GHM GREISINGER GMK 100 User manual

H68.0.01.6C-06
GHM GROUP - Greisinger
GHM Messtechnik GmbH | Hans-Sachs-Str. 26 | 93128 Regenstauf | GERMANY
Tel.: [phone] | [email protected] | www.greisinger.de
Operating Manual
Capacitive moisture measurement device
for non-destructive measurement
as of version 1.3
GMK 100

Please carefully read these
instructions before use!
WEEE-Reg.-Nr. DE 93889386

Please consider the safety instructions!

Please keep for future reference!
For non-destructive measurement

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 2 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
Index
1GENERAL NOTE .......................................................................................................................................3
2SAFETY........................................................................................................................................................3
2.1 INTENDED USE.........................................................................................................................................3
2.2 SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS...................................................................................................................3
2.3 REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE........................................................................................................4
2.4 SAFETY GUIDELINES.................................................................................................................................4
3PRODUCT DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................................................4
3.1 SCOPE OF SUPPLY.....................................................................................................................................4
3.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ADVICE..................................................................................................4
4DISPLAY AND CONTROL ELEMENTS................................................................................................5
4.1 DISPLAY ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................5
4.2 CONTROL ELEMENTS................................................................................................................................5
4.3 MEASURING SPOT:REAR SIDE ..................................................................................................................5
5START OF OPERATION ..........................................................................................................................5
6MEASUREMENT BASICS........................................................................................................................6
6.1 MEASURING FIELD &DEPTH.....................................................................................................................6
6.2 MOISTURE RATING (‘WET’ -‘MEDIUM’ -‘DRY’).............................................................................6
6.3 HOLD THE DEVICE....................................................................................................................................7
6.4 CHARACTERISTICS AND MATERIALS.........................................................................................................7
6.5 ZEROING FUNCTION..................................................................................................................................8
7WOOD MEASURING ................................................................................................................................8
8PLASTER MEASURING...........................................................................................................................8
9FLOOR SCREED MEASUREMENT.......................................................................................................8
10 PLASTERBOARD MEASUREMENT..................................................................................................9
11 MEASUREMENT OF OTHER MATERIALS.....................................................................................9
12 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO MOISTURE MEASUREMENT.............................................9
12.1 MOISTURE U AND WATER CONTENT W...................................................................................................9
12.2 CM-MOISTURE.....................................................................................................................................9
13 CONFIGURATION OF THE DEVICE...............................................................................................10
14 ADJUSTMENT.......................................................................................................................................11
15 ACCURACY INSPECTION: ADJUSTMENT /UPDATE SERVICE..............................................12
16 ERROR AND SYSTEM MESSAGES.................................................................................................12
17 RESHIPMENT AND DISPOSAL.........................................................................................................12
17.1 RESHIPMENT.......................................................................................................................................12
17.2 DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS....................................................................................................................12
18 TECHNICAL DATA..............................................................................................................................13
ADDENDUM A: WOOD TYPES TABLE ....................................................................................................14

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 3 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
1 General Note
Read this document carefully and get used to the operation of the device before you use it. Keep
this document within easy reach near the device for consulting in case of doubt
2 Safety
2.1 Intended Use
The device is designed for measurements of moisture (%u) and water content (%w) of materials
with flat surface and a thickness of at least 10mm.
The measurement takes place at an insulated measuring spot at the rear side of the device.
Applicable for:
wood
concrete and floor screed
plaster
etc.
The device must be used only according to its intended purpose and under suitable conditions.
Personnel which starts up, operates and maintains the device has to have sufficient knowledge of
the measuring procedure and the meaning of the resulting measured values, this manual delivers a
valuable help for this. The instructions of the manual have to be understood, regarded and followed.
To be sure that there´s no risk arising due to misinterpretation of measured values, the operator
must have further knowledge in case of doubt - the user is liable for any harm/damage resulting
from misinterpretation due to insufficient knowledge.
The manufacturer will assume no liability or warranty in case of usage for other purpose than the
intended one, ignoring this manual, operating by unqualified staff as well as unauthorized
modifications to the device.
Use the device carefully and according to its technical data (do not throw it, strike it, …)
Protect the device from dirt.
2.2 Safety signs and symbols
Warnings are labeled in this document with the followings signs:
Caution! This symbol warns of imminent danger, death, serious
injuries and significant damage to property at non-observance.
Attention! This symbol warns of possible dangers or dangerous
situations which can provoke damage to the device or
environment at non-observance.
Note! This symbol point out processes which can indirectly
influence operation, possibly cause incorrect measurement or
provoke unforeseen reactions at non-observance.

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 4 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
2.3 Reasonably foreseeable misuse
This device must not be used at potentially explosive areas!
The device must not be used at a patient for diagnosis or any other medical purpose!
Do not use these products as safety or emergency stop devices or in any other
application where failure of the product could result in personal injury or material
damage.
Any failure to comply with these instructions could result in death, serious injury and material
damage.
The measuring principle implies that both water and metal are influencing the display value.
Eventually existing metal structures may have negative effect to the measuring, please consider the
Measurement Basics (chapter 6).
2.4 Safety guidelines
This device has been designed and tested in accordance with the safety regulations for electronic
devices. However, its trouble-free operation and reliability cannot be guaranteed unless the
standard safety measures and special safety advises given in this manual will be adhered to when
using the device.
1. Trouble-free operation and reliability of the device can only be guaranteed if the device is not
subjected to any other climatic conditions than those stated under "Specification".
If the device is transported from a cold to a warm environment condensation may cause in a
failure of the function. In such a case make sure the device temperature has adjusted to the
ambient temperature before trying a new start-up.
2. If there is a risk whatsoever involved in running it, the device has to be switched off
immediately and to be marked accordingly to avoid re-starting.
Operator safety may be a risk if:
- there is visible damage to the device
- the device is not working as specified
- the device has been stored under unsuitable conditions for a longer time.
In case of doubt, please return device to manufacturer for repair or maintenance.
3 Product Description
3.1 Scope of supply
The scope of supply includes:
GMK 100
9V - battery
Operating manual
Short manual
3.2 Operation and maintenance advice
Battery powered supply
If ‘bAt’ is shown in the lower display the battery has been used up and needs to be replaced.
However, the device will operate correctly for a certain time.
The battery has to be taken out, when storing device above 50°C.
We recommend taking out battery if device is not used for a longer period of time.

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 5 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
4 Display and Control Elements
4.1 Display elements
1: Main display
Display of the current moisture or water
content
2: Material display
The name of the selected material
characteristic curve is displayed.
3: Moisture rating
Moisture rating via bar graph.
4: HLD
The measuring value is ‘frozen‘ (hold-key)
4.2 Control elements
Key 1:
on/off key,
Press long: switch device off
Press shortly: activation of backlight
p.r.t. chapter13, „Li“
Key 2:
sort up
Material selection: upwards, p.r.t. chapter 6.4
Key 3:
hold:
press shortly: The measuring current value is ‚frozen‘ (hold-
function), ‘HLD’ is displayed
press for 2sec.: Zeroing function (p.r.t. chapter 6.5)
Key 2 and 3
together:
sort down
Material selection: downwards, p.r.t. chapter 6.4
Depth switch:
(on the right side)
Sliding switch up: ca. 10 mm measuring depth (d 10)
Sliding switch down: ca. 25 mm measuring depth (d 25)
After changing the measuring depth “d 10” (for 10mm) or
“d 25” (for 25 mm) is briefly displayed.
4.3 Measuring spot: rear side
Rear side of device:
The entire light grey surface has to lie on the measured material
without any air gap.
The areas “10 mm” (dark grey) and “25 mm” (white) mark the
area under that it is predominantly measured.
5 Start of Operation
Switch the device on with the key .
After segment test the device displays some information to its configuration:
S. 10 if there is a slope adjustment for the 10 mm measurement (p.r.t. chapter 14)
S.20 if there is a slope adjustment for the 25 mm measurement (p.r.t. chapter 14)
P.OF if the automatic-off-function is activated (p.r.t chapter 13)
The device is ready for measuring afterwards.

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 6 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
6 Measurement Basics
6.1 Measuring field & depth
The device measures with an electric field (capacitive measuring method), which propagates from
the rear side downwards. The measuring depth can be changed between approx. 10 mm and 25
mm with the sliding switch.
Side view: measuring field and penetration depth for switch setting “10 mm”
Side view: measuring field and penetration depth for switch setting “25 mm”
The specifications for the penetration depth10 mm and 25 mm are just approximate values. The
actual depth will be the higher the wetter the measured material is. Therefore areas deeper than 25
mm will be measured in very wet materials and for switch setting 25 mm.
On the rear side the area is marked under that it is predominantly measured.
For precise measurements, the device has to lie on the measured material not only at
the marked measuring spot but at its whole rear side. If there is an air gap between
device and material the measured value will be too dry.
Here are some examples for measurements that are not precise at all. (Measured value too dry in
all cases):
False: wrinkled surface (extreme
example!)
False: unsteady surface
False: material too thin
6.2 Moisture rating (‘WET’ -‘MEDIUM’ -‘DRY’)
In addition to the measuring value there is a moisture rating via bar graph and acoustic signal (if
activated (p.r.t. chapter 13): Therefore the determination ‘wet or dry’ is easy and comfortable for
most applications and has no longer be deduced from literature and tables.
However, this rating can only be a first approximate value, because factors like the application field
of the measured material have to be taken into account for the final rating. This device cannot
completely replace the knowledge of an experienced craftsman or technical expert.

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 7 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
6.3 Hold the device
The water content of the hand has an impact on the measuring value, if the device is held
inappropriately.
The best results will be obtained if you lay the device down or hold it the way as shown in picture 3.
Picture 1: Held in a wrong way!
Picture 2: laid down –right!
Picture 3: Held in the right way!
6.4 Characteristics and materials
Material
Recommended depth switch setting
rEF
Reference characteristics
d.45
Wood, density = 450 kg/m3
d.50
Wood, density = 500 kg/m3
d.55
Wood, density = 550 kg/m3
d.60
Wood, density = 600 kg/m3
d.65
Wood, density = 650 kg/m3
d.70
Wood, density = 700 kg/m3
d.75
Wood, density = 750 kg/m3
d.80
Wood, density = 800 kg/m3
d.85
Wood, density = 850 kg/m3
d.90
Wood, density = 900 kg/m3
d.95
Wood, density = 950 kg/m3
d.99
Wood, density = 1000 kg/m3
bEt
Concrete (density ≈ca. 2.2 to/m3)
25 mm
E.ZE
Cement screed (density ≈2.2 to/m3)
25 mm
E.ZC
Cement-calcium sulfate-flowing screed
25 mm
E.An
Anhydrite screed
25 mm
P.Gi
Gypsum plaster
10 mm
P.2
Lime cement plaster
10 mm
You can find a list of different types of wood and their corresponding characteristics d.xx in the
addendum.
The materials are selected with these keys:
material selection upwards: press
Material selection downwards: press at the same time
The use of inappropriate characteristics can cause faulty measurements!

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 8 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
6.5 Zeroing function It is recommended to run regularly the zeroing function
for best measuring results:
Hold the device in the air as shown in the left picture
and press key “hold” for 2 seconds.
You can easily see whether the zero point is ok with
the “rEF” characteristics. If the device shows at air a
value <0.5 or >0.5 or “Er.4” with “rEF” characteristics
you have to run the zeroing function.
Please pay attention not to influence the
zeroing function with your hands. The
best way to ensure this is shown left.
NOTE: The zeroing function adjusts the zero-point for both 10 mm and 25 mm at the same time.
7 Wood Measuring
Choose material corresponding to your type of wood according to the table in addendum A.
Example: You want to measure Scots pine -> select material d.50
Best results are obtained if you measure crossways to the wood’s grain. (see right picture)
Unplaned and wrinkled surfaces are causing too low measuring results!
NOTE: Wood is a natural product. Its density fluctuates due to the tree’s
growth and flaws (knots, cracks, resin pockets, etc.). This may
lead to measuring errors up to several %u, because the
measurement depends on density.
If your kind of wood is not listed in addendum A, you have to know its
density (dry): for example a wood of density 0.68 kg/dm3 is measured with
material d.70 (approximate actual density to the next material 0.52 ->d.50,
0.53 -> d.55).
8 Plaster Measuring
Rough surfaces will influence the measuring results. Precise values are only
obtained at even surface and without any air gap between surface and device. Metal
grids can cause additional measuring faults.
Use measuring depth “10 mm” if you want to rate plaster moisture.
There are a lot of different products for plastering with highly varying densities. This can lead to
erroneous measurements, because the measurement significantly depends on density. Please
consider the notes of chapter 11 “Measurement of Other Materials” if you rate an unfamiliar plaster.
9 Floor screed Measurement
Use measuring depth “25 mm” for floor screed measurements to rate ideally the whole thickness of
the screed.
NOTE: Floor screed dries patchy and therefore areas may be differently wet. A big amount of
water has to be released upwards (evaporate) before you can tile it. The floor screed has
to be drier if a vapor-tight covering should be used as if it would be with a diffusion
permeable covering. Therefore the moisture rating of the device can only be a first
approximate value and the decision whether the floor is ready for further covering or not
cannot be based only on this rating.
Reinforcements (iron) or floor heating near the surface may cause erroneous measuring
results. Please consider chapter 12.2 CM-moisture.

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 9 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
10 Plasterboard Measurement
Plasterboard is usually relatively slim (i.e. 12.5mm) -> select measuring depth 10mm.
Screws, cables and constructions behind the plasterboard (supporting stand) may falsify
the measurement.
11 Measurement of Other Materials
The device has not saved characteristics for all materials. But even if there is no characteristic
curve for your material you can do significant relative measurements.
We recommend the material “rEF” (dimensionless digit-value, intentional no %u or %w display) for
this purpose.
For example if you want to evaluate water damage you can measure surely dry spot and an
evidently wet one (identifiable by salt efflorescence, water spots, mould growth, etc.). Then you can
compare the other measuring values with them and get the moisture distribution of your measuring
area or find the reason for the moisture penetration.
You do not need absolute values (%u or %w) for this.
NOTE: Please consider that the configuration of the measured wall (cavity block, cement joints,
reinforcements, etc.) may also influences the measuring values.
12 Additional Information to Moisture Measurement
12.1 Moisture u and water content w
Either moisture u or water content w is needed according to the application.
Carpenter, joiner, etc. normally use moisture u (relating to oven-dry mass)
Water content w is normally used for combustibles (i.e. wood briquette).
You can choose whether the device should use moisture or water content (p.r.t. chapter 13).
Moisture u (relating to oven-dry mass)
The unit is %u (also common: % atro, weight percent).
mass wet: mass of the sample (= total mass = masswater + mass dry)
mass water: mass of the water contained in the sample
mass dry: mass of the oven-dried sample after (water has been evaporated)
Example: 1kg wet wood that contains 500g water has a moisture u of 100%.
Water content w (= moisture relating to wet total mass)
The unit is %w
Example: 1kg wet wood that contains 500g water has a water content of 50%.
12.2 CM-Moisture
The CM-moisture (unit [CM%]) is often used for materials like floor screed. This moisture rating is
correlated to the moisture u: it is calculated by the same equations. It is measured by the CM-
method (destructive testing with high complexity). It is the only accredited measuring method
(besides the time-consuming oven-dry method) for floor screed measurements in Germany.
moisture u[%] = ( (mass wet - mass dry ) / mass dry) *100
or: moisture u[%] = (mass water / mass dry) *100
water content [%] = ( (mass wet - mass dry) / mass wet) *100
or: water content [%] = (mass water / mass wet) *100

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 10 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
The values measured with CM-method
and oven-dry method (%u) may differ for
some materials. Especially for building
materials containing cement CM-
measurements will always get lower
values than oven-dry measurements.
The conversion is material-dependent,
because the differences between both
values depend on the used product.
The conversion shown in the left picture
is a practicable approximation.
For gypsum, gypsum plaster and anhydrite screed the value %u equals approximately the CM-
value.
13 Configuration of the Device
Follow these instructions to configure the functions of the device:
Switch the device off.
Press and keep it pressed, while turning the device on (press shortly).
Release the sort-button not before the first parameter “P.OF” is displayed.
Set parameter with up or down .
Jump to the next parameter by pressing .
Parameter
Value
Information
button
buttons
P.OF
Auto Power-Off (turn-off delay) factory setting: 20 min.
1 …120
Auto Power-Off (turn-off delay) in minutes. If no key is pressed for the time
adjusted here, the device is automatically switched off (adjustable 1 …120 min)
OF
Auto power-off is deactivated (continuous operation)
UNI
Display unit factory setting: %u
%u
Measuring value displayed in moisture %u
%w
Measuring value displayed in water content %w
LI
Backlight factory setting: 5
OF
No backlight
5 …120
Backlight turns automatically off after 5 …120s (battery saving)
ON
Backlight always on as long as device is switched on
TON
Acoustic signal factory setting: on
OF
No acoustic signal
ON
Acoustic signal for moisture rating
INI
Restore factory settings
NO
Parameters are not changed to factory settings.
Go
ATTENTION: All parameter are changed to factory settings.
Press again to store changed settings, the device restarts (segment test).
NOTE: If there is no key pressed within the menu mode within 2 minutes, the configuration will be
cancelled, the entered settings are lost!
0
1
2
3
4
5
1234567
CM-%
% u
conversion [% u] to [CM-%]
for concrete and cement screeds

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 11 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
14 Adjustment
The accuracy can be checked with the testing probe PW 25 (optional accessories).
Select the material “rEF” and run the zeroing function (p.r.t. chapter 6.5).
Lay the device onto the testing cube. If the device displays a different value than the value printed
on the cube for the GMK 100, you can use the slope correction to adjust the device:
Displayed value rEF =(measured value rEF * (1 + slope correction / 100 )
Follow these instructions to adjust the device:
Switch the device off.
Press and keep it pressed, while turning the device on (press shortly).
Release the hold-button not before the first parameter “S. 10” is displayed.
Set parameter with up or down .
Jump to the next parameter by pressing .
Parameter
Value
Information
button
buttons
Slope correction for measuring depth 10 mm factory setting: of= 0%
OF
-19 … +19
Value of slope correction in %
Slope correction for measuring depth 25 mm factory setting: of= 0%
OF
-19 … +19
Value of slope correction in %
Press again to store changed settings, the device restarts (segment test).
NOTE: If there is no key pressed within the menu mode within 2 minutes, the configuration will
be cancelled, the entered settings are lost!

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 12 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
15 Accuracy Inspection: Adjustment /Update Service
You can send the device to the manufacture or retailer for adjustment and inspection.
Moreover the manufacturer can do the latest software update. This ensures that future
improvements are provided to owners of older devices in a cost-saving way. You can display the
current software version if you do not release the on/off button after you switched the device on, but
hold it for more than 5 seconds. (i.e. “r. 1.0”)
16 Error and System Messages
ER. 1
Value exceeding measuring range, value too high
ER. 4
Value below display range, (value < 19)
ER. 7
System error –the device has detected a system error (device defective or not
within working temperature)
The blinking bAt display indicates low battery voltage, device will continue to work
for a short time.
The battery is consumed and has to be changed. Measurements are no longer
possible.
17 Reshipment and Disposal
17.1 Reshipment
All devices returned to the manufacturer have to be free of any residual of
measuring media and other hazardous substances. Measuring residuals at
housing or sensor may be a risk for persons or environment.
Use an adequate transport package for reshipment, especially for fully functional
devices. Please make sure that the device is protected in the package by enough
packing materials. Add the completed reshipment form of the GHM website
http://www.ghm-messtechnik.de/downloads/ghm-formulare.html.
17.2 Disposal instructions
Batteries must not be disposed in the regular domestic waste but at the designated
collecting points.
The device must not be disposed in the unsorted municipal waste! Send the device
directly to us (sufficiently stamped), if it should be disposed. We will dispose the device
appropriate and environmentally sound.

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 13 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
18 Technical Data
Measurement
Method
Capacitive (=dielectric) measuring method, non-destructive
Depth
2 selectable: approx. 10 mm and approx. 25 mm
Materials
18 characteristic curves for wood and popular materials, additionally
reference curve for high-resolution relative measurements
Resolution
0.1 %; for more than 19.9 %: 1 % (for both %u and %w)
Range
Water content (w): 0.0 ... 50% (wood)
Material moisture (u): 0.0 … 100% (wood), 0.0…~8.0 (concrete etc.)
Moisture rating
Display: Rating of the moisture in 6 levels from WET to DRY
Acoustic: Signal tone, depending on moisture rating
Accuracy
The achievable accuracy depends significantly on the application and
the properties of the measured material!
Display
2 displays for material and measured value, backlight
Hold function
Press button to freeze current value.
Working temperature
-25 to 50 °C; 0 to 80 % RH (non condensing)
Storage temperature
-25 to 70 °C
Power supply
9 V-battery type IEC 6F22 (included)
Power consumption
(measurement)
Approx. 0.12 mA (battery life time: more than 2500 hours for alkaline
battery)
Power consumption
(backlight)
Approx. 2.5 mA (Backlight reduces battery life time! Automatic turn off
function is selectable)
Used battery display
“bAt” displayed if battery used, warning: “bAt” blinking
Auto off-function
Device will be automatically switched off if not operated for longer
time
(adjustable from 1..120min)
Housing
impact-resistant ABS plastic housing, front side IP65
Dimension
Approx. 106 x 67 x 30 mm (H x W x D)
Weight
Approx. 135g incl. battery
Directives and standards:
The instruments confirm to following European Directives:
2014/30/EU EMC Directive
2011/65/EU RoHS
Applied harmonized standards:
EN 61326-1 : 2013 emissions level: class B
emi immunity according to table A.1
Additional fault: <1%

H68.0.01.6C-06 Operating Manual GMK 100 page 14 of 14
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
Addendum A: Wood types table
english
lat.
charact.
Abachi
Triplochiton scleroxylon
d.45
Afzelia
Afzelia spp.
d.75
Ash, American-
Fraxinus americana
d.65
Ash, European-
Fraxinus excelsior
d.65
Ash, Manchurian-
Fraxinus mandshurica
d.60
Balau, Bangkirai-
Shorea laevis
d.90
Balau, Red-
Shorea guiso
d.85
Beech, European-
Fagus sylvatica
d.65
Bintangor
Calophyllum kajewskii
d.65
Birch,White-
Betula pubescens
d.60
Birch, Yellow-
Betula lutea
d.65
Bossè
Guarea cedrata
d.55
Bubinga
Guibourtia demeusii
d.85
Cedar, White
Melia azedarach
d.55
Cherry, Black-
Prunus serotina
d.60
Cherry, Wild-
Prunus avium
d.55
Cypressus
Cupressus spp.
d.45
Douglas-fir, Common-
Pseudotsuga menziesii
d.50
Douka
Thieghemella africana
d.65
Ebony
Diospyros spp.
d.99
Elm
Ulmus amer./Ulmus spp.
d.60
Fir, European Silver-
Abies alba
d.45
Fir, Grand-
Abies grandis
d.45
Fir, Pacific Silver-
Abies amabilis
d.45
Fir, Red-
Abies magnifica
d.45
Gum, Sweet
Liquidambar styraciflua
d.50
Hemlock
Tsuga heterophylla
d.45
Hickory
Carya spp.
d.75
Iroko
Chlorophora excesla
d.65
Jarrah
Eucalyptus marginata
d.75
Jelutong
Dyera costulata
d.45
Jeqituiba
Cariniana spp.
d.70
Kapur
Dryobalanops spp.
d.60
Karri
Eucalyptus diversicolor
d.85
Larch, European-
Larix decidua
d.55
Larch, Japanese-
Larix kaempferi
d.55
Larch, Western-
Larix occidentalis
d.55
Limba
Terminalia superba
d.50
Linden, American
Tilia americana
d.45
Linden, Common-
Tilia vulgaris
d.50
Locust, Black-
Robinia pseudoacacia
d.70
Magnolia, Cucumber-
Magnolia
acuminata/grandiflora
d.50
Mahogany
Swietenia spp.
d.50
Mahogany, African-
Khaya spp.
d.50
Mahogany, Philippine-
Parashorea plicata / Shorea
almon
d.50
Maple, New Guinea
Flindersia pimentelianan
d.55
Maple, Sugar-
Acer saccharum
d.70
english
lat.
charact.
Maple, Sycamore-
Acer pseudoplatanus
d.55
Mengkulang
Heritiera spp.
d.65
Meranti, Dark Red-
Shorea spp.
d.65
Meranti, White-
Shorea hypochra
d.55
Meranti, Yellow-
Shorea multiflora
d.55
Merawan
Hopea sulcala
d.70
Merbau
Intsia spp.
d.75
Mersawa
Anisoptera laevis
d.60
Messmate
Eucalyptus obliqua
d.80
Oak, Northern Red-
Quercus spp.
d.65
Oak, Sessile-
Quercus petraea
d.65
Oak, Sawtooth-
Quercus spp.
d.65
Oak, White-
Quercus spp.
d.65
Olive
Olea hochstetteri
d.85
Padouk, African-
Pterocarpus soyauxii
d.70
Paldao
Dracontomelum dao
d.65
Pine, Black-
Podocarpus spicatus
d.50
Pine, European Black-
Pinus nigra
d.55
Pine, Loblolly-
Pinus taeda
d.50
Pine, Lodgeole-
Pinus contorta
d.45
Pine, Longleaf-
Pinus palustris
d.60
Pine, Maritime-
Pinus pinaster
d.50
Pine, Norway-
Pinus resinosa
d.45
Pine, Parana-
Araucaria angustifolia
d.50
Pine, Ponderosa-
Pinus ponderosa
d.45
Pine, Radiata-
Pinus radiata
d.50
Pine, Scots-
Pinus sylvestris
d.50
Pine, Sugar-
Pinus lambertiana
d.45
Poplar, Black-
Populus nigra
d.45
Redcedar, Western-
Thuja plicata
d.45
Rengas
Gluta spp.
d.60
Rimu
Dacrydium cupressinum
d.50
Redwood, California-
Sequoia sempervirens
d.45
Rosewood, Brazilian
Dalbergia latifolia / -nigra
d.85
Rosewood, N. Guinea
Pterocarpus indicus
d.55
Rubber Tree
Hevea Brasiliensis
d.50
Sapele
Entandrophragma cylind.
d.65
Sipo
Entrandrophragma utile
d.60
Spruce
Picea abies
d.45
Spruce, Sitka-
Picea sitchensis
d.45
Tiama
Entandrophr. angolense
d.55
Teak
Tectona grandis
d.65
Torem
Manilkara kanosiensis
d.95
Tualang
Koompassia excelsa
d.80
Walnut, Eastern Black-
Juglans nigra
d.60
Walnut, Common-
Juglans regia
d.60
Wenge
Millettia laurentii
d.80