Acer Altos 9100 Series User manual

AcerAltos 9100 Series
User’s Guide

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guideii
Document EDITION PART NUMBER DATE
History First Edition 49.AA989.002 September 1997
Copyright
Notice Copyright ©1997 by Acer America Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language
or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical,
manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Acer America Corporation.
Programs Copyright ©1997 Acer America Corporation.
All rights reserved.
Printed in U.S.A
Trademarks Acer and the Acer logo are registered trademarks of Acer Incorporated.
AcerAltos is a trademark of Acer America Corporation and Acer Inc..
Adaptec and the Adaptec logo are registered trademarks of Adaptec, Inc. SCSISelect is a trademark of
Adaptec, Inc.
Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation.
IBM is a registered trademark and PS/2 is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
MS-DOS and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Novell and NetWare are registered trademarks of Novell Incorporated.
SCO is a registered trademark of The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc.
UNIX is a registered trademark in the USA and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open
Company Limited.
Other brand and product names are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Disclaimer Acer and its suppliers make no representations or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the
contents hereof and specifically disclaim any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
Further, Acer reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the
contents hereof without obligation to notify any person of such revisions or changes. Acer reserves the right
to make changes to the products described in this manual at any time and without notice.

iii
Warranty/Limitation of Liability
Any software described in this manual is licensed “as is” and Acer and its suppliers disclaim any and
all warranties, express or implied, including but not limited to any warranty of non-infringement of
third party rights, merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Acer does not warrant that the
operation of the software will be uninterrupted or error free. Should the programs prove defective, the
buyer (and not Acer, its distributor, or its dealer) assumes the entire cost of all necessary service, repair,
and any incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect in the software. Please see the
Acer Limited Product Warranty for details of Acer’s limited warranty on hardware products. IN NO
EVENT SHALL ACER BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
INCLUDING LOSS OF PROFITS OR DATA, EVEN IF ACER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Software License
Acer grants you a personal, non-transferable, non-exclusive license to use the software that
accompanies your computer system only on a single computer. You may not (a) make copies of the
software except for making one (1) backup copy of the software which will also be subject to this
license, (b) reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, translate or create derivative works based upon
the software, (c) export or re-export the software to any person or destination which is not authorized
to receive them under the export control laws and regulations of the United States, (d) remove or alter
in any way the copyright notices, or other proprietary legends that were on the software as delivered
to you or (e) sublicense or otherwise make the software available to third parties. The software is the
property of Acer or Acer’s supplier and you do not have and shall not gain any proprietary interest in
the software (including any modifications or copies made by or for you) or any related intellectual
property rights. Additional restrictions may apply to certain software titles. Please refer to any
software licenses that accompany such software for details.
Join Us to Fight Against Piracy
The Acer Group has been implementing a policy to respect and protect legitimate intellectual property
rights. Acer firmly believes that only when each and every one of us abides by such policy, can this
industry provide quality service to the general public.
Acer has become a member of the Technology Committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council which
is encouraging the protection and enforcement of legitimate intellectual property rights worldwide.
Moreover, in order to ensure quality service to all of our customers, Acer includes an operating system
in Acer computer systems which is duly licensed by the legitimate proprietors and produced with
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Acer commits itself and urges all of its customers to join the fight against intellectual property piracy
wherever it may occur. Acer will pursue the enforcement of intellectual property rights and will strive
to fight against piracy.

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guideiv
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read these instructions carefully. Save them for future reference.
2. Follow all warnings and instructions marked on the product.
3. Unplug this product from the wall outlet before cleaning. Do not use liquid
cleaners or aerosol cleaners. Use a damp cloth for cleaning.
4. Do not use this product near water.
5. Do not place this product on an unstable cart, stand, or table. The product
may fall, causing serious damage to the product.
6. Slots and openings in the cabinet and the back or bottom are provided for
ventilation; to ensure reliable operation of the product and to protect it from
overheating, these openings must not be blocked or covered. This product
should never be placed near or over a radiator or heat register, or in a built-in
installation unless proper ventilation is provided.
7. This product should be operated from the type of power indicated on the
marking label. If you are not sure of the type of power available, consult your
dealer or local power company.
8. This product is equipped with a 3-wire grounding-type plug, a plug having a
third (grounding) pin. This plug will only fit into a grounding-type power
outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into the
outlet, contact your electrician to replace the outlet. Do not defeat the purpose
of the grounding-type plug.
9. Do not allow anything to rest on the power cord. Do not locate this product
where persons will walk on the cord.
10. If an extension cord is used with this product, make sure that the total ampere
rating of the equipment plugged into the extension cord does not exceed the
extension cord ampere rating. Also, make sure that the total rating of all
products plugged into the wall outlet does not exceed 15 amperes.
11. Never push objects of any kind into this product through cabinet slots as they
may touch dangerous voltage points or short out parts that could result in a
fire or electric shock. Never spill liquid of any kind on the product.

v
12. Do not attempt to service this product yourself, as opening or removing covers
may expose you to dangerous voltage points or other risks. Refer all servicing
to qualified service personnel.
13. Unplug this product from the wall outlet and refer servicing to qualified
service personnel under the following conditions:
a. When the power cord or plug is damaged or frayed
b. If liquid has been spilled into the product
c. If the product has been exposed to rain or water
d. If the product does not operate normally when the operating instructions
are followed. Adjust only those controls that are covered by the operating
instructions since improper adjustment of other controls may result in
damage and will often require extensive work by a qualified technician to
restore the product to normal condition.
e. If the product has been dropped or the cabinet has been damaged
f. If the product exhibits a distinct change in performance, indicating a need
for service
14. Use only the proper type of power supply cord (provided in your
keyboard/manual accessories box) for this unit. It should be a detachable
type: UL listed/CSA certified, type SVT/SJT, rated 8A 125V minimum.
Maximum length is 15 feet (4.6 meters).

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guidevi
FCC Class A Radio Frequency
Interference Statement
Note:
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A
digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency
energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may
cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which
can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to
try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1. Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
3. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which
the receiver is connected.
4. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for help.
Notice 1:
The changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for
compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
Notice 2:
Shielded interface cables, if any, must be used in order to comply with the
emission limits.

vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 System Board
1.1 Features............................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Major Components.........................................................................................1-2
1.3 Layout..............................................................................................................1-3
1.4 Jumpers and Connectors...............................................................................1-4
1.4.1 Jumper and Connector Locations .....................................................1-4
1.4.2 Jumper Settings ...................................................................................1-5
1.4.3 Connector Functions...........................................................................1-6
1.5 Installing Components on the System Board..............................................1-7
1.5.1 ESD Precautions..................................................................................1-7
1.5.2 Pre-installation Instructions...............................................................1-7
1.5.3 Post-Installation Instructions.............................................................1-8
1.6 Video Memory Upgrade ...............................................................................1-9
1.7 ASM Pro ........................................................................................................1-10
1.8 Remote Diagnostic Management ...............................................................1-10
1.9 Error Messages .............................................................................................1-11
1.9.1 Software Error Messages .................................................................1-11
1.9.2 System Error Messages ....................................................................1-11
1.9.3 Correcting Error Conditions............................................................1-14

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guideviii
Chapter 2 CPU Board
2.1 Layout..............................................................................................................2-2
2.2 Jumper Locations...........................................................................................2-2
2.3 Jumper Settings..............................................................................................2-3
2.4 Memory Upgrade ..........................................................................................2-4
2.4.1 Memory Configurations ....................................................................2-4
2.4.2 Installing a DIMM ..............................................................................2-5
2.4.3 Removing a DIMM.............................................................................2-6
2.4.4 Reconfiguring the System.................................................................. 2-7
2.5 Installing the Processor Heat Sink and Fan................................................2-8
2.6 Installing a Pentium II Processor...............................................................2-11
2.7 Removing a Pentium II Processor..............................................................2-13
2.8 CPU Board Installation................................................................................2-14
Chapter 3 BIOS Utility
3.1 Entering Setup................................................................................................3-2
3.2 Basic System Configuration.......................................................................... 3-3
3.2.1 Date and Time.....................................................................................3-4
3.2.2 Diskette Drives.................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.3 Onboard IDE.......................................................................................3-6
3.2.4 IDE Drives ........................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.5 Total Memory......................................................................................3-8
3.2.6 Enhanced IDE Features......................................................................3-8
3.2.7 Num Lock After Boot.........................................................................3-9
3.2.8 Memory Test ....................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.9 Quiet Boot.......................................................................................... 3-10
3.2.10 Configuration Table ......................................................................... 3-10
3.3 Advanced System Configuration...............................................................3-11
3.3.1 Internal Cache (CPU Cache) ...........................................................3-11

ix
3.3.2 External Cache (CPU Cache)...........................................................3-12
3.3.3 ECC/Parity Mode Selection ............................................................3-12
3.3.4 Operation of ECC..............................................................................3-13
3.3.5 Memory at 15MB-16MB...................................................................3-13
3.4 PCI System Configuration...........................................................................3-14
3.4.1 PCI IRQ Setting .................................................................................3-15
3.4.2 Onboard LAN....................................................................................3-15
3.4.3 Onboard SCSI1/Onboard SCSI2.....................................................3-16
3.4.4 VGA Palette Snoop ...........................................................................3-16
3.4.5 USB Host Controller.........................................................................3-17
3.4.6 PCI IRQ Sharing................................................................................3-17
3.4.7 Plug & Play OS..................................................................................3-18
3.4.8 Reset Resources Assignment...........................................................3-18
3.5 Power Saving Configuration.......................................................................3-19
3.5.1 Power Management Mode ..............................................................3-20
3.5.2 Monitored Activities.........................................................................3-21
3.6 System Security.............................................................................................3-22
3.6.1 Disk Drive Control............................................................................3-22
3.6.2 Onboard Communication Ports......................................................3-24
3.6.3 Onboard PS/2 Mouse (IRQ12)........................................................3-26
3.6.4 Setup Password.................................................................................3-27
3.6.5 Power On Password .........................................................................3-29
3.7 Load Setup Default Settings........................................................................3-30
3.8 Leaving Setup ...............................................................................................3-31
Chapter 4 SCSI Select Configuration Utility
4.1 SCSISelect Configuration Utility Overview.................................................4-1
4.1.1 Default Values.....................................................................................4-1
4.1.2 When to Use the SCSISelect Utility ...................................................4-3
4.1.3 Running the SCSISelect Utility...........................................................4-3

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guide
x
4.2 SCSISelect Utility Options............................................................................. 4-4
4.2.1 Configure/View Host Adapter Settings Menu.............................. 4-5
4.2.2 SCSI Disk Utilities ............................................................................4-17
4.3 Configuring Multiple SCSI Controllers ....................................................4-19
4.4 Disk Drives Over 1 Gbyte...........................................................................4-20
4.4.1 Extended Translation....................................................................... 4-20
4.4.2 The DOS 1 Gbyte Limit....................................................................4-20
4.4.3 When to Use Extended Translation ...............................................4-21
4.5 SCSI Troubleshooting Checklist................................................................. 4-22
4.6 BIOS Startup Messages ...............................................................................4-23
4.6.1 Device connected, but not ready ....................................................4-24
4.6.2 Start unit request failed ...................................................................4-25
4.6.3 Disk Drive Configuration Problems............................................... 4-25
Chapter 5 System Housing
5.1 Positioning the System Housing..................................................................5-2
5.1.1 Standalone System ............................................................................. 5-2
5.1.2 Against a Wall.....................................................................................5-3
5.2 Transporting the System...............................................................................5-4
5.3 Features........................................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.1 Front Panel .......................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.2 Rear Panel............................................................................................ 5-7
5.3.3 Internal Structure................................................................................5-8
5.4 Opening the Housing Panels........................................................................5-9
5.4.1 Upper Front Panel..............................................................................5-9
5.4.2 Lower Front Panel............................................................................5-10
5.4.3 Left Panel........................................................................................... 5-11
5.5 Installing Disk Drives.................................................................................. 5-12
5.5.1 3.5-inch Floppy Drive....................................................................... 5-12
5.5.2 5.25-inch Drive..................................................................................5-14
5.5.3 Hard Disk .......................................................................................... 5-16

xi
5.6 Installing a System Board............................................................................5-18
5.7 Installing an Expansion Board....................................................................5-19
5.8 Reinstalling a CPU Board............................................................................5-21
5.9 Connecting External Devices......................................................................5-24
5.9.1 Connecting a Monitor.......................................................................5-24
5.9.2 Connecting a Keyboard....................................................................5-25
5.9.3 Connecting a Mouse.........................................................................5-26
5.9.4 Connecting a Printer.........................................................................5-27
5.10 Complete System Connections...................................................................5-28
Appendix A System Resources
A.1 Memory Map .................................................................................................A-1
A.2 I/O Address Map..........................................................................................A-2
A.3 Interrupt Channels........................................................................................A-4
A.4 PCI INT x# Map.............................................................................................A-5
A.5 System Security..............................................................................................A-6
Appendix B Drive Tray Management System (DTMS)
B.1 Features........................................................................................................... B-1
B.2 Major Components........................................................................................ B-2
B.2.1 Backplane Board ................................................................................ B-2
B.3 Jumper Settings.............................................................................................. B-4
B.4 Hard Disk ID Setting Options...................................................................... B-6
B.5 SCSI Channel Configurations...................................................................... B-8
B.5.1 Single-Channel Configuration.......................................................... B-8
B.5.2 Dual-Channel Configuration.......................................................... B-10
B.5.3 Installing a SCSI Hard Disk............................................................ B-11
B.6 Using the Hot-swap Feature...................................................................... B-14

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guidexii
List of Figures
1-1 System Board Layout ....................................................................................1-3
1-2 System Board Jumper and Connector Locations....................................... 1-4
1-3 Installing a Video Memory Chip .................................................................1-9
2-1 CPU Board Layout.........................................................................................2-2
2-2 Pentium II CPU Board Jumper Locations...................................................2-2
2-3 Installing a DIMM.......................................................................................... 2-5
2-4 Removing a DIMM........................................................................................2-6
2-5 Matching the Fan-Heat Sink Clips with the Holes on the Processor ......2-8
2-6 Inserting the Clip Ends to the Processor Holes..........................................2-9
2-7 Locking a Wide Clip End............................................................................ 2-10
2-8 Locking a Narrow Clip End .......................................................................2-10
2-9 Installing the Pentium II Retention Mechanism ......................................2-11
2-10 Installing a Pentium II Processor ...............................................................2-12
2-11 Securing the Pentium II Processor.............................................................2-12
2-12 Unlocking the Module Latches ..................................................................2-13
2-13 Removing the Pentium II Processor ..........................................................2-13
2-14 Installing the CPU Board ............................................................................2-14
4-1 Options Menu Screen .................................................................................... 4-4
4-2 Configure/View Host Adapter Settings Screen ........................................ 4-5
4-3 Host Adapter SCSI ID Selection Screen for AIC-7880...............................4-7
4-4 SCSI Parity Checking Selection....................................................................4-8
4-5 Host Adapter SCSI Termination Selection for AIC-7880..........................4-9
4-6 Boot Device Options Screen........................................................................ 4-10
4-7 SCSI Device Configuration Screen for AIC-7880..................................... 4-11
4-8 Advanced Configuration Options Screen................................................. 4-14
4-9 SCSI Disk Utilities Screen for AIC-7880....................................................4-17
B-1 Backplane Board Components.....................................................................B-2

xiii
B-2 Jumper Settings for 4-pin J3 and J4............................................................. B-4
B-3 Jumper Settings for 6-pin J3 and J4............................................................. B-5
B-4 ID Cable Connector Pin Definitions............................................................ B-6
B-5 Hard Disk ID Switch Settings...................................................................... B-7
B-6 Single-Channel Configuration..................................................................... B-8
B-7 Dual-Channel Configuration..................................................................... B-10
B-8 Connecting the Drive Cables (wide SCSI drive) ..................................... B-11
B-9 Securing a Drive to the Hot-swap Tray.................................................... B-12
B-10 Installing the Hot-swap Drive Tray.......................................................... B-13
List of Tables
1-1 System Board Jumper Settings .....................................................................1-5
1-2 Connector Functions......................................................................................1-6
1-3 System Error Messages................................................................................1-12
2-1 Settings for CPU Core/Bus Frequency Ratio (JP1)....................................2-3
2-2 Clock Settings (JP5) ........................................................................................2-3
2-3 Possible Memory Configurations.................................................................2-4
3-1 Drive Control Settings .................................................................................3-23
3-2 Serial Port 1 Settings ....................................................................................3-24
3-3 Serial Port 2 Settings ....................................................................................3-24
3-4 Parallel Port Settings....................................................................................3-25
3-5 Parallel Port Operation Mode Settings......................................................3-26
4-1 Default Settings for SCSI Controller and All Devices ...............................4-2
A-1 System Memory Map....................................................................................A-1
A-2 System I/O Address Map............................................................................A-2
A-3 Interrupt Channels........................................................................................A-4
A-4 PCI INT x# Map.............................................................................................A-5
A-5 System Security..............................................................................................A-6
B-1 Terminator Settings for Single-Channel Configuration ........................... B-9
B-2 Terminator Settings for Dual-Channel Configuration ........................... B-10

Chapter 1 - System Board 1-1
Chapter 1 System Board
1.1 Features
The AA9100 is a dual-processor system board that supports Intel Pentium II CPU's
through an add-in CPU board.
This high-performance 64-bit system board utilizes both the ISA and the PCI local
bus architecture. Two ISA and five PCI bus slots reside on the board to allow
installation of either master or slave devices.
A 50-pin SCSI interface and two 68-pin Ultra Wide SCSI interfaces come with the
system board to connect SCSI devices. External I/O interfaces include a parallel
port and a video port, RJ-45 and USB connectors, and keyboard and mouse ports.
The system board supports two server management features, ASM Pro and
Remote Diagnostic Manager (RDM), that allow better server management. ASM
Pro detects problems in a CPU thermal condition, CPU working voltage detection
(±12V/±5V/3.3V/1.5V), and calculating PCI bus utilization. It also detects if the
CPU fan or chassis fan malfunctions. RDM allows execution of the RDM diagnostic
program from a remote RDM station to fix detected problems or to reboot the
system.

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guide
1-2
1.2 Major Components
The system board is comprised of the following major components:
• CPU board slot
• Two ISA and five PCI bus slots
• 256-KB Flash ROM for system BIOS
• System clock/calendar with battery backup
• 50-pin SCSI and two 68-pin Ultra Wide SCSI interfaces
• On board 10/100 network interface
• Two 24-pin RDM interfaces
• E-IDE hard disk and diskette drive interfaces
• Onboard VRAM and VRAM sockets for video memory upgrade
• Power connector for redundant 420-watt system power supply
• Super I/O, VGA, memory, and Advanced Server Management (ASM)
controller chipsets
• External ports:
• PS/2-compatible keyboard port
• PS/2-compatible mouse port
• Parallel port
• Video port
• Serial ports 1 and 2
• RJ-45 connector
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors

Chapter 1 - System Board 1-3
1.3 Layout
Figure 1-1 shows the system board components.
1 Mouse port
2 Keyboard port
3 Parallel port
4 Video port
5 LAN connector
6 USB connector
7 CPU board slot
8 PCI slots
9 ISA slots
10 Flash ROM BIOS
11 Reserved
12 Ultra Wide SCSI connector 2
13 Ultra Wide SCSI connector 1
14 Narrow SCSI connector
15 Diskette drive connector
16 EIDE connector
17 Battery
18 RDM connectors
19 Power connectors
20 Power connector
21 Video expansion RAM
Figure 1-1 System Board Layout
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AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guide
1-4
1.4 Jumpers and Connectors
1.4.1 Jumper and Connector Locations
Figure 1-2 shows the jumper and connector locations on the system board.
Figure 1-2 System Board Jumper and Connector Locations
Jumpers are prefixed “JP”. Connectors are
prefixed “CN”. The blackened pin of a jumper
represents pin 1.

Chapter 1 - System Board 1-5
1.4.2 Jumper Settings
Table 1-1 lists the system board jumpers with their corresponding settings and
functions.
Table 1-1 System Board Jumper Settings
Jumper Setting Function
Software Shutdown
Control for CN4
JP1 1-2*
2-3 Enabled Disabled
BIOS Type
JP2 1-2*
2-3 Acer Reserved
Password Security
JP3 1-2
2-3* Check password Bypass password
SCSI Channel 1
High-Byte Termination
JP4 1-2
2-3*
Open
Terminator always set to ON
SCSI terminator set to ON or OFF
by software
Terminator set to OFF
VGA Feature
JP5 1-2*
2-3 Normal (Auto) Onboard VGA always disabled
N
Default setting

AcerAltos 9100 Series User’s Guide
1-6
1.4.3 Connector Functions
Table 1-2 lists the different connectors on the system board and their respective
functions.
Table 1-2 Connector Functions
Connector Function
CN1 COM 1
CN2, U3, U8 Power connectors
CN3 COM 2
CN4 Software shutdown connector for 420-watt SPS
CN7 PS/2 mouse/keyboard connectors
CN8 Power switch
CN9 Power LED and keylock connector
CN10 Monitor signal connector for redundant power supply
CN12 Software shutdown connector for redundant power supply
CN13 Backplane board LED connector
CN14 Printer port (above) / video port (below)
CN15 IDE connector
CN16 LAN connector
CN17 Diskette drive connector
CN18 Channel 1 narrow SCSI connector
CN19 Universal serial bus (USB) ports
CN22 Channel 1 wide SCSI connector
CN23 Hard disk LED connector
CN25 SMM connector
CN26 Channel 2 wide SCSI connector
CN27, CN28 RDM connectors
CNN3 Connector for chassis intrusion prevention
FA1, FA2, FA3 Fan connectors

Chapter 1 - System Board 1-7
1.5 Installing Components on the System
Board
The following sections describe how to install components into the system board,
including how to install a CPU board and optional PCI card, and how to upgrade
system board video memory.
Before beginning the installation, please take a moment to read the sections below.
They contain important ESD precautions and pre- and post-installation
instructions.
1.5.1 ESD Precautions
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage your processor, disk drives, expansion
boards, and other components. Always observe the following precautions before
you install a system component.
1. Do not remove a component from its protective packaging until you are ready
to install it.
2. Wear a wrist grounding strap and attach it to a metal part of the system unit
before handling components. If a wrist strap is not available, maintain contact
with the system unit throughout any procedure requiring ESD protection.
1.5.2 Pre-installation Instructions
Always observe the following before you install a system component:
1. Turn off the system power and all the peripherals connected to the unit before
opening it.
2. Open the system according to the instructions in Chapter 5, System Housing.
3. Follow the ESD precautions in section 1.5.1 before handling a system
component.