FLIR ThermaCAM P45 User manual

nual – Benutzerhandbuch – Manual del usuario – Manuel de l’utilisateur – Manuale dell’utente – Manual do utilizador – Felhasználói kézikönyv – Käyttäjän opas – Betjenings-
dning – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – Bruksanvisning– Kullanım Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – Gebruikershandleiding
User’s manual – Benutzerhandbuch – Manual del usuario – Manuel de l’utilisateur – Manuale dell’utente – Manual do utilizador – Felhas-
ználói kézikönyv – Käyttäjän opas – Betjeningsvejledning – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – Bruksanvisning– Kullanım
Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – Gebruikershandleiding
ThermaCAM™ P45
User’s manual
1557966Publ. No.
a155Revision
English (EN)Language
February 6, 2006Issue date

Warnings & cautions 1
Important note about this manual 2
Welcome! 3
Packing list 4
System overview 5
Connecting system components 6
Introduction to thermographic inspections of
electrical installations 7
Tutorials 8
Camera overview 9
Camera program 10
Folder and file structure 11
Electrical power system 12
A note on LEMO connectors 13
Maintenance & cleaning 14
Troubleshooting 15

Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 16
Glossary 17
Thermographic measurement techniques 18
History of infrared technology 19
Theory of thermography 20
The measurement formula 21
Emissivity tables 22

ThermaCAM™ P45
User’s manual
Publ. No. 1557966 Rev. a155 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 6, 2006

Legal disclaimer
All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the
delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with
FLIR Systems instruction.
All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty,
if any, of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to
misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage. The
purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.
FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in
material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose.
FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort
or any other legal theory.
Copyright
© FLIR Systems, 2006. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed
or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.
This manual must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine
readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.
Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks, trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective
owners.
Quality assurance
The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the
ISO 9001 standard.
FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on
any of the products described in this manual without prior notice.
Patents
This product is protected by patents, design patents, patents pending, or design patents pending.
One or several of the following patents, design patents, patents pending, or design patents pending apply to the products and/or features
described in this manual:
Reg. No.StatusDesignation
00809178.1ApplicationChina
01823221.3ApplicationChina
01823226.4ApplicationChina
235308Design PatentChina
ZL02331553.9Design PatentChina
ZL02331554.7Design PatentChina
200530018812.0PendingChina
1188086PatentEPC
01930377.5ApplicationEPO
01934715.2ApplicationEPO
27282912ApplicationEPO
000279476-0001Design PatentEU
1188086PatentFrance
viii Publ. No. 1557966 Rev. a155 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 6, 2006

Reg. No.StatusDesignation
60004227.8PatentGermany
106017Design PatentGreat Britain
3006596Design PatentGreat Britain
3006597Design PatentGreat Britain
1188086PatentGreat Britain
DM/057692Design PatentInternational
DM/061609Design PatentInternational
2000-620406ApplicationJapan
2002-588123ApplicationJapan
2002-588070ApplicationJapan
1144833Design PatentJapan
1182246Design PatentJapan
1182620Design PatentJapan
2005-020460PendingJapan
PCT/SE01/00983ApplicationPCT
PCT/SE01/00984ApplicationPCT
PCT/SE02/00857ApplicationPCT
PCT/SE03/00307ApplicationPCT
PCT/SE/00/00739ApplicationPCT
0302837-0ApplicationSweden
68657Design PatentSweden
75530Design PatentSweden
518836PatentSweden
522971PatentSweden
524024PatentSweden
09/576266ApplicationU.S.
10/476,217ApplicationU.S.
10/476,760ApplicationU.S.
466540Design PatentU.S.
483782Design PatentU.S.
484155Design PatentU.S.
5,386,117PatentU.S.
5,637,871PatentU.S.
5,756,999PatentU.S.
6,028,309PatentU.S.
6,707,044PatentU.S.
6,812,465PatentU.S.
Publ. No. 1557966 Rev. a155 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 6, 2006

Reg. No.StatusDesignation
29/233,400PendingU.S.
xPubl. No. 1557966 Rev. a155 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 6, 2006

Table of contents
11 Warnings & cautions ......................................................................................................................
32 Important note about this manual .................................................................................................
53Welcome! .........................................................................................................................................
63.1 About FLIR Systems .............................................................................................................
83.1.1 A few images from our facilities ............................................................................
103.2 Comments & questions ........................................................................................................
114 Packing list ......................................................................................................................................
135 System overview .............................................................................................................................
156 Connecting system components ..................................................................................................
156.1 Front connectors ..................................................................................................................
166.2 Rear connectors ...................................................................................................................
177 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations ......................................
177.1 Important note ......................................................................................................................
177.2 General information ..............................................................................................................
177.2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................
187.2.2 General equipment data .......................................................................................
197.2.3 Inspection .............................................................................................................
197.2.4 Classification & reporting ......................................................................................
207.2.5 Priority ...................................................................................................................
207.2.6 Repair ....................................................................................................................
217.2.7 Control ..................................................................................................................
227.3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations ...............
227.3.1 How to correctly set the equipment .....................................................................
227.3.2 Temperature measurement ...................................................................................
247.3.3 Comparative measurement ..................................................................................
257.3.4 Normal operating temperature .............................................................................
267.3.5 Classification of faults ...........................................................................................
287.4 Reporting ..............................................................................................................................
307.5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations ...........................................................
307.5.1 Reflections ............................................................................................................
307.5.2 Solar heating .........................................................................................................
317.5.3 Inductive heating ...................................................................................................
317.5.4 Load variations ......................................................................................................
327.5.5 Varying cooling conditions ...................................................................................
337.5.6 Resistance variations ............................................................................................
337.5.7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another ......................................
357.6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations ........................
357.6.1 Wind ......................................................................................................................
357.6.2 Rain and snow ......................................................................................................
367.6.3 Distance to object .................................................................................................
377.6.4 Object size ............................................................................................................
397.7 Practical advice for the thermographer ................................................................................
397.7.1 From cold to hot ...................................................................................................
397.7.2 Rain showers ........................................................................................................
397.7.3 Emissivity ..............................................................................................................
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407.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature ...........................................................................
407.7.5 Object too far away ...............................................................................................
418Tutorials ...........................................................................................................................................
418.1 Switching on & switching off the camera .............................................................................
428.2 Working with images & folders .............................................................................................
428.2.1 Acquiring an image ...............................................................................................
428.2.2 Opening an image ................................................................................................
428.2.3 Deleting one or several images ............................................................................
428.2.4 Navigating in folders .............................................................................................
438.2.5 Create a new folder ...............................................................................................
438.2.6 Freezing & unfreezing an image ...........................................................................
438.2.7 Saving an image ...................................................................................................
448.3 Working with measurements ................................................................................................
448.3.1 Laying out & moving a spot ..................................................................................
448.3.2 Laying out & moving an box .................................................................................
448.3.3 Laying out & moving a circle ................................................................................
458.3.4 Laying out & moving a line ...................................................................................
458.3.5 Creating & changing an isotherm ........................................................................
458.3.6 Resizing a measurement marker ..........................................................................
468.3.7 Moving a measurement marker ............................................................................
478.4 Working with alarms .............................................................................................................
478.4.1 Setting the reference temperature ........................................................................
488.4.2 Setting up a silent alarm .......................................................................................
488.4.3 Setting up an audible alarm .................................................................................
508.5 Changing level & span .........................................................................................................
508.5.1 Changing the level ................................................................................................
508.5.2 Changing the span ...............................................................................................
518.6 Changing system settings ....................................................................................................
518.6.1 Changing the language ........................................................................................
518.6.2 Changing the temperature unit .............................................................................
518.6.3 Changing the date format .....................................................................................
518.6.4 Changing the time format .....................................................................................
528.6.5 Changing date & time ...........................................................................................
538.7 Working with the camera ......................................................................................................
538.7.1 Mounting an additional lens .................................................................................
548.7.2 Camera setup when using the Protective Window (P/N 1 194 977) ....................
548.7.3 Focusing the camera using autofocus .................................................................
548.7.4 Focusing the camera manually ............................................................................
548.7.5 Using the electronic zoom ....................................................................................
558.7.6 Inserting & removing the battery ..........................................................................
558.7.6.1 Inserting the battery ..........................................................................
558.7.6.2 Removing the battery ........................................................................
579 Camera overview ............................................................................................................................
579.1 Camera parts ........................................................................................................................
649.2 Keypad buttons & functions .................................................................................................
669.3 Autofocus ..............................................................................................................................
679.4 Camera status LCD ..............................................................................................................
689.5 Laser LocatIR ........................................................................................................................
6910 Camera program .............................................................................................................................
6910.1 Screen objects ......................................................................................................................
6910.1.1 Result table ...........................................................................................................
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7010.1.2 Status bar ..............................................................................................................
7010.1.3 Temperature scale ................................................................................................
7010.1.4 System messages .................................................................................................
7010.1.4.1 Status messages ...............................................................................
7110.1.4.2 Warning messages ...........................................................................
7210.2 Menu system ........................................................................................................................
7210.2.1 Navigating in the menu system ............................................................................
7310.2.2 File menu ..............................................................................................................
7310.2.2.1 Images ...............................................................................................
7410.2.2.2 Save ...................................................................................................
7410.2.2.3 Periodic save .....................................................................................
7510.2.2.4 Voice comment .................................................................................
7710.2.3 Analysis menu .......................................................................................................
7710.2.3.1 Edit mode ..........................................................................................
7710.2.3.2 Add spot ............................................................................................
7910.2.3.3 Add box .............................................................................................
8110.2.3.4 Add circle ..........................................................................................
8310.2.3.5 Add line .............................................................................................
8510.2.3.6 Add isotherm .....................................................................................
8710.2.3.7 Add diff ..............................................................................................
8710.2.3.8 Remove all .........................................................................................
8810.2.3.9 Obj par ...............................................................................................
8810.2.3.10 Deactivate local par. ..........................................................................
8910.2.4 Image menu ..........................................................................................................
8910.2.4.1 Freeze/Live ........................................................................................
8910.2.4.2 Range ................................................................................................
8910.2.4.3 Level/Span .........................................................................................
8910.2.4.4 Manual adjust / Continuous adjust ...................................................
9010.2.4.5 Palette ................................................................................................
9010.2.4.6 Hide graphics ....................................................................................
9110.2.5 Setup menu ...........................................................................................................
9110.2.5.1 Image .................................................................................................
9210.2.5.2 Difference ..........................................................................................
9310.2.5.3 Save ...................................................................................................
9510.2.5.4 Alarm .................................................................................................
9610.2.5.5 Power .................................................................................................
9610.2.5.6 Status bar ..........................................................................................
9710.2.5.7 Buttons ..............................................................................................
9810.2.5.8 Date/time ...........................................................................................
9910.2.5.9 Local settings ....................................................................................
9910.2.5.10 Camera info .......................................................................................
9910.2.5.11 Factory default ...................................................................................
10111 Folder and file structure ...............................................................................................................
10312 Electrical power system .................................................................................................................
10412.1 Internal battery charging ......................................................................................................
10512.2 External battery charging .....................................................................................................
10612.3 Battery safety warnings ........................................................................................................
10913 A note on LEMO connectors .........................................................................................................
10913.1 How to connect & disconnect LEMO connectors ................................................................
11114 Maintenance & cleaning ................................................................................................................
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11114.1 Camera body, cables & accessories ....................................................................................
11114.2 Lenses ...................................................................................................................................
11315 Troubleshooting ..............................................................................................................................
11516 Technical specifications & dimensional drawings ......................................................................
11516.1 Imaging performance ...........................................................................................................
11516.2 Detector ................................................................................................................................
11516.3 Image presentation ...............................................................................................................
11516.4 Temperature ranges .............................................................................................................
11516.5 Correction parameters ..........................................................................................................
11616.6 Laser LocatIR ........................................................................................................................
11616.7 Electrical power system ........................................................................................................
11616.8 Environmental specifications ...............................................................................................
11616.9 Physical specifications .........................................................................................................
11716.10 Interfaces & connectors .......................................................................................................
11716.11 Pin configurations .................................................................................................................
11716.11.1 Headset connector ...............................................................................................
11816.11.2 RS-232/USB connector ........................................................................................
11916.11.3 Remote control connector ....................................................................................
11916.11.4 Power connector ...................................................................................................
12016.11.5 CVBS connector ...................................................................................................
12016.11.6 S-Video connector ................................................................................................
12116.12 Relationship between fields of view and distance ...............................................................
13616.13 Basic dimensions – battery charger .....................................................................................
13716.14 Basic dimensions – battery ..................................................................................................
13816.15 Basic dimensions – camera .................................................................................................
13916.16 Basic dimensions – camera .................................................................................................
14117 Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................
14518 Thermographic measurement techniques ...................................................................................
14518.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................
14518.2 Emissivity ..............................................................................................................................
14618.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .......................................................................
14618.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature .......................
14818.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity ...................................................
14918.3 Reflected apparent temperature ..........................................................................................
14918.4 Distance ................................................................................................................................
14918.5 Relative humidity ..................................................................................................................
14918.6 Other parameters ..................................................................................................................
15119 History of infrared technology ......................................................................................................
15520 Theory of thermography ................................................................................................................
15520.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................
15520.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................................
15620.3 Blackbody radiation ..............................................................................................................
15720.3.1 Planck’s law ..........................................................................................................
15820.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ......................................................................................
16020.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law .........................................................................................
16020.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters .......................................................................................
16320.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials .....................................................................................
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16521 The measurement formula .............................................................................................................
17122 Emissivity tables .............................................................................................................................
17122.1 References ............................................................................................................................
17122.2 Important note about the emissivity tables ..........................................................................
17122.3 Tables ....................................................................................................................................
187Index ................................................................................................................................................
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xvi Publ. No. 1557966 Rev. a155 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 6, 2006

1 Warnings & cautions
10474103;a1
■This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if
not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause inter-
ference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the
limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules,
which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference
when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in a
residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own
expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct
the interference.
■An infrared camera is a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector.
Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources – such as devices
emitting laser radiation, or reflections from such devices – may affect the accuracy
of the camera readings, or even harm – or irreparably damage – the detector. Note
that this sensitivity is also present when the camera is switched off and the lens
cap is mounted on the lens.
■Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping. It is advisable that
the camera is sent in for calibration once a year.
■For protective reasons, the LCD (where applicable) will be switched off if the detector
temperature exceeds +60 °C (+149 °F) and the camera will be switched off if the
detector temperature exceeds +68 °C (+154.4 °F).
■The camera requires a warm-up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements
(where applicable) can be expected.
■In certain outdoor conditions, the sun can enter the eyepiece and cause damage
to the LCD. Use an eyepiece protector when you expect to be using the camera
for extended periods of time in outdoor sunlit environments.
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1 – Warnings & cautions

2Important note about this manual
As far as it is practically possible, FLIR Systems configures each manual to reflect
each customer’s particular camera configuration. However, please note the following
exceptions:
■The packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more
or less items
■FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and
other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice
■In some cases, the manual may describe features that are not available in your
particular camera configuration
2
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