Eaton Power Xpert PXM 4000 Operating manual

User and Installation Manual IM02601004E
Power Xpert PXM 4000/6000/8000

Copyright © 2016 by Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.
Eaton, Power Xpert, PowerChain Management, Powerware, and X-Slot are regis-
tered trademarks of Eaton Corporation or its subsidiaries and affiliates. Microsoft and
Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Modbus is a registered
trademark of Schneider Electric.
EATON CORPORATION - CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY NOTICE TO PERSONS
RECEIVING THIS DOCUMENT AND/OR TECHNICAL INFORMATION
THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING THE DRAWING AND INFORMATION CONTAINED
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The information, recommendations, descriptions and safety notations in this docu-
ment are based on Eaton Electrical Inc. and/or Eaton Corporation’s (“Eaton”) experi-
ence and judgment and may not cover all contingencies. If further information is
required, an Eaton sales office should be consulted.
Sale of the product shown in this literature is subject to the terms and conditions
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Product Registration
PLEASE REGISTER YOUR PRODUCT
By registering your product you’re registering for the warranty in addition to
receiving important update information.
You can register your product in one of two ways:
1. Go online to: www.eaton.com/powerxpert and click on Power Xpert
Product Registration to register your product.
2. Fill out the product registration information below and fax this page to
919-431-6240.
Product:__________________________________________________________
Product Model or Version Number:_____________________________________
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................. 1
1.1.About this Manual ................................................................................... 1
1.2. Comparison of Meter Versions................................................................ 1
1.3. Applicability ............................................................................................. 2
1.4. Power Xpert Software Subscription ........................................................ 5
1.5.AC Power Measurement Concepts Used in this Manual........................ 7
1.6. Feature Comparison between Power Xpert Meter Models ...................13
1.7.Warranties...............................................................................................15
2 Quick Start Guide for the Meter Module.............................. 17
2.1. Safety Precautions .................................................................................17
2.2. Power Supply Connections................................................................... 18
2.3.VT , VX & CT Connections ................................................................... 20
2.4. Establishing Communications between the Meter Module and the
Optional Graphic Display Module................................................................ 21
2.5. Operating the Display Module ............................................................. 23
2.6. Programming the Meter Module using the Embedded Web Server
Interface...................................................................................................... 24
2.7.Programming the Meter Module via the Optional Communications
Expansion Card ........................................................................................... 25
3 Installation ..............................................................................29
3.1. Mounting............................................................................................... 29
3.2. Mounting the Power Xpert Meter and Display Separately ................... 30
3.3. Display Mounting.................................................................................. 30
3.4. Meter Mounting ................................................................................... 30
3.5. Mounting the Power Xpert Display and Meter as a Single Unit ........... 30
3.6.Wiring of CT & VT Connections ............................................................ 34
3.7.CT & VT Connector Installation on the Power Xpert.............................. 36
3.8. MeterDimensions................................................................................. 37
3.9.WIRING................................................................................................. 41
3.10. Fuses .................................................................................................. 41
3.11. Hipot and Megohm (Megger) Testing.................................................. 41
3.12. Communication Wiring ....................................................................... 42
3.13. RS485 Network .................................................................................. 43
3.14. RS485 Cable Characteristics............................................................... 43
3.15. RS485 Wiring Basics........................................................................... 43
3.16. LEDs ................................................................................................... 56
3.17. Display Link Addressing....................................................................... 57
3.18. Java JRE PC Installation ..................................................................... 57
3.19. Comm Reset....................................................................................... 57
4 Introduction to Web Server Screens .....................................59
4.1. Home, Meter, Power, Quality, Energy, I/O, Events & Setup Screens ... 60
4.2.The Meter Main Screen ........................................................................ 62
4.3.The Power Main Screen........................................................................ 63
4.4.The Quality Main Screen....................................................................... 63
4.5.The Energy Main Screen ...................................................................... 64
4.6. Selecting Other Devices From The Events Screen............................... 65
4.7. Setup and I/O Screens .......................................................................... 65
4.8. I/O Screen ............................................................................................ 66
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5 Introduction to the Local Graphical Display ........................69
5.1.The Main Screens.................................................................................. 70
5.2. Navigating from one Main Screen to another....................................... 71
5.3.The Back Button.................................................................................... 71
5.4.Accessing Details From All Main Screens ............................................ 72
5.5.The Meter Main Screen ........................................................................ 72
5.1.The Power Main Screen .........................................................................74
5.2.The Quality Main Screen........................................................................74
5.3.The Events Main Screen....................................................................... 75
5.4.The Setup Main Screen..........................................................................76
6 Functions on the Web Server Pages .....................................79
7 Functions on the Graphical Display.................................... 101
7.1. Overview .............................................................................................. 101
7.2. Meter ...................................................................................................102
7.3. Energy ..................................................................................................108
7.4. Quality .................................................................................................. 111
7.5. Fast Transient (Available on the 8000 Series). ............................................... 118
7.6. Subcycle Disturbance........................................................................... 118
7.7. Locating Events.....................................................................................118
8 Setup on the Web Server Pages .........................................121
8.1. Overview..............................................................................................121
9 Setup on the Graphical Display .........................................157
9.1. Log In ...................................................................................................158
9.2. Quick Setup .........................................................................................159
9.3. Meter Setup and Commissioning........................................................161
9.4.“Setup” This Display (Screen contrast, etc.)........................................162
9.5. Network, Firmware & Product Information .........................................163
9.6. Password Setup...................................................................................164
10 Firmware Upgrade..............................................................165
10.1. Locating & Upgrading System Firmware on the Web ........................165
10.13. Upgrading From a PXM4000 to a PXM6000....................................169
11 Troubleshooting & Maintenance........................................171
11.1. Level of Repair ....................................................................................171
11.2.Warnings! ...........................................................................................171
11.3. Maintenance and Care .......................................................................171
11.4. Calibration...........................................................................................171
11.5.Technical Assistance ..........................................................................171
11.6. Return Procedure ...............................................................................172
11.7. Resetting the Meter to Factory Defaults (Web Browser)....................172
11.8. Com Reset Switch..............................................................................172
11.9. Operating in Safe Mode ....................................................................173
11.10.Troubleshooting Matrix......................................................................173
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12 Glossary .............................................................................. 181
A MODBUS Communication ................................................. 185
A.1. Modbus Register Mapping ................................................................. 185
A.2. Register 2001 (Invalid Object Access Configuration) ......................... 185
A.3. Register 2002 (Floating-Point Data Register Configuration) .............. 185
A.4. Register 2003 (Fixed-Point Data Multi-Register Configuration) ......... 185
A.5. Register 2901 (Controls – Modbus RTU) ........................................... 186
A.6. Register 2921 (Time/Date) ................................................................ 186
A.7. Register 4607, 4719 (duplicate addr) (ProductID) {0x0000200B}......... 186
A.8. Register 4609 (Product Status) ......................................................... 187
A.9. Register 4610 (Cause of Status) ........................................................ 187
A.10. Registers 4611-6332 (Real-Time Measured Values).......................... 188
A.11. Register 11000+ (Real-Time and Historic Meter Data)...................... 188
A.12.Types of Data.................................................................................... 188
B Standard & Extended Modbus Register Maps.................. 191
B.1.Standard Modbus Register Map..........................................................191
B.2.Extended Modbus Register Map ........................................................193
B.3.Minimum and Maximum Register Map ..............................................210
B.4.I/O Register Map.................................................................................214
B.5.Appendix E – Event Trigger Register Map ..........................................215
B.6.Event Log Register Map..................................................................... 218
B.7.Trend and Profile Query Register Map ................................................ 220
B.8.Latest Min/Max/Avg Register Map .................................................... 221
B.9.Latest Demand Profile Register Map ................................................. 231
C SNMP Communication........................................................ 235
C.1. SNMP in Power Xpert Meter .............................................................. 235
D Diagnostics .......................................................................... 237
D.1. Battery Status..................................................................................... 238
D.2. System Log ........................................................................................ 239
D.3. Event Count ....................................................................................... 240
D.4. Communications - Ethernet Status .................................................... 241
D.5. Communications - Ethernet Expansion Status................................... 241
D.6. Communications - COM0, COM1, COM2, COM3 (Slave) ................. 242
D.7. Communications - COM1, COM2, COM3 (Master)............................ 243
D.8. Communications - I/O Internal Input Status....................................... 245
D.9. Communications - I/O Internal Output Status.................................... 245
E Option Cards......................................................................... 247
E.1. Power Xpert Meter Option Cards ....................................................... 248
E.2. Optional I/O Card............................................................................... 249
E.3. 1ms Time Stamping of Digital and Sub-Cycle Disturbance Events.... 250
E.4. NTP Time Server ............................................................................... 250
E.5. Satellite Time Reference (Cyber-Sciences STR-100) ........................... 251
E.1. PXIO-B ................................................................................................ 251
E.6. Communications Expansion Card (PXMCE card) .............................. 252
E.7. Communication Ports (PXMCE card) .................................................. 253
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F Specifications ....................................................................... 255
G Standard Cards ................................................................... 263
G.1. Power Xpert Meter Cards ................................................................. 264
G.2. Communication Main (PXMCM) Card ............................................... 265
G.3. PXMCM Com 0 and Com 1 RS485 bias resistors (Terminals
CM3, CM5) ............................................................................................. 266
G.4. 24V Source Outputs CM4 & CM6 ................................................... 268
G.5. Power Supply Card PXMPS-1 ........................................................... 269
H Data Files .............................................................................. 271
H.1.Accessing the Files............................................................................. 271
H.2. COMTRADE Files .............................................................................. 271
H.3. Energy Logs ....................................................................................... 272
H.4.Trend Logs.......................................................................................... 273
I Root Certificate Authority Installation.................................279
I.1. Installing Root CA with Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 and 7................ 279
I.2. Installing Root CA with Mozilla Firefox................................................ 282
www.eaton.com IM02601004E Page v

Page vi IM02601004E www.eaton.

www.eaton.com IM02601004E Page 1
1 Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
The Eaton Power Xpert PXM 4000/6000/8000 Meter is a multifunctional revenue-accurate power
meter providing power quality analysis. It consists of a panel-mounted Display Module and a Base
Meter Module that can be attached to the Display Module or mounted remotely. The Power Xpert
Meter is a multi-processor based electrical distribution system monitor providing extensive:
• Metering
• Trending
• Logging
• Waveform capture
• Transient capture
• Remote input monitoring
• Control relaying/Alarming
• Communication capabilities
• Built-in Web server for browsing via the internet
In addition, it incorporates a number of value added features such as self-learning, adaptive report-
ing, networked display, user levels, intuitive graphic displays, setup wizards and user text descrip-
tions.
1.1. About this Manual
This technical document is the user manual for the installation, operation and unit level mainte-
nance of the Eaton Power Xpert Meter. This document is intended for authorized and qualied per-
sonnel who use the Power Xpert Meter. Please refer to the specic WARNINGS and CAUTIONS in
this section before proceeding. If you require additional information, contact your Eaton Electrical
representative. Technical Support is available 24 hours a day with our Power Quality Technical
Support team at 1-800-809-2772, option 4 / sub-option 1. You can also email the team at pqsup-
[email protected] or visit us on the Web, www.eaton.com and follow the Products link.
1.2. Comparison of Meter Versions
This Instruction Manual covers the PXM 4000/6000/8000 series. Introduced in 2010, the PXM
series includes signicant Microprocessor and Memory upgrades from the PX series introduced in
2006. To determine the series, check the Model number printed on the product label located on the
left side of the meter, as shown below.

Page 2 IM02601004E www.eaton.
1 Introduction
Improvements:
• Internal RAM - from 32 MB SDR SDRAM to 256 MB DDR2 SDRAM
• Data Storage - increased from a 512 MB (std)/1GB(option) to a xed 2/4/8 GB for PXM
4000/6000/8000, respectively.
• Waveform Capture - increased storage sample from 256 samples/cycle to 512 samples/cycle at
60 Hz. Delta-sigma over-sampling increased from 1024 samples/cycle to 4096 samples/cycle.
• Transient Capture Resolution - increased from a 10-bit A/D to 14-bit A/D on PXM 8000
• Maximum Operating Temperature - increased from 60° C to 70° C
• Com Reset Button - added to restore Ethernet and other communications to the factory defaults
• Mode Switch Selections - added troubleshooting mode to evaluate the system and connectivity.
Items Remaining the Same:
• Wiring
• I/O and communications expansion cards
• Local Display
• Graphical User Interface
• Panel mounting brackets
• Old PX .zip setting les can be loaded into the PXM, which updates its format
Other Changes:
• Meter display includes blue highlights, top and bottom, as shown below.
• Meter base includes blue highlights, on bottom, as shown below.
• Model number has been changed from PX to PXM, and previous digit for the memory option will
be “1” to represent standard communiction
• Power supply module has changed and cannot be used with rst generation meters and vice
versa
• Low voltage (24-48 VDC) DC version is not available for the PXM
• Real-time clock - 10-year battery moved from power module to coreboard
• The new PXM rmware has been written to be compatible with the older PX meters on its
RS485 subnetwork; however, the PXM must be the master in this arrangement.
This Instruction Manual describes the PXM 4000/6000/8000 series. For instructions and specica-
tions on the PX4000/6000/8000 series refer to IB02601003E.
1.3. Applicability
This manual applies to the Power Xpert Meter and display in the following congurations:
Power Xpert PXM4000 Meter
Power Xpert PXM6000 Meter

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1 Introduction
Power Xpert PXM8000 Meter
PXD-MMG Graphic Display Module
PX-PMBA - Panel Mounting Bracket Assembly
PXMCE-B Communication Expansion Card
PXMIO-B Digital I/O CardSafety Precautions
All safety codes, safety standards and/or regulations must be strictly observed in the installation,
operation and maintenance of this device.
WARNINGS refer to a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious
injury.
CAUTIONS refer to a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in equipment damage.
WARNINGS
SHOCK HAZARDS:
IMPROPER INSTALLATION CAN CAUSE DEATH, INJURY AND/OR EQUIPMENT DAMAGE.
Follow all Warnings and Cautions. Completely read and understand the information in this docu-
ment before attempting to install or operate the equipment. Improper wiring could cause death,
injury and/or equipment damage. Only qualied personnel are to service the Power Xpert Meter.
TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURES MAY REQUIRE PROXIMITY TO EXPOSED ENERGIZED
(LIVE) ELECTRICAL WIRING AND/OR PARTS WHERE THE HAZARD OF FATAL ELECTRIC
SHOCK IS PRESENT.
Exercise extreme care to avoid injury or death. Always disconnect, lock-out and tag the current and
voltage sources and the control power supply circuit before touching the connections or compo-
nents on the rear face of the meter base unit.
FAILURE TO GROUND THE POWER XPERT METER MAY RESULT IN INJURY, DEATH OR
EQUIPMENT DAMAGE.
Properly ground the Power Xpert Meter during installation.
VOLTAGE
200ms rms and 1 cycle rms with half-cycle updates:
Van, Vbn, Vcn, Vng, Avg VLN,
Vab, Vbc, Vca, Avg VLL,
AUX (Vab, Vbc, Vca, Avg VLL) [PXM42xx, PXM62xx, PXM82xx]
Min/max with timestamp
Waveform
Sub-Cycle Disturbance Capture
Fast-Transient Capture 6Msps/channel (Vag, Vbg, Vcg, Vng) [PXM 8xxx]
Symmetrical Components [PXM6xxx, PXM8xxx]
Phasor Diagram
CURRENT
200ms rms and 1 cycle rms with half-cycle updates:
Ia, Ib, Ic, In, Ig, Avg I (abc)
Min/max with timestamp
Waveform
Symmetrical Components [PXM6xxx, PXM8xxx]
Phasor Diagram

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1 Introduction
POWER
200ms rms:
Real per-phase and system (kW)
Apparent per-phase and system (kVA)
Reactive per-phase and system (kvar)
Demand
Real Forward, Reverse, Net, Sum (kW)
Apparent (kVA)
Reactive Delivered, Received, Net, Sum (kvar)
Current (Amperes)
POWER FACTOR
Apparent (True) per-phase and system
Displacement per-phase and system
FREQUENCY (OF VAG)
10-100Hz and 350-450Hz
ENERGY
Real Forward, Reverse, Net, Sum (kWh)
Apparent (kVAh)
Reactive Delivered, Received, net, Sum (kvarh)
Current (Ah)
Time of Use Rates A, B, C, D, Total (Energy and Demand)
Energy Prole (2 month comparison)
QUALITY
Power Quality Index (worst of 6 weighted PQ components)
dv/dt count, %TDDi, %THDv (all models); Sag level , Swell level and Flicker (6000
and 8000 series only),
Indicates Normal, Caution, and Alert levels
Latest 10 minutes
Latest 24 hours
K-Factor of phase current
Crest Factor of phase current
Flicker Perceptibility, Pst, and Plt of Van, Vbn, Vcn, Vab, Vbc, and Vca
[PXM 6xxx, PXM 8xxx]
Harmonics
Ia, Ib, Ic, In, Van, Vbn, Vcn, Vab, Vbc, Vca
Harmonic Distortion in Amps, Volts, %TDD, %THD (total available on all models)
Harmonic Distortion in Amps, Volts, %TDD, %THD (even, odd, inter-haermonic available on
the 6000 and 8000 Series
Harmonic spectrum (1-85th harmonic)
Inter-Harmonic spectrum (5Hz resolution) [availale on the 6000 and 8000 Series]

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1 Introduction
TREND
Each of 145 attributes trended automatically for min, max, and average at 5 different intervals.
Five years of 5-minute trend data is available as sets of weekly les.
Zoom 1: Every 5 minutes for 48 hours (2 days) [9 weeks as .csv les via FTP]
Zoom 2: Every 15 minutes for 192 hours (8 days)
Zoom 3: Every 1 hour for 28 days (4 weeks)
Zoom 4: Every 8 hours for 56 weeks 13 months)
Zoom 5: Every week for 44 months
EVENTS
Timestamped Waveforms and Captured Parameters
ITIC curve for Sag and Swell events (available on the 6000 and 8000 Series)
Log of triggered events, new min/max, resets, and setting changes
21 Waveform channels; 4 line-to-ground Voltage, 3 line-to-neutral Voltage, 3 line-to-line
Voltage, 5 phase Amps, 3 AUX line-to-line Voltage [PXM42xx, PXM62xx, PXM82xx], and 3
AUX line-to-ground Voltage [PXM42xx, PXM62xx, PXM82xx]
OUT OF LIMITS EVENT TRIGGERS
Any per-phase or system value in the following categories:
Current, Voltage, Power, Power Factor, Frequency, Harmonic Distortion, 9s of Availability/
Compliance calculation based upon any/all triggers selected for Performance (all models)
Flicker, Voltage Unbalance, and Current Unbalance. Symmetrical component (available on
the 6000 and 8000 Series)
DEMAND OVERLOAD TRIGGERS
Real Forward, Reverse, Net, Sum (kW)
Apparent (kVA)
Reactive Delivered, Received, Net, Sum (kvar)
Current (Amperes)
SUBCYCLE DISTURBANCE TRIGGERS
Absolute and dv/dt thresholds based upon 30.72ksps
FAST TRANSIENT TRIGGERS
Absolute and dv/dt thresholds based upon 6Msps (available on the 8000 Series)
1.4. Power Xpert Software Subscription
Each meter can be joined to a single Power Xpert Software system via subscription. Do not sub-
scribe to the same meter from multiple instances of Power Xpert Software.

Page 6 IM02601004E www.eaton.
1 Introduction
Description Catalog #
Digital I/O Card: 8 digital Input, 2 Solid Output, 3 Relay Output PXMIO-B
Comms Expansion Card: Ethernet 100FX, 10/100T, RS-485, RS-232 PXMCE-B
Graphic Display Module PXD-MMG
Panel Mounting Bracket assembly required for back-to-back meter to display mounting PX-PMBA
Power Expert Meter 4000 to 6000 License Upgrade Key PXM-4KUPG
Note: Only cards with a catalog number beginning with PXM are compatible with the
PXM4000/6000/8000 meter.
Power Xpert Meter PXM 4000/6000/8000 Meter Accessories
Power Xpert® Meter 4000/6000/8000 Catalog Numbering System
PXM 8 1 0 5A B
1 B
Card Slot 3 Con-gur ation
A= No Card Option
B= I/O Option Card (8 Digital Inputs, 2
Solid State Outputs, 3 Relay Outputs)
Card Slot 2 Con-gur ation
A= No Card Option
B= Communication Expansion Card
w/100/1000Base-T, 100F, RS-485,
RS-232 Ports
Card Slot 1 Con-gur ation
1= Standard Communications
Module with RS-485
Model Series
4= 4000 (Standard Power Quality), 2GB
6= 6000 (Enhanced Power Quality), 4GB
8= 8000 (Premium PQ w/ Transient
Capture), 8GB
0= Standard (V1, V2, V3, V4)
2= Standard Plus Auxilary (V6, V7, V8)
Voltage Input Con-gur ation
1= Standard 100-240 VAC or 110-250
VDC Power Supply
Voltage Input Con-gur ation
The example above represents a PXM8000 Meter, with Standard AC Power Conguration, and with a Communication Expan-
sion Card and I/O Option Card.
Catalog Numbering System

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1 Introduction
1.5. AC Power Measurement Concepts Used in this Manual
There are three types of power systems we’ll discuss:
• Single-Phase
• Three-Phase
• Poly-Phase
SINGLE-PHASE
Single-Phase power distribution systems are two-wire systems used to supply 120 VAC
(measured from line-to-neutral). Such systems are typically used for lighting, heating, data
equipment, and small appliances. This conguration is usually found in residential and of-
ce environments. For higher loads, such as larger resistance heaters used in water heat-
ers, electric dryers, and the like, three-wire, single-phase systems are used that provide
240 VAC (measured from line-to-line).
Two and Three-Wire Single Phase Wiring
LineNeutral
Line 1 Neutral Line 2
Single-Phase Power Equations
The following equations provide the basis for calculating Power (W), Reactive Power
(VAR) and Apparent Power in single-phase systems. You’ll see these terms used through-
out the manual when discussing AC power measurement.
Power (W) within a two-wire, single-phase system is calculated as:
Where:
V is Potential
I is Current
cos is the phase difference between the Current and the Potential.
Power for a three-wire, single-phase system is calculated as:

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1 Introduction
Where the phase difference between the Current and the Potential is the result of a non-resistive
load, which can be either capacitive or reactive.
Reactive Power (VAR) is dened as any additional power consumed by the load that doesn’t do
any actual work. You can think of this as a measure of the inefciency of the system. VAR is calcu-
lated as:
Apparent Power (VA) is dened as the total power that’s delivered to the load. It’s the vector sum
of the Power (W) and the Reactive Power (VAR).
Power Factor (PF) is the ratio between Power (W) and the Apparent Power (VA). Ideally, the power
factor should be 1; however, this can only occur if there are no inductive loads. In actuality, many
loads are inductive and capacitors are installed to correct a poor Power Factor. Power Factor (PF)
is calculated as:
THREE-PHASE
Three-phase is typically used for power transmission, but is also often used to power motors and
other industrial or commercial equipment. In three-phase systems, three conductors carry three
alternating currents of the same frequency. One conductor is the reference and the remaining con-
ductors have their currents delayed by one-third and two-thirds of a cycle.
Three-Phase Current
Phase A Phase C
Phase B
Typically, three-phase systems use either a Delta connection or a Wye conncetion, as shown in the
following gure:
Typical Three-Phase Systems
B
A
C
A
N
BC
4-Wire “Wye” 3-Wire “Delta”

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1 Introduction
The following equation denes the voltage levels between the phases:
Three-phase systems are distributed in different voltages, depending on load factors, which typi-
cally are:
• 208 VAC
• 480 VAC
• 2,400 VAC
• 4,160 VAC
• 6,900 VAC
• 13,800 VAC
POLY-PHASE
To measure power in a poly-phase system, one must apply Blondel’s Theorem. This states that in a
system having N conductors, N-1 properly connected meter elements will provide a measurement
of electrical power. Properly connected means that all potential coils must have a common tie to the
conductor to which there is no current coil. Typically, poly-phase systems are congured as either a
Delta or a Wye connection.
UNDERSTANDING POWER CONCEPTS
The following denes power consumption, demand, power factor, waveforms, and harmonics.
Consumption The total electrical energy used over a period of time. This is typically
measured in Wh (or more likely, kWh). It is dened by the following formula,
which utilities use to calculate power consumption within a specied billing
period (T). W in this equation is instantaneous power.
Wh=WXT
Demand The average energy consumed over a specied time period. Utilities deter-
mine exactly what that period of time is, and it’s typically either 15 or 30 min-
utes. This measurement deviates from average consumption, which forces
utilities to provide sufcient generating capacity to satisfy this measurement.
Power Factor A poor power factor, transferred over a distribution network, results in a loss
of energy. Utilities monitor this and penalize customers for poor power factor
in an effort to force them to improve their systems.
Waveforms Ideally, power distribution systems should exhibit sinusoidal waveforms
for both current and voltage. However, real-world applications have power
consuming devices that create distortions. Such distortions are harmonics of
the fundamental frequency. Harmonic distortion is something to avoid as it
poses a safety hazard, reduces the working life of distribution transformers,
and interferes with electronic equipment.
Some of the terms and concepts you’ll encounter in this manual are:
Sinusoidal Waveforms: This is dened by the following equation:
Distorted Waveforms: This is dened by the following:

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Percent of Total Hamonic Distortion: Dened by the following:
SIGN CONVENTIONS
The sign of Watts, vars and PF are related to the phase angle between the voltage and current
waveforms. As shown, the PXM 4000/6000/8000 meters indicate positive Watts, vars and PF for
consumed power. Within this standard, motors consume both Watts and vars (i.e. a lagging current
as measured at the load has +W, +var and +PF).
For power measured at the source, generated Watts and vars are negative, but the sign of PF is
consistent with what it is as measured at the load.
A 3-phase motor load is illustrated in the following phaser diagram with an ABC counterclockwise rotation.

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1 Introduction

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1 Introduction
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
Symmetrical components are commonly used for analysis of three-phase electrical power
systems. Phase vectors are expressed as sets of phasors, either as real or quadrature or
magnitude and phase. For example, a vector for three-phase voltages could be written as
Vabc.
.
and the three symmetrical component phasors arranged into a vector as V012.:
where Vois the zero-sequence of component (the portion of voltage with no rotation)
where V1is the positive-seqience component (the portion of voltage with abc rotation)
where V2 is the negative-sequence component (the portion of voltage with abc rotation).
A phase rotation operator ...... is dened to rotate a phasor vector forward by 120 de-
grees. As a result ...... 2 is a phase rotation of 240 degrees.
A materix “A” can be dened using this operator to transform the phase vector into sym-
metrical components.
The phase voltages are generated by the sequence equation: Vabc = A • V12.
Conversely, the sequence components are generated from the analysis equations V012 =
A-1 • Vabc .
While the analysis of symmetrical components is primarily focused on voltage, the analy-
sis of current is equally valid.
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT UNBALANCE
When individual phases of a three-phase system diffeer, an unbalance results. Further-
more, harmonic distortion can also result in unbalance. The measure of unbalance is the
ratio of the negative-sequence to the positive-sequence components and is represented
as a percentage.