HPE Moonshot 45Gc User manual
HPE Moonshot 45Gc/45XGc/180XGc Switch
Module
Security
Configuration Guide
Part number: 859335-002
Software version: Release 242x
Document version: 6W100-20160201
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Contents
Configuring AAA ·····························································································1
Overview····························································································································································1
RADIUS······················································································································································2
HWTACACS···············································································································································6
LDAP··························································································································································9
AAA implementation on the device··········································································································11
AAA for MPLS L3VPNs····························································································································13
Protocols and standards ··························································································································13
RADIUS attributes····································································································································14
FIPS compliance··············································································································································16
AAA configuration considerations and task list································································································17
Configuring AAA schemes·······························································································································18
Configuring local users·····························································································································18
Configuring RADIUS schemes·················································································································22
Configuring HWTACACS schemes··········································································································33
Configuring LDAP schemes·····················································································································40
Configuring AAA methods for ISP domains·····································································································43
Configuration prerequisites······················································································································43
Creating an ISP domain···························································································································43
Configuring ISP domain attributes ···········································································································43
Configuring authentication methods for an ISP domain···········································································44
Configuring authorization methods for an ISP domain·············································································45
Configuring accounting methods for an ISP domain················································································46
Enabling the session-control feature················································································································47
Configuring the RADIUS DAE server feature ··································································································48
Setting the maximum number of concurrent login users··················································································48
Configuring a NAS-ID profile····························································································································49
Displaying and maintaining AAA······················································································································49
AAA configuration examples····························································································································50
AAA for SSH users by an HWTACACS server························································································50
Local authentication, HWTACACS authorization, and RADIUS accounting for SSH users·····················51
Authentication and authorization for SSH users by a RADIUS server·····················································53
Authentication for SSH users by an LDAP server····················································································56
Troubleshooting RADIUS·································································································································61
RADIUS authentication failure ·················································································································61
RADIUS packet delivery failure················································································································61
RADIUS accounting error·························································································································62
Troubleshooting HWTACACS··························································································································62
Troubleshooting LDAP·····································································································································62
802.1X overview ···························································································64
802.1X architecture··········································································································································64
Controlled/uncontrolled port and port authorization status ··············································································64
802.1X-related protocols··································································································································65
Packet formats·········································································································································65
EAP over RADIUS ···································································································································66
802.1X authentication initiation························································································································67
802.1X client as the initiator·····················································································································67
Access device as the initiator···················································································································67
802.1X authentication procedures ···················································································································68
Comparing EAP relay and EAP termination·····························································································68
EAP relay·················································································································································69
EAP termination·······································································································································70
Configuring 802.1X·······················································································72
Access control methods···································································································································72
802.1X VLAN manipulation······························································································································72
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Authorization VLAN··································································································································72
Guest VLAN·············································································································································74
Auth-Fail VLAN ········································································································································75
Critical VLAN············································································································································76
Using 802.1X authentication with other features ·····························································································78
ACL assignment·······································································································································78
User profile assignment ···························································································································79
EAD assistant···········································································································································79
Configuration prerequisites······························································································································79
802.1X configuration task list···························································································································80
Enabling 802.1X···············································································································································80
Enabling EAP relay or EAP termination···········································································································81
Setting the port authorization state ··················································································································81
Specifying an access control method ··············································································································82
Setting the maximum number of concurrent 802.1X users on a port·······························································82
Setting the maximum number of authentication request attempts···································································82
Setting the 802.1X authentication timeout timers ····························································································83
Configuring the online user handshake feature ·······························································································83
Configuration guidelines···························································································································83
Configuration procedure···························································································································84
Configuring the authentication trigger feature··································································································84
Configuration guidelines···························································································································84
Configuration procedure···························································································································84
Specifying a mandatory authentication domain on a port················································································85
Setting the quiet timer······································································································································85
Enabling the periodic online user reauthentication feature··············································································86
Configuring an 802.1X guest VLAN·················································································································86
Configuration guidelines···························································································································86
Configuration prerequisites······················································································································87
Configuration procedure···························································································································87
Enabling 802.1X guest VLAN assignment delay ·····························································································87
Configuring an 802.1X Auth-Fail VLAN ···········································································································88
Configuration guidelines···························································································································88
Configuration prerequisites······················································································································89
Configuration procedure···························································································································89
Configuring an 802.1X critical VLAN················································································································89
Configuration guidelines···························································································································89
Configuration prerequisites······················································································································89
Configuration procedure···························································································································90
Enabling 802.1X critical voice VLAN················································································································90
Configuration prerequisites······················································································································90
Configuration procedure···························································································································91
Sending 802.1X protocol packets out of a port without VLAN tags ·································································91
Specifying supported domain name delimiters ································································································91
Configuring the EAD assistant feature·············································································································92
Displaying and maintaining 802.1X··················································································································93
802.1X authentication configuration examples ································································································93
Basic 802.1X authentication configuration example ················································································93
802.1X guest VLAN and authorization VLAN configuration example ······················································95
802.1X with ACL assignment configuration example···············································································98
802.1X with EAD assistant configuration example···················································································99
Troubleshooting 802.1X·································································································································102
EAD assistant for Web browser users ···································································································102
Configuring MAC authentication ·································································103
Overview························································································································································103
User account policies·····························································································································103
Authentication methods··························································································································103
VLAN assignment ··································································································································103
ACL assignment·····································································································································105
User profile assignment ·························································································································106
Periodic MAC reauthentication···············································································································106
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Configuration prerequisites····························································································································106
Configuration task list·····································································································································106
Enabling MAC authentication·························································································································107
Specifying a MAC authentication domain ······································································································107
Configuring the user account format··············································································································108
Setting MAC authentication timers·················································································································108
Enabling MAC authentication offline detection ······························································································109
Setting the maximum number of concurrent MAC authentication users on a port·········································109
Enabling MAC authentication multi-VLAN mode on a port ············································································110
Configuring MAC authentication delay···········································································································110
Enabling parallel processing of MAC authentication and 802.1X authentication···········································111
Configuration restrictions and guidelines·······························································································111
Configuration procedure·························································································································111
Configuring a MAC authentication guest VLAN·····························································································112
Configuring a MAC authentication critical VLAN····························································································112
Enabling the MAC authentication critical voice VLAN····················································································113
Configuration prerequisites····················································································································113
Configuration procedure·························································································································114
Configuring the keep-online feature···············································································································114
Including user IP addresses in MAC authentication requests········································································114
Displaying and maintaining MAC authentication····························································································115
MAC authentication configuration examples··································································································115
Local MAC authentication configuration example··················································································115
RADIUS-based MAC authentication configuration example··································································117
ACL assignment configuration example·································································································119
Configuring portal authentication ································································123
Overview························································································································································123
Extended portal functions·······················································································································123
Portal system components·····················································································································123
Portal system using the local portal Web server····················································································125
Interaction between portal system components·····················································································125
Portal authentication modes···················································································································126
Portal authentication process·················································································································126
Portal configuration task list···························································································································128
Configuration prerequisites····························································································································129
Configuring a portal authentication server ·····································································································130
Configuring a portal Web server ····················································································································130
Enabling portal authentication on an interface·······························································································131
Configuration restrictions and guidelines·······························································································131
Configuration procedure·························································································································131
Referencing a portal Web server for an interface ··························································································132
Controlling portal user access························································································································132
Configuring a portal-free rule ·················································································································132
Configuring an authentication source subnet·························································································133
Configuring an authentication destination subnet··················································································134
Setting the maximum number of portal users ························································································135
Specifying a portal authentication domain ·····························································································135
Enabling outgoing packets filtering on a portal-enabled interface··························································136
Configuring portal detection features·············································································································136
Configuring online detection of portal users···························································································136
Configuring portal authentication server detection·················································································137
Configuring portal Web server detection································································································138
Configuring portal user synchronization·································································································139
Configuring the portal fail-permit feature········································································································140
Configuring BAS-IP for unsolicited portal packets sent to the portal authentication server···························140
Applying a NAS-ID profile to an interface ······································································································141
Enabling portal roaming·································································································································142
Logging out portal users ································································································································142
Configuring the local portal Web server feature·····························································································142
Customizing authentication pages·········································································································143
Configuring a local portal Web server····································································································145
iv
Displaying and maintaining portal··················································································································145
Portal configuration examples························································································································146
Configuring direct portal authentication··································································································146
Configuring re-DHCP portal authentication····························································································153
Configuring cross-subnet portal authentication······················································································157
Configuring extended direct portal authentication··················································································159
Configuring extended re-DHCP portal authentication············································································162
Configuring extended cross-subnet portal authentication······································································166
Configuring portal server detection and portal user synchronization·····················································169
Configuring cross-subnet portal authentication for MPLS L3VPNs························································177
Configuring direct portal authentication using local portal Web server··················································179
Troubleshooting portal ···································································································································182
No portal authentication page is pushed for users·················································································182
Cannot log out portal users on the access device ·················································································182
Cannot log out portal users on the RADIUS server ···············································································183
Users logged out by the access device still exist on the portal authentication server····························183
Re-DHCP portal authenticated users cannot log in successfully···························································183
Configuring port security·············································································185
Overview························································································································································185
Port security features·····························································································································185
Port security modes ·······························································································································185
Configuration task list·····································································································································188
Enabling port security ····································································································································188
Setting port security's limit on the number of secure MAC addresses on a port············································189
Setting the port security mode ·······················································································································189
Configuring port security features··················································································································190
Configuring NTK·····································································································································190
Configuring intrusion protection ·············································································································191
Configuring secure MAC addresses ··············································································································191
Configuration prerequisites····················································································································192
Configuration procedure·························································································································192
Ignoring authorization information from the server ························································································193
Enabling MAC move ······································································································································193
Applying NAS-ID profile to port security·········································································································194
Enabling the authorization-fail-offline feature·································································································194
Displaying and maintaining port security ·······································································································195
Port security configuration examples·············································································································195
autoLearn configuration example···········································································································195
userLoginWithOUI configuration example······························································································197
macAddressElseUserLoginSecure configuration example····································································200
Troubleshooting port security·························································································································203
Cannot set the port security mode·········································································································203
Cannot configure secure MAC addresses ·····························································································204
Configuring password control ·····································································205
Overview························································································································································205
Password setting····································································································································205
Password updating and expiration·········································································································206
User login control···································································································································207
Password not displayed in any form ······································································································207
Logging ··················································································································································207
FIPS compliance············································································································································208
Password control configuration task list·········································································································208
Enabling password control·····························································································································208
Setting global password control parameters··································································································209
Setting user group password control parameters ··························································································210
Setting local user password control parameters····························································································211
Setting super password control parameters ··································································································211
Displaying and maintaining password control································································································212
Password control configuration example ·······································································································212
Network requirements····························································································································212
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Configuration procedure·························································································································213
Verifying the configuration······················································································································214
Managing public keys ·················································································216
Overview························································································································································216
FIPS compliance············································································································································216
Creating a local key pair ································································································································216
Distributing a local host public key·················································································································218
Exporting a host public key····················································································································218
Displaying a host public key···················································································································218
Destroying a local key pair·····························································································································219
Configuring a peer host public key·················································································································219
Importing a peer host public key from a public key file ··········································································219
Entering a peer host public key··············································································································219
Displaying and maintaining public keys ·········································································································220
Examples of public key management ············································································································220
Example for entering a peer host public key··························································································220
Example for importing a public key from a public key file ······································································222
Configuring PKI···························································································225
Overview························································································································································225
PKI terminology······································································································································225
PKI architecture······································································································································226
PKI operation ·········································································································································226
PKI applications ·····································································································································227
Support for MPLS L3VPN······················································································································227
FIPS compliance············································································································································228
PKI configuration task list·······························································································································228
Configuring a PKI entity ·································································································································228
Configuring a PKI domain······························································································································229
Requesting a certificate ·································································································································231
Configuration guidelines·························································································································231
Configuring automatic certificate request·······························································································232
Manually requesting a certificate············································································································232
Aborting a certificate request ·························································································································233
Obtaining certificates ·····································································································································233
Configuration prerequisites····················································································································233
Configuration guidelines·························································································································233
Configuration procedure·························································································································234
Verifying PKI certificates································································································································234
Verifying certificates with CRL checking································································································234
Verifying certificates without CRL checking···························································································235
Specifying the storage path for the certificates and CRLs·············································································235
Exporting certificates······································································································································236
Removing a certificate ···································································································································236
Configuring a certificate-based access control policy····················································································237
Displaying and maintaining PKI ·····················································································································238
PKI configuration examples ···························································································································238
Requesting a certificate from an RSA Keon CA server··········································································238
Requesting a certificate from a Windows Server 2003 CA server·························································241
Requesting a certificate from an OpenCA server···················································································244
Certificate import and export configuration example··············································································247
Troubleshooting PKI configuration·················································································································252
Failed to obtain the CA certificate··········································································································253
Failed to obtain local certificates············································································································253
Failed to request local certificates··········································································································254
Failed to obtain CRLs·····························································································································254
Failed to import the CA certificate··········································································································255
Failed to import a local certificate···········································································································256
Failed to export certificates····················································································································256
Failed to set the storage path·················································································································257
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Configuring IPsec························································································258
Overview························································································································································258
Security protocols and encapsulation modes·························································································258
Security association·······························································································································260
Authentication and encryption················································································································260
IPsec implementation·····························································································································261
Protocols and standards ························································································································262
FIPS compliance············································································································································262
IPsec tunnel establishment····························································································································262
Implementing ACL-based IPsec ····················································································································263
Feature restrictions and guidelines········································································································263
ACL-based IPsec configuration task list·································································································263
Configuring an ACL································································································································264
Configuring an IPsec transform set········································································································264
Configuring a manual IPsec policy·········································································································266
Configuring an IKE-based IPsec policy··································································································268
Applying an IPsec policy to an interface ································································································271
Enabling ACL checking for de-encapsulated packets············································································272
Configuring IPsec anti-replay·················································································································272
Configuring IPsec anti-replay redundancy·····························································································273
Binding a source interface to an IPsec policy ························································································274
Enabling QoS pre-classify······················································································································274
Enabling logging of IPsec packets·········································································································275
Configuring the DF bit of IPsec packets·································································································275
Configuring IPsec for IPv6 routing protocols··································································································276
Configuration task list·····························································································································276
Configuring a manual IPsec profile········································································································276
Configuring SNMP notifications for IPsec······································································································277
Displaying and maintaining IPsec··················································································································278
IPsec configuration examples························································································································279
Configuring a manual mode IPsec tunnel for IPv4 packets ···································································279
Configuring an IKE-based IPsec tunnel for IPv4 packets ······································································281
Configuring IPsec for RIPng···················································································································284
Configuring IKE···························································································288
Overview························································································································································288
IKE negotiation process·························································································································288
IKE security mechanism·························································································································289
Protocols and standards ························································································································290
FIPS compliance············································································································································290
IKE configuration prerequisites······················································································································290
IKE configuration task list·······························································································································290
Configuring an IKE profile······························································································································291
Configuring an IKE proposal··························································································································293
Configuring an IKE keychain··························································································································294
Configuring the global identity information·····································································································295
Configuring the IKE keepalive feature ···········································································································295
Configuring the IKE NAT keepalive feature···································································································296
Configuring IKE DPD ·····································································································································296
Enabling invalid SPI recovery ························································································································297
Setting the maximum number of IKE SAs······································································································297
Configuring SNMP notifications for IKE ·········································································································298
Displaying and maintaining IKE ·····················································································································298
IKE configuration examples ···························································································································299
Main mode IKE with pre-shared key authentication configuration example···········································299
Verifying the configuration······················································································································301
Troubleshooting IKE ······································································································································301
IKE negotiation failed because no matching IKE proposals were found················································301
IKE negotiation failed because no IKE proposals or IKE keychains are referenced correctly···············302
IPsec SA negotiation failed because no matching IPsec transform sets were found ····························303
IPsec SA negotiation failed due to invalid identity information·······························································303
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Configuring IKEv2·······················································································306
Overview························································································································································306
IKEv2 negotiation process ·····················································································································306
New features in IKEv2····························································································································307
Protocols and standards ························································································································307
IKEv2 configuration task list···························································································································307
Configuring an IKEv2 profile ··························································································································308
Configuring an IKEv2 policy···························································································································311
Configuring an IKEv2 proposal ······················································································································311
Configuring an IKEv2 keychain······················································································································313
Configure global IKEv2 parameters···············································································································314
Enabling the cookie challenging feature ································································································314
Configuring the IKEv2 DPD feature ·······································································································314
Configuring the IKEv2 NAT keepalive feature························································································314
Displaying and maintaining IKEv2 ·················································································································315
IKEv2 configuration examples ·······················································································································315
IKEv2 with pre-shared key authentication configuration example··························································315
IKEv2 with RSA signature authentication configuration example ··························································318
Troubleshooting IKEv2···································································································································323
IKEv2 negotiation failed because no matching IKEv2 proposals were found········································323
IPsec SA negotiation failed because no matching IPsec transform sets were found ····························323
IPsec tunnel establishment failed···········································································································323
Configuring SSH·························································································325
Overview························································································································································325
How SSH works·····································································································································325
SSH authentication methods··················································································································326
SSH support for Suite B·························································································································327
Protocols and standards ························································································································328
FIPS compliance············································································································································328
Configuring the device as an SSH server······································································································328
SSH server configuration task list··········································································································328
Generating local key pairs······················································································································328
Enabling the Stelnet server····················································································································329
Enabling the SFTP server······················································································································329
Enabling the SCP server························································································································330
Configuring NETCONF over SSH··········································································································330
Configuring user lines for SSH login······································································································330
Configuring a client's host public key·····································································································331
Configuring an SSH user ·······················································································································332
Configuring the SSH management parameters·····················································································333
Specifying a PKI domain for the SSH server ·························································································334
Configuring the device as an Stelnet client····································································································335
Stelnet client configuration task list········································································································335
Specifying the source IP address for SSH packets················································································335
Establishing a connection to an Stelnet server······················································································335
Establishing a connection to an Stelnet server based on Suite B··························································337
Configuring the device as an SFTP client······································································································338
SFTP client configuration task list··········································································································338
Specifying the source IP address for SFTP packets··············································································338
Establishing a connection to an SFTP server························································································338
Establishing a connection to an SFTP server based on Suite B····························································340
Working with SFTP directories···············································································································341
Working with SFTP files·························································································································341
Displaying help information····················································································································341
Terminating the connection with the SFTP server·················································································342
Configuring the device as an SCP client········································································································342
Establishing a connection to an SCP server··························································································342
Establishing a connection to an SCP server based on Suite B······························································344
Specifying algorithms for SSH2 ·····················································································································344
Specifying key exchange algorithms for SSH2······················································································345
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Specifying public key algorithms for SSH2 ····························································································345
Specifying encryption algorithms for SSH2····························································································345
Specifying MAC algorithms for SSH2 ····································································································346
Displaying and maintaining SSH····················································································································346
Stelnet configuration examples······················································································································346
Password authentication enabled Stelnet server configuration example···············································346
Publickey authentication enabled Stelnet server configuration example···············································349
Password authentication enabled Stelnet client configuration example ················································354
Publickey authentication enabled Stelnet client configuration example·················································358
Stelnet configuration example based on 128-bit Suite B algorithms······················································360
SFTP configuration examples························································································································364
Password authentication enabled SFTP server configuration example·················································364
Publickey authentication enabled SFTP client configuration example···················································366
SFTP configuration example based on 192-bit Suite B algorithms························································370
SCP configuration examples··························································································································374
SCP configuration example with password authentication ····································································374
SCP configuration example based on Suite B algorithms······································································376
NETCONF over SSH configuration example with password authentication··················································382
Network requirements····························································································································383
Configuration procedure·························································································································383
Verifying the configuration······················································································································384
Configuring SSL··························································································385
Overview························································································································································385
SSL security services·····························································································································385
SSL protocol stack·································································································································385
FIPS compliance············································································································································386
SSL configuration task list······························································································································386
Configuring an SSL server policy···················································································································386
Configuring an SSL client policy ····················································································································388
Displaying and maintaining SSL ····················································································································390
Configuring IP source guard·······································································391
Overview························································································································································391
Static IPSG bindings······························································································································391
Dynamic IPSG bindings·························································································································392
IPSG configuration task list····························································································································392
Configuring the IPv4SG feature·····················································································································393
Enabling IPv4SG on an interface···········································································································393
Configuring a static IPv4SG binding ······································································································393
Configuring the IPv6SG feature·····················································································································394
Enabling IPv6SG on an interface···········································································································394
Configuring a static IPv6SG binding ······································································································395
Displaying and maintaining IPSG ··················································································································396
IPSG configuration examples ························································································································396
Static IPv4SG configuration example·····································································································396
Dynamic IPv4SG using DHCP snooping configuration example···························································397
Dynamic IPv4SG using DHCP relay configuration example··································································398
Static IPv6SG configuration example·····································································································399
Dynamic IPv6SG using DHCPv6 snooping configuration example ·······················································400
Configuring ARP attack protection······························································402
ARP attack protection configuration task list··································································································402
Configuring unresolvable IP attack protection ·······························································································402
Configuring ARP source suppression····································································································403
Configuring ARP blackhole routing········································································································403
Displaying and maintaining unresolvable IP attack protection·······························································403
Configuration example···························································································································404
Configuring ARP packet rate limit··················································································································404
Configuration guidelines·························································································································405
Configuration procedure·························································································································405
Configuring source MAC-based ARP attack detection ··················································································405
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Configuration procedure·························································································································406
Displaying and maintaining source MAC-based ARP attack detection··················································406
Configuration example···························································································································406
Configuring ARP packet source MAC consistency check··············································································407
Configuring ARP active acknowledgement····································································································408
Configuring authorized ARP ··························································································································408
Configuration procedure·························································································································408
Configuration example (on a DHCP server)···························································································409
Configuration example (on a DHCP relay agent)···················································································410
Configuring ARP detection·····························································································································411
Configuring user validity check ··············································································································412
Configuring ARP packet validity check ··································································································412
Configuring ARP restricted forwarding···································································································413
Enabling ARP detection logging·············································································································414
Displaying and maintaining ARP detection····························································································414
User validity check and ARP packet validity check configuration example············································414
ARP restricted forwarding configuration example··················································································416
Configuring ARP scanning and fixed ARP·····································································································417
Configuration restrictions and guidelines·······························································································418
Configuration procedure·························································································································418
Configuring ARP gateway protection·············································································································418
Configuration guidelines·························································································································418
Configuration procedure·························································································································419
Configuration example···························································································································419
Configuring ARP filtering································································································································420
Configuration guidelines·························································································································420
Configuration procedure·························································································································420
Configuration example···························································································································420
Configuring ARP sender IP address checking·······························································································421
Configuring MFF·························································································423
Overview························································································································································423
Basic concepts·······································································································································424
MFF operation modes····························································································································424
MFF working mechanism·······················································································································425
Protocols and standards ························································································································425
Configuring MFF ············································································································································425
Enabling MFF·········································································································································425
Configuring a network port·····················································································································425
Enabling periodic gateway probe···········································································································426
Specifying the IP addresses of servers··································································································426
Displaying and maintaining MFF····················································································································427
MFF configuration examples··························································································································427
Manual-mode MFF configuration example in a tree network·································································427
Manual-mode MFF configuration example in a ring network·································································428
Configuring uRPF ·······················································································430
Overview························································································································································430
uRPF check modes································································································································430
uRPF operation······································································································································430
Network application································································································································433
Configuring uRPF ··········································································································································433
Displaying and maintaining uRPF··················································································································433
uRPF configuration example··························································································································434
Configuring crypto engines·········································································435
Overview························································································································································435
Displaying and maintaining crypto engines····································································································435
Configuring FIPS·························································································436
Overview························································································································································436
Configuration restrictions and guidelines·······································································································436
x
Configuring FIPS mode··································································································································437
Entering FIPS mode·······························································································································437
Configuration changes in FIPS mode ····································································································438
Exiting FIPS mode ·································································································································439
FIPS self-tests················································································································································439
Power-up self-tests ································································································································440
Conditional self-tests······························································································································440
Triggering self-tests································································································································441
Displaying and maintaining FIPS···················································································································441
FIPS configuration examples·························································································································441
Entering FIPS mode through automatic reboot······················································································441
Entering FIPS mode through manual reboot··························································································442
Exiting FIPS mode through automatic reboot ························································································444
Exiting FIPS mode through manual reboot····························································································444
Configuring user profiles·············································································446
Overview························································································································································446
Configuration task list·····································································································································446
Configuration restrictions and guidelines·······································································································446
Creating a user profile····································································································································446
Configuring parameters for a user profile ······································································································447
Configuring QoS parameters for traffic management ············································································447
Displaying and maintaining user profiles ·······································································································447
User profile configuration examples···············································································································447
Local 802.1X authentication/authorization with QoS policy configuration example·······························447
Configuring attack detection and prevention···············································452
Overview························································································································································452
Attacks that the device can prevent···············································································································452
Single-packet attacks·····························································································································452
Scanning attacks····································································································································453
Flood attacks··········································································································································454
TCP fragment attack······························································································································455
Login dictionary attack ···························································································································455
Attack detection and prevention configuration task list··················································································455
Configuring an attack defense policy·············································································································456
Creating an attack defense policy··········································································································456
Configuring a single-packet attack defense policy·················································································456
Configuring a scanning attack defense policy························································································457
Configuring a flood attack defense policy ······························································································458
Configuring attack detection exemption·································································································462
Applying an attack defense policy to the device ····················································································462
Disabling log aggregation for single-packet attack events·····································································463
Configuring TCP fragment attack prevention·································································································463
Enabling the login delay·································································································································463
Displaying and maintaining attack detection and prevention·········································································464
Attack detection and prevention configuration example ················································································465
Network requirements····························································································································465
Configuration procedure·························································································································465
Verifying the configuration······················································································································466
Configuring ND attack defense···································································469
Overview························································································································································469
Configuring source MAC consistency check for ND packets·········································································469
Configuring keychains·················································································470
Overview························································································································································470
Configuration procedure ································································································································470
Displaying and maintaining keychain·············································································································471
Keychain configuration example····················································································································471
Network requirements····························································································································471
Configuration procedure·························································································································471
xi
Verifying the configuration······················································································································473
Document conventions and icons·······························································476
Conventions···················································································································································476
Network topology icons··································································································································477
Support and other resources ······································································478
Accessing Hewlett Packard Enterprise Support ····························································································478
Accessing updates·········································································································································478
Websites ················································································································································479
Customer self repair·······························································································································479
Remote support······································································································································479
Documentation feedback ·······················································································································479
Index···········································································································481
1
Configuring AAA
Overview
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) provides a uniform framework for implementing
network access management. This feature specifies the following security functions:
•Authentication—Identifies users and verifies their validity.
•Authorization—Grants different users different rights, and controls the users' access to
resources and services. For example, you can permit office users to read and print files and
prevent guests from accessing files on the device.
•Accounting—Records network usage details of users, including the service type, start time,
and traffic. This function enables time-based and traffic-based charging and user behavior
auditing.
AAA uses a client/server model. The client runs on the access device, or the network access server
(NAS), which authenticates user identities and controls user access. The server maintains user
information centrally. See Figure 1.
Figure 1 AAA network diagram
To access networks or resources beyond the NAS, a user sends its identity information to the NAS.
The NAS transparently passes the user information toAAA servers and waits for the authentication,
authorization, and accounting result. Based on the result, the NAS determines whether to permit or
deny the access request.
AAA has various implementations, including RADIUS, HWTACACS, and LDAP. RADIUS is most
often used.
The network in Figure 1 has one RADIUS server and one HWTACACS server. You can use different
servers to implement different security functions. For example, you can use the HWTACACS server
for authentication and authorization, and use the RADIUS server for accounting.
You can choose the security functions provided by AAA as needed. For example, if your company
wants employees to be authenticated before they access specific resources, you would deploy an
authentication server. If network usage information is needed, you would also configure an
accounting server.
The device performs dynamic password authentication.
Remote user NAS RADIUS server
HWTACACS server
Internet
Network
2
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a distributed information interaction
protocol that uses a client/server model. The protocol can protect networks against unauthorized
access and is often used in network environments that require both high security and remote user
access.
The RADIUS authorization process is combined with the RADIUS authentication process, and user
authorization information is piggybacked in authentication responses. RADIUS uses UDP port 1812
for authentication and UDP port 1813 for accounting.
RADIUS was originally designed for dial-in user access, and has been extended to support
additional access methods, such as Ethernet andADSL.
Client/server model
The RADIUS client runs on the NASs located throughout the network. It passes user information to
RADIUS servers and acts on the responses to, for example, reject or accept user access requests.
The RADIUS server runs on the computer or workstation at the network center and maintains
information related to user authentication and network service access.
The RADIUS server operates using the following process:
1. Receives authentication, authorization, and accounting requests from RADIUS clients.
2. Performs user authentication, authorization, or accounting.
3. Returns user access control information (for example, rejecting or accepting the user access
request) to the clients.
The RADIUS server can also act as the client of another RADIUS server to provide authentication
proxy services.
The RADIUS server maintains the following databases:
•Users—Stores user information, such as the usernames, passwords, applied protocols, and IP
addresses.
•Clients—Stores information about RADIUS clients, such as shared keys and IP addresses.
•Dictionary—Stores RADIUS protocol attributes and their values.
Figure 2 RADIUS server databases
Information exchange security mechanism
The RADIUS client and server exchange information between them with the help of shared keys,
which are preconfigured on the client and server. A RADIUS packet has a 16-byte field called
Authenticator. This field includes a signature generated by using the MD5 algorithm, the shared key,
and some other information. The receiver of the packetverifies the signature and accepts the packet
only when the signature is correct. This mechanism ensures the security of information exchanged
between the RADIUS client and server.
The shared keys are also used to encrypt user passwords that are included in RADIUS packets.
User authentication methods
The RADIUS server supports multiple user authentication methods, such as PAP, CHAP, and EAP.
3
Basic RADIUS packet exchange process
Figure 3 illustrates the interactions between a user host, the RADIUS client, and the RADIUS server.
Figure 3 Basic RADIUS packet exchange process
RADIUS uses the following workflow:
1. The host sends a connection request that includes the user's username and password to the
RADIUS client.
2. The RADIUS client sends an authentication request (Access-Request) to the RADIUS server.
The request includes the user's password, which has been processed by the MD5 algorithm
and shared key.
3. The RADIUS server authenticates the username and password. If the authentication succeeds,
the server sends back an Access-Accept packet that contains the user's authorization
information. If the authentication fails, the server returns an Access-Reject packet.
4. The RADIUS client permits or denies the user according to the authentication result. If the result
permits the user, the RADIUS client sends a start-accounting request (Accounting-Request)
packet to the RADIUS server.
5. The RADIUS server returns an acknowledgment (Accounting-Response) packet and starts
accounting.
6. The user accesses the network resources.
7. The host requests the RADIUS client to tear down the connection.
8. The RADIUS client sends a stop-accounting request (Accounting-Request) packet to the
RADIUS server.
9. The RADIUS server returns an acknowledgment (Accounting-Response) and stops accounting
for the user.
10. The RADIUS client notifies the user of the termination.
RADIUS packet format
RADIUS uses UDP to transmit packets. The protocol also uses a series of mechanisms to ensure
smooth packet exchange between the RADIUS server and the client. These mechanisms include the
timer mechanism, the retransmission mechanism, and the backup server mechanism.
4
Figure 4 RADIUS packet format
Descriptions of the fields are as follows:
•The Code field (1 byte long) indicates the type of the RADIUS packet. Table 1 gives the main
values and their meanings.
Table 1 Main values of the Code field
Code Packet type Description
1 Access-Request
From the client to the server. A packet of this type includes user information
for the server to authenticate the user. It must contain the User-Name
attribute and can optionally contain the attributes of NAS-IP-Address,
User-Password, and NAS-Port.
2 Access-Accept
From the server to the client. If all attribute values included in the
Access-Request are acceptable, the authentication succeeds, and the
server sends an Access-Accept response.
3 Access-Reject
From the server to the client. If any attribute value included in the
Access-Request is unacceptable, the authentication fails, and the server
sends an Access-Reject response.
4 Accounting-Reque
st
From the client to the server. A packet of this type includes user information
for the server to start or stop accounting for the user. The Acct-Status-Type
attribute in the packet indicates whether to start or stop accounting.
5 Accounting-Respo
nse
From the server to the client. The server sends a packet of this type to
notify the client that it has received the Accounting-Request and has
successfully recorded the accounting information.
•The Identifier field (1 byte long) is used to match response packets with request packets and to
detect duplicate request packets. The request and response packets of the same exchange
process for the same purpose (such as authentication or accounting) have the same identifier.
•The Length field (2 bytes long) indicates the length of the entire packet (in bytes), including the
Code, Identifier, Length, Authenticator, and Attributes fields. Bytes beyond this length are
considered padding and are ignored by the receiver. If the length of a received packet is less
than this length, the packet is dropped.
•The Authenticator field (16 bytes long) is used to authenticate responses from the RADIUS
server and to encrypt user passwords. There are two types of authenticators: request
authenticator and response authenticator.
•The Attributes field (variable in length) includes authentication, authorization, and accounting
information. This field can contain multiple attributes, each with the following subfields:
{Type—Type of the attribute.
5
{Length—Length of the attribute in bytes, including the Type, Length, and Value subfields.
{Value—Value of the attribute. Its format and content depend on the Type subfield.
Commonly used RADIUS attributes are defined in RFC 2865, RFC 2866, RFC 2867, and RFC
2868. For more information, see "Commonly used standard RADIUS attributes."
Table 2 Commonly used RADIUS attributes
No. Attribute No. Attribute
1 User-Name 45 Acct-Authentic
2 User-Password 46 Acct-Session-Time
3 CHAP-Password 47 Acct-Input-Packets
4 NAS-IP-Address 48 Acct-Output-Packets
5 NAS-Port 49 Acct-Terminate-Cause
6 Service-Type 50 Acct-Multi-Session-Id
7 Framed-Protocol 51 Acct-Link-Count
8 Framed-IP-Address 52 Acct-Input-Gigawords
9 Framed-IP-Netmask 53 Acct-Output-Gigawords
10 Framed-Routing 54 (unassigned)
11 Filter-ID 55 Event-Timestamp
12 Framed-MTU 56-59 (unassigned)
13 Framed-Compression 60 CHAP-Challenge
14 Login-IP-Host 61 NAS-Port-Type
15 Login-Service 62 Port-Limit
16 Login-TCP-Port 63 Login-LAT-Port
17 (unassigned) 64 Tunnel-Type
18 Reply-Message 65 Tunnel-Medium-Type
19 Callback-Number 66 Tunnel-Client-Endpoint
20 Callback-ID 67 Tunnel-Server-Endpoint
21 (unassigned) 68 Acct-Tunnel-Connection
22 Framed-Route 69 Tunnel-Password
23 Framed-IPX-Network 70 ARAP-Password
24 State 71 ARAP-Features
25 Class 72 ARAP-Zone-Access
26 Vendor-Specific 73 ARAP-Security
27 Session-Timeout 74 ARAP-Security-Data
28 Idle-Timeout 75 Password-Retry
29 Termination-Action 76 Prompt
30 Called-Station-Id 77 Connect-Info
31 Calling-Station-Id 78 Configuration-Token
32 NAS-Identifier 79 EAP-Message
6
No. Attribute No. Attribute
33 Proxy-State 80 Message-Authenticator
34 Login-LAT-Service 81 Tunnel-Private-Group-id
35 Login-LAT-Node 82 Tunnel-Assignment-id
36 Login-LAT-Group 83 Tunnel-Preference
37 Framed-AppleTalk-Link 84 ARAP-Challenge-Response
38 Framed-AppleTalk-Network 85 Acct-Interim-Interval
39 Framed-AppleTalk-Zone 86 Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost
40 Acct-Status-Type 87 NAS-Port-Id
41 Acct-Delay-Time 88 Framed-Pool
42 Acct-Input-Octets 89 (unassigned)
43 Acct-Output-Octets 90 Tunnel-Client-Auth-id
44 Acct-Session-Id 91 Tunnel-Server-Auth-id
Extended RADIUS attributes
The RADIUS protocol features excellent extensibility. The Vendor-Specific attribute (attribute 26)
allows a vendor to define extended attributes. The extended attributes implement functions that the
standard RADIUS protocol does not provide.
Avendor can encapsulate multiple subattributes in the TLV format in attribute 26 to provide extended
functions. As shown in Figure 5, a subattribute encapsulated in attribute 26 consists of the following
parts:
•Vendor-ID—ID of the vendor. The most significant byte is 0. The other three bytes contains a
code compliant to RFC 1700.
•Vendor-Type—Type of the subattribute.
•Vendor-Length—Length of the subattribute.
•Vendor-Data—Contents of the subattribute.
The device supports the RADIUS subattributes with a vendor ID of 25506. For more information, see
"Proprietary RADIUS subattributes (vendor ID 25506)."
Figure 5 Format of attribute 26
HWTACACS
HW Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (HWTACACS) is an enhanced security
protocol based on TACACS (RFC 1492). HWTACACS is similar to RADIUS, and uses a client/server
model for information exchange between the NAS and the HWTACACS server.
7
HWTACACS typically provides AAA services for PPP, VPDN, and terminal users. In a typical
HWTACACS scenario, terminal users need to log in to the NAS. Working as the HWTACACS client,
the NAS sends users' usernames and passwords to the HWTACACS server for authentication. After
passing authentication and obtaining authorized rights, a user logs in to the device and performs
operations. The HWTACACS server records the operations that each user performs.
Differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS
HWTACACS and RADIUS have many features in common, such as using a client/server model,
using shared keys for data encryption, and providing flexibility and scalability. Table 3 lists the
primary differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS.
Table 3 Primary differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS
HWTACACS RADIUS
Uses TCP, which provides reliable network
transmission. Uses UDP, which provides high transport efficiency.
Encrypts the entire packet except for the
HWTACACS header. Encrypts only the user password field in an
authentication packet.
Protocol packets are complicated and authorization
is independent of authentication. Authentication and
authorization can be deployed on different
HWTACACS servers.
Protocol packets are simple and the authorization
process is combined with the authentication
process.
Supports authorization of configuration commands.
Access to commands depends on both the user's
roles and authorization. A user can use only
commands that are permitted by the user roles and
authorized by the HWTACACS server.
Does not support authorization of configuration
commands. Access to commands solely depends on
the user's roles. For more information about user
roles, see Fundamentals Configuration Guide.
Basic HWTACACS packet exchange process
Figure 6 describes how HWTACACS performs user authentication, authorization, and accounting for
a Telnet user.
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