinaccordancewiththeirown
addressinghierarchicalstructures.Inthisway,anentitycandividetwobitsof
addressspaceintofourinternaltop-levelroutes,andallocatetheother22bitsof
addressspacetootherentities(forexample,asmalllocalISP).
Whentheseentitiesobtainenoughaddressspace,theycansubdividethe
obtainedspaceinthesamewayasmentionedabove.
àSLAID
Thisisthesiteaggregationidentierandisusedbysomeinstitutionsto
arrangetheirinternalnetworkstructures.Eachinstitutioncancreateitsown
internalhierarchicalnetworkstructureinthesamewayasthatofIPv4.
Whenthe16-biteldisdedicatedtotheplaneaddressspace,thereare
atmost65,535differentsubnetsavailable.Ifthersteightbitsareused
fortheinternaladvancedroutingofthisinstitution,thentherewillbe255
advancedsubnetsavailable,andeachadvancedsubnetcanhaveupto255
sub-subnets.
àInterfaceidentier
Thisisa64-biteld,containing64-bitvaluesoftheIEEEEUI-64interface
identier.
lSpecialAddress&ReservedAddress
Intherst1/256IPv6addressspace,therst8bits00000000ofalltheaddresses
arereserved.Mostofthevacantaddressspacesareusedforspecialaddresses,
including:
àUndesignatedaddress
Thisisanall-zeroaddressandisusedifnovalidaddressisavailable.For
example,ifahostdoesnotobtainanIPv6addressuponitsinitialstartup
fromthenetwork,itcanusethisaddress.Thatis,itcanspecifythisaddress
forthesourceaddressoftheIPv6packetwhenitsendsoutarequestfor
congurationinformation.Thisaddresscanbeexpressedas0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0,
orexpressedas::.
àLoopbackaddress
InIPv4,theloopbackaddressisdenedas127.0.0.1.Anypacketthatsends
aloopbackaddressmustbesenttoanetworkinterfacethroughprotocol
stack,insteadofbeingsenttothenetworklink.Thenetworkinterfaceitself
shallacceptthesepacketsinthesamewayasitreceivespacketsfrom
externalnodes,andtransmitsthembacktotheprotocolstack.
Theloopbackfunctionisusedforsoftwaretestandconguration.Except
thelowestbit,alltheotherbitsofanIPv6loopbackaddressare0,thatis,a
loopbackaddresscanbeexpressedas0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1or::1.
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ZXR105900ESeriesCongurationGuide(IPv6)
àIPv6addressembeddedwithIPv4address
IntheRFC2373,IPv6providestwokindsofaddresses.Oneisthe
IPv4-compatibleaddress,whichallowstheIPv6nodetoaccessIPv4nodes
thatdonotsupportIPv6..TheotheristheIPv4-mappingaddress,which
allowstheIPv6routertotransmitIPv6packetsovertheIPv4networkinthe
tunnelmode,wherethenodesunderstandbothIPv4andIPv6.
Thehigh-order80bitsofthesetwokindsofaddressesareallsettozeros,
andthelow-order32bitscontaintheIPv4address.Ifthemiddle16bitsof
anaddressaresettoFFFF,itindicatesthatthisaddressistheIPv6address
mappingtoIPv4address.Fortheaddressstructuresofthesetwokindsof
addresses,refertoT able1-3.
Table1-3StructureoftheIPv6AddressEmbeddedWithIPv4Address
IPv4CompatibleAddress
801632
0000.................................00000000IPv4address
IPv4imageaddress
801632
0000.................................0000FFFFIPv4address
RFC4291speciesthattheseaddressesarenotusedintheIPv6transition
mechanism.Itisnotrequiredfornewimplementationstosupporttheabove
addressstructures.
lLinkLocalAddressandSite-LocalAddress
UsingthenetworkModel10addresstotranslateIPv4networkaddressesprovides
anoptionfortheinstitutionsthatdonotwanttoapplyforgloballyuniqueIPv4
networkaddresses.
Arouterthatresidesoutsideofaninstitutionbutusedbytheinstitutionshallnot
forwardtheseaddresses.Itcanneitherpreventtheseaddressesfrombeing
forwarded,nordistinguishtheseaddressesfromothervalidIPv4addresses.It
iscomparativelyeasiertomakecongurationsforaroutertoenableittoforward
theseaddresses.
Torealizethisfunction,IPv6allocatestwodifferentaddresssegmentsfromthe
globallyuniqueInternetspace.Table1-4isoriginatedfromRFC4291,indicating
thestructuresoflink-localandsite-localaddresses.Site-localaddresseswere
originallydesignedtobeusedforaddressinginsideasitewithouttheneedfor
aglobalprex.Thespecialbehaviorofthisprexisnolongersupportedin
newimplementations(meaningthatnewimplementationsmusttreatthisprexas
GlobalUnicast).Existingimplementationsanddeploymentsmaycontinueusing
thisprex.
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Table1-4StructuresofLink-localAddressandSite-localAddress
Link-localAddress
105464
11111110100Interfaceidentier
Site-localAddress
10381664
11111110110Subnet
identier
Interfaceidentier
Link-localaddressesareusedinsinglenetworklinkforhostnumbering.The
addressidentiedbythersttenbitsoftheprexisthelink-localaddress.Routers
donotprocessthepacketswithlink-localaddressesattheirsourceendand
destinationendbecausetheywillneverforwardthesepackets.
Themiddle54bitsofthisaddressaresettozero,its64-bitinterfaceidentierisin
thesameIEEEstructureasmentionedintheforegoingparagraphs,andthepart
ofthisaddressspaceallowssomenetworkstoconnectupto264-1hosts.
Link-localaddressesareusedforthesinglenetworklinkandsite-localaddresses
areusedforsites.Itmeansthatsite-localaddressescanbeusedtotransmitdata
intheinterconnectednetworksbutcannotbedirectlyroutedtotheglobalInternet
fromasite.
Routerswithinasitecanonlyforwardpacketswithinthesiteinsteadofforwarding
themoutsideofthesite.The10-bitprexofasite-localaddressisimmediately
followedbyasuccessionofzeros,whichisslightlydifferentfromthatofalink-local
address.Thesubnetidentierofasite-localaddressis16-bit,anditsinterface
identierisstillthe64-bitIEEE-basedaddress.
lOpenSystemsInterconnection(OSI)NetworkServiceAccessPoint(NSAP)
AddressandInternetworkPacketExchange(IPX)Address
OneoftheIPv6objectsistounifythewholenetworkworldforamongnetworks
ofIP ,IPXandOSI.T osupportthisinteroperability,IPv6reserves1/128address
spaceforOSINSAPaddressandnetworkIPXaddressrespectively.
Atpresent,theIPXaddresseshavenotbeenpreciselydened.RefertoRFC
1888(OSINSAPandIPv6)fordescriptionoftheNSAPaddressallocation.
2.MulticastAddress
TheformatoftheIPv6multicastaddressisdifferentfromthatoftheIPv6unicast
address.Multicastaddressescanonlybeusedasdestinationaddresses.Nopacket
usesamulticastaddressasthesourceaddress.Table1-5showstheformatofa
multicastaddress.
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Table1-5MulticastAddressFormat
844112
1111111FlagsScopeGroupidentier
Therstbyteoftheaddressformatissettofull-one,identifyingitasamulticast
address.Themulticastaddressoccupiestheentire1/256oftheIPv6addressspace.
Theotherpartsexcepttherstbyteofthemulticastaddressformatcontainthe
followingthreeelds:
lFlagseld
Thiseldconsistsoffoursinglebitags.Currently,onlythebit-4isdesignatedto
indicatethatwhetherthisaddressisawell-knownmulticastaddressdesignated
bytheInternetnumberinginstitution,oratemporarymulticastaddressusedina
specicoccasion.
Ifthisagbitissettozero,itindicatesthatthisaddressisawell-knownaddress.
Ifthisagbitissettoone,itindicatesthatthisaddressisatemporaryaddress.
Theotherthreeagbitsarereservedforfutureuse.Theinitializationvalueis0.
lScopeeld
Thisisa4-biteldandisusedtoindicatetherangeofmulticast.Thatis,whether
amulticastgrouponlyincludesnodeswithinthesamelocalnetwork,thesame
siteorthesameinstitution,orincludesnodesthatresidesanywhereintheIPv6
globaladdressspace.Thepossible4-bitsvaluerangesfrom0to15.Forthe
correspondingranges,refertoTable1-6.
Table1-6MulticastScopeValue
HexDecimalValue
00Reserved
11Node-localrange
22Link-localrange
33Unallocated
44Unallocated
55Site-localrange
66Unallocated
77Unallocated
88Institution-localrange
99Unallocated
10AUnallocated
11BUnallocated
12CUnallocated
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HexDecimalValue
13DUnallocated
14EGlobalrange
15FReserved
lGroupIDeld
The112-bitmulticastIDeldidentiesamulticastgroupwithinaspeciedrange
permanentlyortemporarily.
3.AnycastAddress
Amulticastaddresscanbesharedbymanynodesinasense.Allthenodesofthe
membersofamulticastaddressexpecttoreceiveallthepacketssenttothisaddress.
ArouterconnectingtovedifferentlocalEthernetnetworksshallforwardacopyof
thesemulticastpacketstoeachnetworkrespectively(supposingatleastonenodeof
eachnetworksubscribestothismulticastaddress).
Anycastaddressesaresimilartomulticastaddresses.Althoughthetwoareinthe
samecasethatananycastaddresscanbesharedbymultiplenodes,onlyonenode
ofananycastaddressexpectstoreceivethepacketsenttotheanycastaddress.
Anycastishelpfulinprovidingservices,especiallythoserequiringnorelationship
betweenclientandserver,suchas,adomainnameserverandatimeserver.
Adomainnameserverisnothingbutanameserver,whichprovidesthesame
performancewhetheritislocatedcloselyorremotely.
Similarly,acloselylocatedtimeserverispreferableintermsofaccuracy.Therefore,
whenahostsendsarequesttoananycastaddresstoobtaininformation,itisthe
nearestserverassociatedtothisanycastaddressthatshallrespond.
AnycastaddressesareallocatedoutsideofthenormalIPv6unicastaddressspace.
Anycastaddressescannotbedistinguishedfromunicastaddressesintheirforms,and
eachmemberofananycastaddressshallbeexplicitlyconguredtoidentifyananycast
address.
AddressExpressionWay
AnIPv4addressisexpressedinfourpartsseparatedbydots,thatis,fournumbers
separatedbydots.ThefollowingaresomelegalIPv4addressesexpressedbydecimal
integer:0.5.3.1,127.0.0.1,201.199.244.101.
AnIPv4addressisexpressedasagroupoffour2-bithexintegersorfour8-bitbinary
integers,ofwhichthelatteroneisseldomused.
ThelengthofanIPv6addressisfourtimesgreaterthananIPv4address,andthe
complicacyofexpressionforanIPv6addressisalsofourtimesgreaterthananIPv4
address.AnIPv6addresscanbebasicallyexpressedasX:X:X:X:X:X:X:X,amongwhich
Xis4-bithexintegers(16-bit).Eachnumbercontainsfourbits,eachintegercontainsfour
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numbersandeachaddresscontainseightintegers.Therearetotally128bits(4x4x8=
128).ThefollowingaresomelegalIPv6addresses:
CDCD:910A:2222:5498:8475:1111:3900:2020
1030:0:0:0:C9B4:FF12:48AA:1A2B
2000:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
AlltheseintegersarehexintegersandthosefromAtoFrepresent10to15.Eachinteger
ofanaddressmustbeindicatedexceptforthestartingzero.Thisisarelativelystandard
waytoexpressanIPv6address.Apartfromthis,therearetwomorewaysthatareclearer
andeasiertouse.
SomeIPv6addressescontainasuccessionofzeros,similartothesecondandthethird
examplesasmentionedabove.Inthiscase,thesuccessionofzeroscanberepresented
by"pacing",asprovidedintherelevantstandard.
Thatistosay,theaddress2000:0:0:0:0:0:0:1canbeexpressedas2000::1,ofwhichthe
twocolonsmeanthattheaddresscanbeextendedtoacomplete128-bitaddress.Inthis
method,onlywhenthe16-bitgroupisall-zero,canitbesubstitutedbytwocolons,which
canonlybeusedonceintheaddress.
Table1-7showsexamplesforcompressedformatsofIPv6addresses.
Table1-7IPv6AddressCompression
AddTypeNormalFormatCompressedFormat
Unicastaddress1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A1080::8:800:200C:417A
MulticastaddressFF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101FF01::101
Loopbackaddress0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1::1
Unspeciedaddress0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0::
IntheenvironmentmixedwithIPv4andIPv6,theremaybeathirdway.Theleast
signicant32-bitinanIPv6addresscanbeusedtoexpressanIPv4addressinamixed
way:X:X:X:X:X:X:d.d.d.d,amongwhichXrepresentsa16-bitanddindicatesa8-bit
decimalinteger.
Forexample,theaddress0:0:0:0:0:0:10.0.0.1isalegalIPv4address.Therefore,this
addressisexpressedas:10.0.0.1bycombiningthetwopossibleexpressions.
AnIPv6addressconsistsoftwoparts:subnetprexandinterfaceidentier.AnIPnode
addressisexpectedtobeexpressedinawaysimilartothatofaCIDRaddress,asan
addresscarryinganextravalue,indicatinghowmanybitsoftheaddressisthemask.
AnIPv6nodeaddressindicatesthelengthofaprexbyseparatingthelengthfromthe
IPv6addresswithaslash.
Forexample,intheaddressof1030:0:0:0:C9B4:FF12:48AA:1A2B/60,thelengthofthe
prexforroutingis60-bits
lIPv6HostAddress
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