Altos 586 User manual

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS
ALTOS 586 and ACS 8600
Computer Systems
XENIXDevelopment
System
Programmer's
Reference Guide
Part Number: 690-13500-001 May 1983

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ALTOS 586 ARD ACS 8688 COIIPtrnR SYSTEMS
XENIX DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE GUIDE
Altos Computer Systems
2641 Orchard Park Way
San Jose, CA 95134
THE INFORllATION IN THIS DOCUMEIft IS SUBJECT TO
CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. NEW EDITIONS OF THIS
DOCUMEIft' WILL INCORPORATE CHARGES AS THEY ARE
PUBLISHED.
Copyright ©1983. All rights reserved. Altos Coaputer Systeas.
ALTOS Manual Number: 698-13588-881
May 1983

ACKNOWLEDGEME~S
ALTOS is a registered trademark of Altos Computer
Systems.
XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft, Incorporated and
is a l6-bit microcomputer implementation of the
UNIX operating system, version 7.
UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories
UNET is a trademark of 3eom Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
USING THIS MANUAL
Purpose/Scope
Organization
OTHER DOCUMENTATION AVAILABLE
Altos 586 or ACS 8699 Operator's Guide
Altos Introduction to XENIX Manual
XENIX Reference Card
Altos Application Software Guide
Altos UNET User Guide
Bell Laboratories Manuals
UNIX Programmer's Manual
Commercially Available Books
2. USIBG XENIX
TOPICS COVERED IN INTRODUCTION TO XENIX MANUAL
INSTALLING XENIX DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
LEARN PROGRAM
Installing Learn
Running Learn
CREATING NEW MENUS
3. UTILITY PROGRAMS RBFERBBCE GUIDE
USEFUL UTILITIES
UNIX MANUAL CHANGES AND ADDITIONS
ADD.CT(l)
ADD.HD(l)
AEMAIL( 1)
APROPOS (1)
BSH(l)
CSH( 1)
CXREF(l)
DATE(l)
DIGEST(l)
DISABLE(C)
DUMP.HD(l)
ENABLE (C)
EDIT(l)
EX (1)
FCOPY(l)
FINGER(l)
FLEECE(l)
i
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-5
2-2
2-3
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-9
3-1
3-3
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-19A
3-11
3-15
3-38A
3-38B
3-39
3-49A
3-49B
3-49C
3-41
3-45
3-49
3-49A
3-49B

TABLE OF COftBftS
3 • UTILI'l'Y PROGRAMS REFERENCE GUIDE (Continued)
FOLD(l)
FORMAT(l)
FROM(I)
FSCK (1)
FTP(I)
HEAD(l)
IUL (1)
LAST(I)
LAYOUT (1)
LEAVE(l)
LS(l)
MAIL(I)
MAKE.HD(I)
MAKEWHATIS(I)
MAP(l)
MKCONF(IM)
MODEM(l), UNMODEM(l)
MORE (1)
MULTIUSER(I)
PAGE (1)
PRINTENV(I)
PS( 1)
RANLIB(l)
RESET(I)
RESTORE.HD(I)
SDDATE(IM)
SETMODE(l)
SIZEFS(l)
TAR(I)
TRANSP(l)
UA(l)
VI (1)
LOCKING(2)
RDCHK (2)
CURSES(3)
MENUS (5)
TERMCAP(5)
TTYTYPE(5)
ii
3-49C
3-59
3-59A
3-51
3-54
3-55A
3-55B
3-55C
3-56
3-57A
3-58
3-61
3-68A
3-68B
3-69
3-69A
3-69C
3-69D
3-79
3-79A
3-71
3-72
3-74A
3-75
3-75A
3-75B
3-76
3-77
3-78
3-89A
3-81
3-85
3-87
3-89
3-99
3-92
3-97
3-198

APPBNDICBS:
A. NUMBRIC FORMATS, C, AND FORTRAN
INTEGER FORMATS
FLOATING-POINT FORMATS
VALUES IN MEMORY
B. SAMPLB LIST OF XBNIX DEVELOPMBNT SYSTEM UTILITIBS
C. TRANSFBRRIRG FILBS BETNEER ACS 8681 AND ALTOS 586 OR OTHER
COMPUTER SYSTEIIS (ASY.CBRaBOUS COIUIURICATIORS)
USING CU FACILITY
TRANSFERRING FILES UNDER UUCP FACILITY
CONNECTING THE ACS 8699 AND THE 586
PREPARING THE CONFIGURATION FILES
Recommended
Entries
IF YOU HAVE SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Assigning the System Names
Defining the Communications Line Characteristics
Supplying the Login Information
Defining the File Accessibility
DISABLING AND ENABLING THE TTY PORTS
TESTING THE UUCP NETWORK
COPYING FILES USING UUCP
USING THE UUCP COMMAND
USING MODEMS WITH ALTOS XENIX SYSTEMS
D. 8886 ASSEllBLY LARGOAGE RBFERERCE MANUAL
XENIX Software Development Extract from Microsoft Manual
E. TUTORIAL AND REFERBRCB MATERIAL
(UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY MANUALS)
An Introduction to the C Shell
An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi
Quick Reference for Ex,Vi
Ex Reference Manual
Edit: A Tutorial
, Ex/Edit Command Summary (Version 3.6)
Mail Reference Manual
-ME Reference Manual
Screen Updating and Cursor Movement Optimization: A Library
Package
iii

OTHER DOCUllEftATION AVAILABLE
The following documentation is furnished with your XENIX
operating system. The only commercially-available book that is
provided is A User Guide to the UNIX Syste ••
Altos 586 or ACS 8688 Operator's Guide
This manual describes the Altos computer system and its operating
specifications. It provides step-by-step procedures on how to
unpack and set up the computer system, how to install
peripherals, how to verify proper functioning of the system, and
briefly describes how to use the Altos diagnostics software.
Altos Introduction to XENIX Manual
This manual, describes the Altos implementation of the XENIX
operating system on the Altos 586 and ACS 86~~ computer systems.
It provides background information and step-by-step procedures,
which are primarily aimed at a first-time computer user, on how
to install XENIX, how to log on/off, how to shut down the system
properly, how to save and restore files, and describes system
maintenance.
XENIX Reference Card
A concise reference card, which contains information on how to
use the Al tos implemen ta tion of XENIX, descr ibes the XENIX
commands, and lists the Business Shell (BSH) menus.
Altos Application Software Guide
(The ABS Shell is an optional package.) The Altos XENIX Applica-
tions Software Guide provides information on how to install the
optional ABS Menu Shell and the application programs, and how to
access the ABS menus.
Altos URET User Guide
(The communication network services is an optional package.)
This document provides information on how to install the optional
communication network services and how to use them.
Bell Laboratories Manuals
UNIX Progra •• er's Manual, Seventh Edition. This is a three-
volume set.
Volume 1 provides general information about UNIX and
about the manual set. It contains reference informa-
tion on utilities and system calls, organized into
chapters.
1-4

USING THIS MARUAL
purpose/Scope
This manual describes items that are unique to the Altos
implementation of the XENIX operating system or that are useful
for the programmer or advanced system user. It also serves as a
guide to the other documentation that is available on XENIX/UNIX.
Organization
This manual is divided into three chapters:
Chapter I lists other Altos documents that you receive as part of
your XENIX operating system. It also lists commercially-avail-
able documentation.
Chapter 2 provides instructions for installing the XENIX Develop-
ment System, and discusses the online tutorial, learn, and tells
you how to create new menus.
Chapter 3 lists useful utilities and describes the changes and
additions that exist between the Altos implementation of XENIX
and the Bell Laboratories Standard Version 7 of the UNIX
operating system.
The variations and additions are documented in the standard Bell
Laboratories format. The Altos documentation can be left in this
supplement or can be inserted into the Bell Laboratories UNIX
Programmer's Manual.
The Appendices contain general reference material.
Appendix A. Numeric Formats, C, and Fortran 77:
Reference information on the internal format used
for numerical representation in these languages.
Appendix B. Sample List of XENIX Utilities:
A sample list of utilities furnished with your
system.
Appendix C. Transferring Files Between ACS 8600 and
ALTOS 586 or Other Computer Systems
(Asynchronous Communications):
A description on how to transfer files between the
ACS 8600 and Altos 586 XENIX computer systems, or
between two Altos XENIX computer systems which
support asynchronous (serial) communications. It
discusses the ~ (call UNIX) and ~ (UNIX-to-UNIX
copy) facilities. For ACS 8600 versions 2.2d and
Altos 586 versions 2.3 and higher, refer to a
description of the File Transfer Utility for Xenix-
1-2

to-Xenix (ftp), discussed in Appendix H of the
Introduction 12 Xenix manual. It also discusses how
to use modems with your Altos XENIX systems.
Appendix D. 8086 Assembly Language Reference Manual:
A description of the XENIX 8086 Assembly Language.
Appendix E. Tutorial and Reference Material
(University of California, Berkeley Manuals) :
Documentation describing UNIX modifications
developed at the University of California,
Berkeley. The material is supplied from the
Regents of the University.
1-3

Volume 2A contains supplementary and tutorial
information. For example, this volume includes an index
to volume 2A and 2B, tutor ials for the UNIX text
editor, information on document preparation, and
information on Unix programming (C language).
Volume 2B contains additional reference mater ial, and
includes advanced topics and languages. For example,
this volume includes information or supporting tools
and languages such as yacc, which is a tool for writing
compilers for other languages. It also includes
information on system implementation and maintenance.
Commercially Available Books
There are numerous commercially available books on UNIX that
explain it and give tutorial material. Two such books are:
A Oser Guide to the UNIX Syste., by Thomas and Yates.
(This book is supplied with the XENIX operating system.) It
explains UNIX concepts and provides tutorials for getting started
with UNIX and for the most useful commands. All the utilities
listed in the book may not be provided with your XENIX operating
system. Refer to Appendix B, Sample Listing of XENIX Development
System Utilities, for a listing of utilities provided with your
system.
Using the UNIX Syste., by Richard Gauthier.
This book is more like a textbook than the Thomas and Yates'
book. It presents a more in depth explanation of UNIX, which is
of value to the programmer and those who are already familiar
with A User's Guide to the UNIX System.
Three useful programming books related to UNIX are:
The C Progra •• ing Language, by Kernighan and Ritchie.
This book describes the C programming language, which is the
language that the UNIX ope ra ting system is wr it ten in. It
provides tutorials as well as a reference chapter.
Software Tools, by Kernighan and Plauger.
This books is a guide to good programming techniques and a source
of proven, useful programs written in RatFor (Rational Fortan).
The C language, which is designed for UNIX, provided the model
for RatFor. Many of the tools described in this book are based
on UNIX models.
Learning to Progra. in C, by Thomas Plum. This book teaches
the C programming language from the ground up. With or without
previous experience, anyone acquainted with computers will find a
clear description of how the language works from this book.
1-5

CHAPTER 2:
OSIRG XERIX
The Altos Introduction to XERIX Manual covers the XENIX Run-Time
and portions of the Development System. Topics that are unique
to the development system are described in this chapter.
2-1

TOPICS COVERED IN INTRODOCTION TO XENIX MANUAL
This manual covers the basic XENIX utilities and how to use the
business shell menu system. Topics covered include:
Introduction to Operating System Concepts
Introduction to XENIX Operating System Concepts
Introduction to the Business Shell Menu System
Introduction to System Administration and Maintenance
Installing XENIX Run-Time System
Upgrading Older Versions of XENIX
Getting Started with XENIX
Configuring the Ports
Creating and Changing User Accounts
Starting Up XENIX (Booting from Hard Disk)
Log In, Log Off, and Quit
Setting and Changing Passwords
Using XENIX on a Regular Basis
Using the Business Shell Menu System
Basic Utilities
System Administration Utilities
Saving and Restoring Files
Random-Access Diskette Files
Checking and Cleaning Up Files
Shutting Down System
Using the ~ Text Editor
Appendices:
Hard Disk Organizatin
Floppy Disk Organization
Cartridge Tape Organizatio
Printer Information
Terminal Capabilities
File Transfer Program
For more information, refer to the Introduction to XENIX Manual.
2-2

IRSTALLIRG XERIX DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
To install the XENIX Development System on your Al tos Computer
System, you should:
1. Install the Xenix Run-Time System by following the instruc-
tions in the Altos Introduction to Xenix Manual. Do not
shut the system down.
If you interrupt the installation procedure for some reason,
or your system was shut down by a power failure or system
crash, see the Resuming Interrupted Installation section in
the Altos Introduction to XERIX Manual.
2. Make sure you are logged in as super-user (root).
3. Enter
# cd / <ell>
This command causes the system to go to the top directory
(or parent directory) of the XENIX system.
4. Insert the diskette labeled "XENIX DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
UTILITIES #1 of n," where "n" is the total number of utility
diskettes.
5. Enter
:II: tar xv <ell>
This command causes the directories and files on the utility
diskette to be loaded onto the XENIX System. As files are
copied from diskette to hard disk, you will see messges of
the form:
x "Filename
n,
nnnnn bytes, nn tape blocks
.
x "Filename", nnnnn bytes, nn tape blocks
ROTE
DO ROT TOUCH ARY KEYS OR THE KEYBOARD OR
REMOVE DISKETTE URTIL YOU SEE THE SUPER-USER
PROMPr CBARA~ER (I).
2-3

6. When you see the super-user prompt character (#), remove the
diskette and store it in a safe place.
7. Repeat steps 4 through 6 for each XENIX Development System
Utility diskette.
NOTE:
IF AVAILABLE DISK SPACE IS A PROBLEM ON YOUR
SYSTEM, YOU CAR INSTALL PORTIONS OF THE XENIX
DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM RATHER THAN THE ENTIRE
PACKAGE. IF YOU DESIRE, YOU CAB DISPLAY THE
CONTENTS OF A DISKETTE BY ENTERING tar tv
<CR>. NOTE THE UNWABTED FILES YOU WABT TO
REMOVE AFTER INSTALLING DISKETTE PER ABOVE
INSTRUC'.rIONS.
8. When you have loaded all of the utility diskettes, enter
# install <CR>
9. This step is optional.
An optional unlinked kernel can be installed. It contains a
new swapping algorithm, which swaps out processes that are
waiting for other processes first. The old swapping
algorithm swapped out the largest process that wasn't
actually running. This would occur even if the process was
a large application that was just waiting for terminal
input.
If you wish to load the "Unlinked Kernel," you should:
Insert the diskette labeled "UNLINKED KERNEL."
Enter
# tar xv <CR>
Enter
# insta1l <CR>
Unlinked Kernel installed.
Remove the diskette and store it in a safe place.
You have just installed the Unlinked Kernel.
2-4

10. To load the C compiler onto the XENIX system, you should:
Insert the diskette labeled "C COMPILER."
Enter
# tar xv <CR>
Enter
# install <CR>
C compiler installed.
Remove the diskette and store it in a safe place.
You have just loaded the C Compiler.
11. If you wish to load the XENIX Fortran compiler, you should:
Insert the diskette labeled "F77."
Enter
Enter
Enter
# cd /tap <CR>
# tar xv <CR>
# install <CR>
F77 installed/Remove diskette and store it in a safe
place.
You have just loaded the UNIX Fortran compiler.
12. If the prior steps were successful, your XENIX Development
System is correctly installed.
If you purchased the optional Altos communication network
serV1ces, refer to the Altos UNET User Guide for information
on how to install the communication network services.
2-5

If you purchased the ABS package or other Altos application
packages, refer to the Altos XSRIX Application Software
Guide for information on how to install the ABS Menu Shell
and application programs.
If you wish to start up XENIX, see the Getting Started with
XENIX chapter in the Altos Introduction to XBRIX Manual.
If you don't plan on using your XENIX system at this time,
you can shut the system down by entering:
# sync (OR)
# etc/haltsys (CR)
** Normal System Shutdown **
2-6

LEARN PROGRAM
The learn program is an automated instructional facility which
provides tutorial information about the XENIX system and some of
the programs that run under it. Learn is especially useful for
the first-time user because it is interactive and requires no
prior UNIX experience.
At present, the learn program covers the following topics:
Basic File handling commands
The UNIX ~ text editor
Advanced file handling
The ~ language for typing mathematics
The "-ms" macro package for document formatting
The C programming language
For more information, refer to the UNIX Progra •• er1s Manual,
Seventh Edition, Volume 2A, chapter 7, LEARN - Computer Aided
Instruction of UNIX (Second Edition).
Installing Learn
After you have installed the XENIX Development System, install
learn as follows:
1) Log in as root.
2) Enter:
# cd /usr/lib/learn <CR)
# make <CR)
# .ake play log <CR)
3) When the prompt (#) appears, the learn program is completely
activated.
4) To check that the required files are set up properly, enter:
# make check <CR)
2-7