HP MSR SERIES User manual
HP MSR Router Series
Layer 3 - IP Routing
Configuration Guide(V5)
Part number: 5998-6585
Software version: CMW520-R2511
Document version: 6PW105-20140813
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Legal and notice information
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Contents
Legal and notice information·········································································································································i
IP routing basics ··························································································································································· 1
Routing table······································································································································································1
Dynamic routing protocols ···············································································································································2
Route preference ·······························································································································································2
Load sharing······································································································································································3
Route backup·····································································································································································3
Route recursion··································································································································································3
Route redistribution ···························································································································································3
Displaying and maintaining a routing table ··················································································································4
Configuring static routing············································································································································ 6
Configuring a static route·················································································································································6
Configuring BFD for static routes·····································································································································7
BFD control packet mode ········································································································································7
BFD echo packet mode············································································································································8
Configuring static route FRR·············································································································································9
Configuration prerequisites ·····································································································································9
Configuration guidelines ·········································································································································9
Configuration procedure ·········································································································································9
Displaying and maintaining static routes ···················································································································· 10
Static route configuration examples····························································································································· 10
Basic static route configuration example ············································································································ 10
BFD for static routes configuration example (direct next hop)·········································································· 12
BFD for static routes configuration example (indirect next hop)······································································· 14
Configuring a default route·······································································································································18
Configuring RIP ··························································································································································19
Overview········································································································································································· 19
RIP route entries ····················································································································································· 19
RIP timers ································································································································································ 19
Routing loop prevention········································································································································ 19
RIP operation·························································································································································· 20
RIP versions ···························································································································································· 20
TRIP ········································································································································································· 20
Supported RIP features·········································································································································· 21
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 21
RIP configuration task list··············································································································································· 22
Configuring basic RIP ···················································································································································· 22
Enabling RIP ··························································································································································· 22
Configuring the interface behavior ····················································································································· 23
Configuring a RIP version····································································································································· 23
Configuring RIP route control········································································································································ 24
Configuring an additional routing metric ··········································································································· 24
Configuring RIPv2 route summarization·············································································································· 25
Disabling host route reception ····························································································································· 26
Advertising a default route ··································································································································· 26
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ····························································································· 27
Configuring a preference for RIP························································································································· 27
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Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 28
Tuning and optimizing RIP networks ···························································································································· 28
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 28
Configuring RIP timers··········································································································································· 28
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse···································································································· 29
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 30
Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages ·················································································· 30
Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates············································································ 30
Configuring RIPv2 message authentication ········································································································ 31
Specifying a RIP neighbor ···································································································································· 31
Configuring TRIP···················································································································································· 32
Configuring RIP-to-MIB binding···························································································································· 32
Configuring the RIP packet sending rate ············································································································ 33
Configuring BFD for RIP················································································································································· 33
Enabling single-hop echo detection (for a directly connected RIP neighbor)·················································· 33
Enabling single-hop detection in BFD echo packet (for a specific destination) ·············································· 34
Enabling bidirectional control detection ············································································································· 34
Displaying and maintaining RIP ··································································································································· 35
RIP configuration examples··········································································································································· 35
Configuring RIP version ········································································································································ 35
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 37
Configuring an additional metric for a RIP interface························································································· 39
Configuring RIP to advertise a summary route··································································································· 41
Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a directly connected RIP neighbor) ························ 43
Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a specified destination) ··········································· 46
Configuring BFD for RIP (bidirectional control detection) ················································································· 49
Troubleshooting RIP························································································································································ 53
No RIP updates received ······································································································································ 53
Route oscillation occurred ···································································································································· 53
Configuring OSPF ······················································································································································54
Overview········································································································································································· 54
OSPF packets························································································································································· 54
LSA types································································································································································ 55
OSPF area······························································································································································ 55
Router types···························································································································································· 58
Route types····························································································································································· 58
Route calculation ··················································································································································· 59
OSPF network types ·············································································································································· 59
DR and BDR ··························································································································································· 59
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 60
OSPF configuration task list ·········································································································································· 61
Enabling OSPF ······························································································································································· 62
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 62
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 62
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 63
Configuring OSPF areas ··············································································································································· 63
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 63
Configuring a stub area ······································································································································· 63
Configuring an NSSA area·································································································································· 64
Configuring a virtual link······································································································································ 65
Configuring OSPF network types ································································································································· 65
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 66
Configuring the broadcast network type for an interface················································································· 66
Configuring the NBMA network type for an interface ······················································································ 66
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Configuring the P2MP network type for an interface························································································ 67
Configuring the P2P network type for an interface ··························································································· 68
Configuring OSPF route control ··································································································································· 68
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 68
Configuring OSPF route summarization ············································································································· 68
Configuring OSPF inbound route filtering ·········································································································· 69
Configuring ABR Type-3 LSA filtering ················································································································· 70
Configuring an OSPF cost for an interface ········································································································ 70
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 71
Configuring OSPF preference······························································································································ 71
Configuring OSPF route redistribution ················································································································ 71
Advertising a host route········································································································································ 73
Tuning and optimizing OSPF networks························································································································ 73
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 73
Configuring OSPF packet timers·························································································································· 73
Specifying LSA transmission delay ······················································································································ 74
Specifying SPF calculation interval······················································································································ 75
Specifying the LSA arrival interval······················································································································· 75
Specifying the LSA generation interval ··············································································································· 76
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPF packets······································································ 76
Configuring stub routers ······································································································································· 76
Configuring OSPF authentication ························································································································ 77
Adding the interface MTU into DD packets········································································································ 78
Configuring the maximum number of external LSAs in LSDB ··········································································· 78
Enabling compatibility with RFC 1583··············································································································· 78
Logging neighbor state changes·························································································································· 79
Configuring OSPF network management ··········································································································· 79
Enabling message logging··································································································································· 80
Enabling the advertisement and reception of opaque LSAs ············································································· 80
Configuring OSPF to give priority to receiving and processing hello packets··············································· 80
Configuring the LSU transmit rate························································································································ 81
Enabling OSPF ISPF ·············································································································································· 81
Configuring OSPF GR ··················································································································································· 81
Configuring the OSPF GR helper ························································································································ 82
Triggering OSPF GR ············································································································································· 82
Configuring BFD for OSPF ············································································································································ 83
Configuring control packet bidirectional detection ··························································································· 83
Configuring echo packet single-hop detection··································································································· 83
Displaying and maintaining OSPF······························································································································· 83
OSPF configuration examples ······································································································································ 85
Configuring OSPF basic functions······················································································································· 85
Configuring OSPF route redistribution ················································································································ 88
Configuring OSPF to advertise a summary route······························································································· 89
Configuring an OSPF stub area··························································································································· 92
Configuring an OSPF NSSA area······················································································································· 94
Configuring OSPF DR election····························································································································· 96
Configuring OSPF virtual links ···························································································································100
Configuring OSPF Graceful Restart···················································································································102
Configuring route filtering ··································································································································105
Configuring BFD for OSPF ·································································································································107
Troubleshooting OSPF configuration ·························································································································111
No OSPF neighbor relationship established ····································································································111
Incorrect routing information ······························································································································111
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Configuring IS-IS ····················································································································································· 113
Overview·······································································································································································113
Terminology ·························································································································································113
IS-IS address format·············································································································································113
NET ·······································································································································································114
IS-IS area ······························································································································································115
IS-IS network types ··············································································································································117
IS-IS PDUs ·····························································································································································118
Supported IS-IS features······································································································································124
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································126
IS-IS configuration task list···········································································································································126
Configuring IS-IS basic functions ································································································································127
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································127
Enabling IS-IS·······················································································································································128
Configuring the IS level and circuit level ··········································································································128
Configuring the network type of an interface as P2P······················································································128
Configuring IS-IS routing information control············································································································129
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································129
Configuring IS-IS link cost···································································································································129
Specifying a priority for IS-IS ·····························································································································131
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································131
Configuring IS-IS route summarization··············································································································131
Advertising a default route ·································································································································132
Configuring IS-IS route redistribution ················································································································132
Configuring IS-IS route filtering··························································································································132
Configuring IS-IS route leaking ··························································································································133
Tuning and optimizing IS-IS networks························································································································134
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································134
Specifying intervals for sending IS-IS hello and CSNP packets ·····································································134
Specifying the IS-IS hello multiplier····················································································································134
Configuring a DIS priority for an interface·······································································································135
Disabling an interface from sending/receiving IS-IS packets·········································································135
Disabling hello source address check for a PPP interface ··············································································135
Enabling an interface to send small hello packets···························································································136
Configuring LSP parameters·······························································································································136
Configuring SPF parameters ······························································································································139
Assigning a high priority to IS-IS routes············································································································140
Setting the LSDB overload bit·····························································································································140
Configuring system ID to host name mappings································································································141
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································142
Enhancing IS-IS network security ································································································································142
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································142
Configuring neighbor relationship authentication ···························································································142
Configuring area authentication························································································································143
Configuring routing domain authentication······································································································143
Configuring IS-IS GR····················································································································································144
Enabling IS-IS SNMP trap ···········································································································································144
Binding an IS-IS process with MIBs ····························································································································145
Configuring BFD for IS-IS·············································································································································145
Displaying and maintaining IS-IS ·······························································································································145
IS-IS configuration examples·······································································································································146
IS-IS basic configuration ·····································································································································146
DIS election configuration ··································································································································151
Configuring IS-IS route redistribution ················································································································155
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IS-IS GR configuration example ·························································································································158
IS-IS authentication configuration example·······································································································160
Configuring BFD for IS-IS····································································································································162
Configuring BGP ····················································································································································· 167
Overview·······································································································································································167
BGP speaker and BGP peer·······························································································································167
BGP message types·············································································································································167
BGP path attributes ·············································································································································168
BGP route selection ·············································································································································172
BGP route advertisement rules ···························································································································172
BGP load balancing············································································································································172
Settlements for problems in large-scale BGP networks····················································································173
MP-BGP·································································································································································176
BGP configuration views ····································································································································177
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································178
BGP configuration task list ··········································································································································179
Configuring basic BGP················································································································································180
Enabling BGP·······················································································································································180
Configuring a BGP peer·····································································································································181
Configuring a BGP peer group··························································································································182
Specifying the source interface for TCP connections·······················································································184
Generating BGP routes················································································································································185
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································185
Injecting a local network ····································································································································185
Redistributing IGP routes·····································································································································186
Controlling route distribution and reception ·············································································································186
Configuring BGP route summarization ·············································································································186
Advertising a default route to a peer or peer group ·······················································································187
Configuring BGP route distribution/reception filtering policies ·····································································188
Enabling BGP and IGP route synchronization ·································································································190
Limiting prefixes received from a peer or peer group·····················································································191
Configuring BGP route dampening···················································································································192
Controlling BGP path selection···································································································································192
Specifying a preferred value for routes received·····························································································192
Configuring preferences for BGP routes ···········································································································193
Configure the default local preference ·············································································································194
Configuring the MED attribute ···························································································································194
Configuring the NEXT_HOP attribute················································································································197
Configuring the AS_PATH attribute ···················································································································198
Tuning and optimizing BGP networks························································································································201
Configuring the BGP keepalive interval and holdtime ····················································································201
Configuring the interval for sending the same update ····················································································202
Allowing establishment of EBGP session to an indirectly connected peer or peer group···························202
Enabling the BGP ORF capability······················································································································203
Enabling 4-byte AS number suppression ··········································································································204
Enabling quick reestablishment of direct EBGP session ··················································································204
Enabling MD5 authentication for BGP peers ···································································································205
Configuring BGP load balancing ······················································································································205
Forbidding session establishment with a peer or peer group ········································································206
Configuring BGP soft-reset··································································································································206
Configuring a large scale BGP network····················································································································208
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································208
Configuring BGP community······························································································································208
Configuring a BGP route reflector·····················································································································209
vi
Configuring a BGP confederation ·····················································································································210
Configuring BGP GR ···················································································································································211
Enabling trap································································································································································212
Enabling logging of session state changes ···············································································································212
Configuring BFD for BGP ············································································································································213
Displaying and maintaining BGP·······························································································································213
Displaying BGP····················································································································································213
Resetting BGP session ·········································································································································215
Clearing BGP information ··································································································································215
BGP configuration examples ······································································································································215
BGP basic configuration·····································································································································215
BGP and IGP synchronization configuration····································································································219
BGP load balancing configuration····················································································································222
BGP route summarization configuration ···········································································································224
BGP community configuration····························································································································228
BGP route reflector configuration ······················································································································230
BGP confederation configuration ······················································································································231
BGP path selection configuration ······················································································································235
BGP GR configuration·········································································································································238
Configuring BFD for BGP ···································································································································239
Troubleshooting BGP ···················································································································································243
BGP peer relationship not established ··············································································································243
Configuring routing policies··································································································································· 245
Overview·······································································································································································245
Filters·····································································································································································245
Configuring filters·························································································································································246
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································246
Configuring an IP-prefix list ································································································································246
Configuring an AS path list································································································································247
Configuring a community list ·····························································································································247
Configuring an extended community list ··········································································································248
Configuring a routing policy·······································································································································248
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································248
Creating a routing policy ···································································································································248
Configuring if-match clauses ······························································································································249
Configuring apply clauses··································································································································250
Configuring a continue clause ···························································································································251
Displaying and maintaining the routing policy·········································································································252
Routing policy configuration examples······················································································································252
Applying a routing policy to IPv4 route redistribution·····················································································252
Applying a routing policy to IPv6 route redistribution·····················································································255
Applying a routing policy to filter received BGP routes··················································································257
Troubleshooting routing policy configuration ···········································································································259
IPv4 routing information filtering failure············································································································259
IPv6 routing information filtering failure············································································································259
Configuring PBR ······················································································································································ 260
Overview·······································································································································································260
Policy ····································································································································································260
PBR and Track······················································································································································262
PBR configuration task list ···········································································································································262
Configuring a policy····················································································································································262
Creating a node ··················································································································································262
Configuring match criteria for a node ··············································································································262
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Configuring actions for a node··························································································································263
Configuring PBR ···························································································································································264
Configuring local PBR ·········································································································································264
Configuring interface PBR ··································································································································264
Displaying and maintaining PBR ································································································································264
PBR configuration examples········································································································································265
Configuring local PBR based on packet type···································································································265
Configuring interface PBR based on packet type ····························································································266
Configuring interface PBR based on packet length ·························································································268
Configuring local PBR to specify output interface and next hop····································································271
Configuring IPv6 static routing······························································································································· 273
Overview·······································································································································································273
Configuring IPv6 static routing ···································································································································273
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 static routes··········································································································274
IPv6 static routing configuration example ·················································································································274
Configuring an IPv6 default route·························································································································· 276
Configuring RIPng ··················································································································································· 277
Overview·······································································································································································277
RIPng working mechanism··································································································································277
RIPng packet format ············································································································································277
RIPng packet processing procedure ··················································································································278
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································279
RIPng configuration task list ········································································································································279
Configuring RIPng basic functions······························································································································279
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································280
Configuration procedure ····································································································································280
Configuring RIPng route control ·································································································································280
Configuring an additional routing metric ·········································································································280
Configuring RIPng route summarization ···········································································································281
Advertising a default route ·································································································································281
Configuring a RIPng route filtering policy·········································································································281
Configuring a priority for RIPng·························································································································282
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································282
Tuning and optimizing the RIPng network·················································································································282
Configuring RIPng timers ····································································································································282
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse··································································································283
Configuring zero field check on RIPng packets ·······························································································284
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································284
Applying IPsec policies for RIPng ·······························································································································284
Displaying and maintaining RIPng ·····························································································································285
RIPng configuration examples·····································································································································286
Configuring RIPng basic functions·····················································································································286
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································288
Configuring RIPng IPsec policies ·······················································································································290
Configuring OSPFv3··············································································································································· 294
Overview·······································································································································································294
Packets··································································································································································294
LSA types······························································································································································294
Timers····································································································································································295
Supported features ··············································································································································296
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································296
OSPFv3 configuration task list ····································································································································296
viii
Enabling OSPFv3 ·························································································································································297
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································297
Enabling OSPFv3 ················································································································································297
Configuring OSPFv3 area parameters ······················································································································297
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································298
Configuring an OSPFv3 stub area ····················································································································298
Configuring an OSPFv3 virtual link···················································································································298
Configuring OSPFv3 network types···························································································································299
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································299
Configuring the OSPFv3 network type for an interface ··················································································299
Configuring an NBMA or P2MP neighbor·······································································································300
Configuring OSPFv3 routing information control ·····································································································300
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································300
Configuring OSPFv3 route summarization ·······································································································300
Configuring OSPFv3 inbound route filtering ····································································································300
Configuring an OSPFv3 cost for an interface ··································································································301
Configuring the maximum number of OSPFv3 ECMP routes ·········································································301
Configuring a priority for OSPFv3 ····················································································································302
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution··········································································································302
Tuning and optimizing OSPFv3 networks ·················································································································303
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································303
Configuring OSPFv3 timers································································································································303
Configuring a DR priority for an interface········································································································304
Ignoring MTU check for DD packets ·················································································································304
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPFv3 packets ·······························································305
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································305
Configuring OSPFv3 GR ·············································································································································305
Configuring GR helper········································································································································306
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3······································································································································306
Applying IPsec policies for OSPFv3···························································································································307
Displaying and maintaining OSPFv3·························································································································308
OSPFv3 configuration examples ································································································································309
Configuring OSPFv3 areas ································································································································309
Configuring OSPFv3 DR election·······················································································································313
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution··········································································································315
Configuring OSPFv3 GR ····································································································································318
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3 ·····························································································································320
Configuring OSPFv3 IPsec policies ···················································································································323
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 configuration ·····················································································································326
No OSPFv3 neighbor relationship established································································································326
Incorrect routing information ······························································································································327
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS ············································································································································· 328
Overview·······································································································································································328
Configuring basic IPv6 IS-IS········································································································································328
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································328
Configuration procedure ····································································································································328
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS route control ···························································································································329
Configuring BFD for IPv6 IS-IS ····································································································································330
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS MTR ·········································································································································330
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 IS-IS·······················································································································331
IPv6 IS-IS configuration examples ······························································································································332
IPv6 IS-IS basic configuration example·············································································································332
Configuring BFD for IPv6 IS-IS ···························································································································337
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS MTR·································································································································340
ix
Configuring IPv6 BGP············································································································································· 343
IPv6 BGP overview·······················································································································································343
IPv6 BGP configuration task list··································································································································343
Configuring IPv6 BGP basic functions ·······················································································································344
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································344
Specifying an IPv6 BGP peer·····························································································································344
Injecting a local IPv6 route·································································································································345
Configuring a preferred value for routes from a peer or peer group····························································345
Specifying the source interface for establishing TCP connections ·································································346
Allowing the establishment of an indirect EBGP connection ··········································································346
Configuring a description for an IPv6 peer or peer group·············································································347
Disabling session establishment to an IPv6 peer or peer group ····································································347
Logging IPv6 peer or peer group state changes······························································································347
Controlling route distribution and reception ·············································································································348
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································348
Configuring IPv6 BGP route redistribution········································································································348
Configuring IPv6 BGP route summarization·····································································································348
Advertising a default route to an IPv6 peer or peer group·············································································349
Configuring outbound route filtering·················································································································349
Configuring inbound route filtering ···················································································································350
Configuring IPv6 BGP and IGP route synchronization····················································································350
Configuring route dampening····························································································································351
Configuring IPv6 BGP route attributes ·······················································································································351
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································351
Configuring IPv6 BGP preference and default LOCAL_PREF and NEXT_HOP attributes ····························351
Configuring the MED attribute ···························································································································352
Configuring the AS_PATH attribute ···················································································································353
Tuning and optimizing IPv6 BGP networks ···············································································································353
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································354
Configuring IPv6 BGP timers······························································································································354
Configuring IPv6 BGP soft reset·························································································································355
Enabling the IPv6 BGP ORF capability ·············································································································355
Enabling 4-byte AS number suppression ··········································································································356
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································357
Enabling MD5 authentication for TCP connections ·························································································357
Applying an IPsec policy to an IPv6 BGP peer or peer group·······································································358
Configuring a large-scale IPv6 BGP network············································································································358
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································359
Configuring IPv6 BGP peer group·····················································································································359
Configuring IPv6 BGP community ·····················································································································360
Configuring an IPv6 BGP route reflector···········································································································361
Configuring 6PE ···························································································································································361
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································362
Configuring basic 6PE capabilities ···················································································································362
Configuring optional 6PE capabilities ··············································································································362
Configuring BFD for IPv6 BGP····································································································································364
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 BGP·······················································································································365
Displaying BGP····················································································································································365
Resetting IPv6 BGP connections·························································································································366
Clearing IPv6 BGP information··························································································································366
IPv6 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································366
IPv6 BGP basic configuration ····························································································································367
IPv6 BGP route reflector configuration··············································································································369
6PE configuration ················································································································································370
x
IPv6 BGP IPsec policy configuration··················································································································374
Configuring BFD for IPv6 BGP···························································································································379
Troubleshooting IPv6 BGP configuration ···················································································································383
IPv6 BGP peer relationship not established······································································································383
Configuring IPv6 PBR·············································································································································· 384
Introduction to IPv6 policy-based routing ··················································································································384
Policy ····································································································································································384
IPv6 PBR configuration task list···································································································································385
Configuring an IPv6 policy ·········································································································································386
Creating an IPv6 node········································································································································386
Configuring match criteria for an IPv6 node····································································································386
Configuring actions for an IPv6 node ···············································································································386
Configuring IPv6 PBR···················································································································································387
Configuring IPv6 local PBR·································································································································387
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR ··························································································································387
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PBR························································································································388
IPv6 PBR configuration examples ·······························································································································388
Configuring IPv6 local PBR based on packet type ··························································································388
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR based on packet type····················································································389
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR based on packet length·················································································391
Support and other resources ·································································································································· 395
Contacting HP ······························································································································································395
Subscription service ············································································································································395
Related information······················································································································································395
Documents····························································································································································395
Websites·······························································································································································395
Conventions ··································································································································································396
Index ········································································································································································ 398
1
IP routing basics
IP routing directs the forwarding of IP packets on routers based on a routing table. This book focuses on
unicast routing protocols. For more information about multicast routing protocols, see IP Multicast
Configuration Guide.
Routing table
A router maintains at least two routing tables: one global routing table and one forwarding information
base (FIB). The FIB table contains only the optimal routes, and the global routing table contains all routes.
The router uses the FIB table to forward packets. For more information about the FIB table, see Layer 3—IP
Services Configuration Guide.
Routes can be classified by different criteria, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Categories of routes
Criterion Categories
Destination •Network route—Destination is a network. The subnet mask is less than 32 bits.
•Host route—Destination is a host. The subnet mask is 32 bits.
Whether the
destination is directly
connected
•Direct route—Destination is directly connected.
•Indirect route—Destination is indirectly connected.
Origin
•Direct route—A direct route is discovered by the data link protocol on an interface,
and is also called an "interface route."
•Static route—A static route is manually configured by an administrator.
•Dynamic route—A dynamic route is dynamically discovered by a routing protocol.
Static routes are easy to configure and require less system resources. They work well in small and stable
networks. In networks where topology changes occur frequently, using a dynamic routing protocol is
better.
To view brief information about a routing table, use the display ip routing-table command, as shown in
the following example:
<Sysname> display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 7 Routes : 7
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
1.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
2.2.2.0/24 Static 60 0 12.2.2.2 Eth1/2
80.1.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 80.1.1.1 Eth1/3
…(Part of the output information is not shown)
A route entry includes the following key items:
•Destination—IP address of the destination host or network.
2
•Mask—Mask length of the IP address.
•Pre—Preference of the route. Among routes to the same destination, the one with the highest
preference is optimal.
•Cost—When multiple routes to a destination have the same preference, the one with the smallest
cost becomes the optimal route.
•NextHop—Next hop.
•Interface—Output interface.
Dynamic routing protocols
Dynamic routing protocols dynamically collect and report reachability information to adapt to topology
changes. They are suitable for large networks.
Compared with static routing, dynamic routing protocols require more resources, and are complicated to
configure.
Dynamic routing protocols can be classified by different criteria, as shown in Table 2:
Table 2 Categories of dynamic routing protocols
Criterion Categories
Optional scope
•Interior gateway protocols (IGPs)—Work within an autonomous system (AS).
Examples include RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
•Exterior gateway protocols (EGPs)—Work between ASs. The most popular one is
BGP.
Routing algorithm
•Distance-vector protocols—RIP and BGP. BGP is also considered a path-vector
protocol.
•Link-state protocols—OSPF and IS-IS.
Destination address
type
•Unicast routing protocols—RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•Multicast routing protocols—PIM-SM and PIM-DM (For more information, see IP
Multicast Configuration Guide).
IP version
•IPv4 routing protocols—RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•IPv6 routing protocols—RIPng, OSPFv3, IPv6 BGP, and IPv6 IS-IS.
NOTE:
A
n AS refers to a
g
roup of routers that use the same routin
g
policy and work under the same
administration.
Route preference
Routing protocols (including static and direct routing) each by default have a preference. If they find
multiple routes to the same destination, the router selects the route with the highest preference as the
optimal route.
The preference of a direct route is always 0 and cannot be changed. You can configure a preference for
each static route and each dynamic routing protocol as required. The following table lists the route types
and their default preferences. The smaller the value, the higher the preference.
3
Table 3 Route types and their default route preferences
Routing type Preference
Direct route 0
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
Static route 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Unknown (route from an untrusted source) 256
Load sharing
A routing protocol might find multiple optimal equal-cost routes to the same destination. You can use
these routes to implement equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load sharing.
Static routing, IPv6 static routing, RIP/RIPng, OSPF/OSPFv3, BGP/IPv6 BGP, and IS-IS/IPv6 IS-IS
support ECMP load sharing.
Route backup
Route backup can improve network availability. Among multiple routes to the same destination, the route
with the highest priority is the main route and others are backup routes.
The router forwards matching packets through the main route. When the main route fails, the route with
the highest preference among the backup routes is selected to forward packets. When the main route
recovers, the router uses it to forward packets.
Route recursion
To use a BGP, static, or RIP route that has an indirectly-connected next hop, a router must perform route
recursion to find the outgoing interface to reach the next hop.
Link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS, do not need route recursion, because they obtain
directly-connected next hops through route calculation.
Route redistribution
Route redistribution enables routing protocols to learn route information from each other. A dynamic
routing protocol can redistribute routes from other routing protocols including direct and static routing.
For more information, see the respective chapters on those routing protocols in this configuration guide.
4
Displaying and maintaining a routing table
Task Command Remarks
Display the routing table.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] [ verbose ] [ | { begin
|exclude |include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routes matching an IPv4
basic ACL.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] acl acl-number
[ verbose ] [ |{ begin | exclude |
include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routes to the specified
destination.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] ip-address [ mask |
mask-length ] [ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
[ |{ begin | exclude | include }
regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routes with destination
addresses in the specified range.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] ip-address1 { mask |
mask-length } ip-address2 { mask |
mask-length } [ verbose ] [ |{ begin |
exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routing information
matching an IPv4 prefix list.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] ip-prefix
ip-prefix-name [ verbose ] [ |{ begin |
exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display the routes of a routing
protocol.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] protocol protocol
[ inactive | verbose ] [ |{ begin | exclude
| include } regular-expression ] [ |{ begin
| exclude | include } regular-expression ]
[ |{ begin | exclude | include }
regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display statistics about the routing
table.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] statistics [ |{ begin |
exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Clear statistics for the routing table.
reset ip routing-table statistics protocol
[ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
{protocol |all }
Available in user view.
Display IPv6 routing table
information.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] [ verbose ] [ |{ begin
| exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routes matching an IPv6
ACL.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] acl acl6-number
[ verbose ] [ |{ begin | exclude |
include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routing information for a
specified destination IPv6 address.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] ipv6-address
[ prefix-length ] [ longer-match ]
[ verbose ] [ |{ begin | exclude |
include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
5
Task Command Remarks
Display IPv6 routes with
destination addresses in an IPv6
address range.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] ipv6-address1
prefix-length1 ipv6-address2
prefix-length2 [ verbose ] [ |{ begin |
exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routing information
permitted by an IPv6 prefix list.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] ipv6-prefix
ipv6-prefix-name [ verbose ] [ |{ begin |
exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display routes of an IPv6 routing
protocol.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] protocol protocol
[ inactive | verbose ] [ |{ begin | exclude
| include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Display IPv6 routing statistics.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] statistics [ |{ begin |
exclude | include } regular-expression ]
Available in any view.
Clear specified IPv6 routing
statistics.
reset ipv6 routing-table statistics protocol
[ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
{ protocol |all }
Available in user view.
6
Configuring static routing
Static routes are manually configured. If a network's topology is simple, you only need to configure static
routes for the network to work correctly.
Static routes cannot adapt to network topology changes. If a fault or a topological change occurs in the
network, the network administrator must modify the static routes manually.
Configuring a static route
Before you configure a static route, complete the following tasks:
•Configure physical parameters for related interfaces.
•Configure link-layer attributes for related interfaces.
•Configure IP addresses for related interfaces.
Follow these guidelines when you configure a static route:
•The next hop address of a static route cannot be the IP address of a local interface.
•You can associate a track entry with a static route to monitor the reachability of the next hops. For
more information about Track, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
•The device supports VPN instances for static routes. For information about specifying VPN instances
for static routes, see MPLS Configuration Guide.
To configure a static route:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure a static
route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask | mask-length }
{ next-hop-address [ track track-entry-number ] |
interface-type interface-number [ next-hop-address ] |
vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name next-hop-address
[ track track-entry-number ] } [ preference
preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ] [ permanent ]
[ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name&<1-6> dest-address { mask |
mask-length } { next-hop-address [ public ] [ track
track-entry-number ] | interface-type interface-number
[ next-hop-address ] | vpn-instance
d-vpn-instance-name next-hop-address [ track
track-entry-number ] } [ preference preference-value ]
[ tag tag-value ] [ permanent ] [ description
description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, no static
route is configured.
3. Configure the
default preference
for static routes.
ip route-static default-preference default-preference-value Optional.
60 by default.
7
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
4. Delete all static
routes, including
the default route.
delete [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] static-routes all
Optional.
To delete one static
route, use the undo ip
route-static
command.
Configuring BFD for static routes
Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) provides a general-purpose, standard, medium-, and
protocol-independent fast failure detection mechanism. It can uniformly and quickly detect the failures of
the bidirectional forwarding paths between two routers for protocols, such as routing protocols and
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). For more information about BFD, see High Availability
Configuration Guide.
BFD control packet mode
To use BFD control packets for bidirectional detection between two devices, enable BFD control packet
mode on each device for the static route destined to the peer.
To configure a static route and enable BFD control packet mode for it, specify an outgoing interface and
a direct next hop, or specify an indirect next hop and a specific BFD packet source address for the static
route.
To configure a static route with BFD control packet mode enabled (direct next hop):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure a static
route and enable
BFD control packet
mode for it.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask |mask-length }
interface-type interface-number next-hop-address bfd
control-packet [ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance s-vpn-instance-name&<1-6>
dest-address {mask |mask-length } interface-type
interface-number next-hop-address bfd control-packet
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
Use either
method.
Support for the
keyword
vpn-instance
depends on the
device model.
To configure a static route with BFD control packet mode enabled (indirect next hop):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
8
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
2. Configure a static
route and enable
BFD control packet
mode for it.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask | mask-length }
next-hop-address bfd control-packet bfd-source ip-address
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance s-vpn-instance-name&<1-6>
dest-address {mask | mask-length } next-hop-address bfd
control-packet bfd-source ip-address [ preference
preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
Use either
method.
BFD echo packet mode
With BFD echo packet mode enabled for a static route, the outgoing interface sends BFD echo packets
to the destination device, which loops the packets back to test the link reachability.
IMPORTANT:
•Enabling BFD for a flapping route could worsen the situation.
•Do not use BFD for a static route with the outgoing interface in spoofing state.
To configure BFD echo packet mode for static routes:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure the source
address of echo
packets.
bfd echo-source-ip ip-address
Not configured by default.
For more information about this
command, see High
Availability Command
Reference.
3. Enable BFD echo
packet mode for
static routes.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask |
mask-length } interface-type
interface-number next-hop-address bfd
echo-packet [ preference preference-value ]
[tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name&<1-6> dest-address
{mask |mask-length } interface-type
interface-number next-hop-address bfd
echo-packet [ preference preference-value ]
[tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
Use either method.
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