IBM 5110 Reference manual

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IBM 5110
BASIC Introduction
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IBM 5110
BASIC Introduction

Preface
This manual introduces the IBM 5110 Computer
and its BASIC programming capability.
It is
intended
to provide the users of these products
with the information necessary to operate the
5110 using the BASIC language.
Related
Publications
• IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Manual, SA21-9308
•
IBM 5110 BASIC User's Guide, SA21-9307
•
IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Handbook,
GX21-9309
•
IBM 5110 General Information and Physical
Planning Manual, GA21-9300
•
IBM 5110 Computing System Setup Procedure,
SA21-9318
First Edition (January 1978)
Changes are continually made to the specifications herein; any such
changes will be reported in subsequent revisions
or technical newsletters.
Requests
for copies of IBM publications should be made to your IBM
representative or the IBM branch office serving your locality.
A Reader's Comment Form is at the back
of this publication. If the form
has been removed, address your comments to IBM Corporation,
Publications, Department 245, Rochester, Minnesota 55901. Comments
become the property
of IBM.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1978
o
(~)
Preface
This manual introduces the IBM 5110 Computer
and its BASIC programming capability.
It is
intended
to provide the users of these products
with the information necessary to operate the
5110 using the BASIC language.
Related
Publications
• IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Manual, SA21-9308
•
IBM 5110 BASIC User's Guide, SA21-9307
•
IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Handbook,
GX21-9309
•
IBM 5110 General Information and Physical
Planning Manual, GA21-9300
•
IBM 5110 Computing System Setup Procedure,
SA21-9318
First Edition (January 1978)
Changes are continually made to the specifications herein; any such
changes will be reported in subsequent revisions
or technical newsletters.
Requests
for copies of IBM publications should be made to your IBM
representative or the IBM branch office serving your locality.
A Reader's Comment Form is at the back
of this publication. If the form
has been removed, address your comments to IBM Corporation,
Publications, Department 245, Rochester, Minnesota 55901. Comments
become the property
of IBM.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1978
o
(~)

Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.
1 CHAPTER 4.
HOW TO WRITE A PROGRAM 49
(~
About This Manual The
LET Statement 49
~'"
About BASIC Using Remarks 50
About the 5110 Listing Program Contents 52
Alphameric Keys 4 Branches . 52
Numeric Keys 4 The GOTO Statement 52
Operating Keys 5 The IF Statement 53
("'"
BASIC Command Keywords 6 Loops 57
I;, BASIC Statement Keywords 6
Arithmetic Operator Keys 6 CHAPTER
5. OTHER WAYS TO PUT
Getting Started 6 VALUES INTO PROGRAMS
67
Entering and Displaying Data 7 The READ, DATA, and RESTORE Statements. 67
Entering Lowercase Alphabetic The IN
PUT Statement 69
Characters
12
Prompting Your Input
70
Correcting Keying Errors .
13
Entering Character Variables
Into Programs
71
CHAPTER 2. HOW YOUR SYSTEM HANDLES A Review of What You've Done.
72
ARITHMETIC
19
Arithmetic Operators.
19 CHAPTER 6.
MAKING CHANGES TO YOUR
Variables
21
PROGRAMS.
73
Variables That Stand For Numbers
21
Correcting Keying Errors 73
C Performing Several Functions in Inserting New Lines 73
the Same Expression .
24
Replacing One Line With Another 75
The Sequence
of Arithmetic Operations
24
Removing a Line 76
Positive/ Negative Operators 27 Renumbering Statement Lines . 77
Variables That Stand For Characters . 29
Using Calculation Results
30
CHAPTER 7. MORE ABOUT THE PRINT
STATEMENT
79
CHAPTER 3. ENTERING, RUNNING, AND
Making Headings
80
STORING A PROGRAM 33 Math Calculations in Print Statements
81
Entering a Program
33
Correcting Your Keying Errors
34
CHAPTER 8. SETTING UP YOUR OWN FORMAT-
Running the Program
34
PRINT USING AND IMAGE STATEMENTS 83
Automatic Statement Numbering
38
Example of Printing 86
Sample
Run 38
C:
Using Tape or Diskette Storage CHAPTER 9. DATA FILES. 89
(Your Library) 39 Activating and Deactivating Files 89
Marking Your
Media.
42
Creating a Tape or Diskette File
90
SAVE Command
43
Retrieving a File .
91
LOAD Command
44
Repositioning Files .
92
Listing a Directory of Programs
44
A Review of What You've Done.
47
C
c iii
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.
1 CHAPTER 4.
HOW TO WRITE A PROGRAM 49
(~
About This Manual The
LET Statement 49
~'"
About BASIC Using Remarks 50
About the 5110 Listing Program Contents 52
Alphameric Keys 4 Branches . 52
Numeric Keys 4 The GOTO Statement 52
Operating Keys 5 The IF Statement 53
("'"
BASIC Command Keywords 6 Loops 57
I;, BASIC Statement Keywords 6
Arithmetic Operator Keys 6 CHAPTER
5. OTHER WAYS TO PUT
Getting Started 6 VALUES INTO PROGRAMS
67
Entering and Displaying Data 7 The READ, DATA, and RESTORE Statements. 67
Entering Lowercase Alphabetic The IN
PUT Statement 69
Characters
12
Prompting Your Input
70
Correcting Keying Errors .
13
Entering Character Variables
Into Programs
71
CHAPTER 2. HOW YOUR SYSTEM HANDLES A Review of What You've Done.
72
ARITHMETIC
19
Arithmetic Operators.
19 CHAPTER 6.
MAKING CHANGES TO YOUR
Variables
21
PROGRAMS.
73
Variables That Stand For Numbers
21
Correcting Keying Errors 73
C Performing Several Functions in Inserting New Lines 73
the Same Expression .
24
Replacing One Line With Another 75
The Sequence
of Arithmetic Operations
24
Removing a Line 76
Positive/ Negative Operators 27 Renumbering Statement Lines . 77
Variables That Stand For Characters . 29
Using Calculation Results
30
CHAPTER 7. MORE ABOUT THE PRINT
STATEMENT
79
CHAPTER 3. ENTERING, RUNNING, AND
Making Headings
80
STORING A PROGRAM 33 Math Calculations in Print Statements
81
Entering a Program
33
Correcting Your Keying Errors
34
CHAPTER 8. SETTING UP YOUR OWN FORMAT-
Running the Program
34
PRINT USING AND IMAGE STATEMENTS 83
Automatic Statement Numbering
38
Example of Printing 86
Sample
Run 38
C:
Using Tape or Diskette Storage CHAPTER 9. DATA FILES. 89
(Your Library) 39 Activating and Deactivating Files 89
Marking Your
Media.
42
Creating a Tape or Diskette File
90
SAVE Command
43
Retrieving a File .
91
LOAD Command
44
Repositioning Files .
92
Listing a Directory of Programs
44
A Review of What You've Done.
47
C
c iii

CHAPTER 10. ARRAYS . . . . . . .
Defining an Array . . . . . . . . . .
DIM Statement
for One-Dimensional
Arrays
DIM Statement
for Two- Dimensional
Arrays
......... .
DIM Statement for Character
Variables
........ .
Elements
of Arrays
Assigning Values
to Array Elements
Another
Way to Assign Values
to Arrays ................ .
Assigning Values
to an Entire Array
at Once
........... .
Working With Elements of Arrays.
Printing Arrays . . . . . . . .
Putting
One- Dimensional Arrays
Together in a Program
Two- Dimensional Array . . . .
Arithmetic
With Arrays ..... .
Addition and Subtraction
With Arrays
Multiplication and Division . . . . .
Averaging
Two Sets of One- Dimensional
Arrays
Averaging
Two- Dimensional Arrays
Matrix
Multiplication. . .
Taking a Matrix Transpose . .
The Identity
Matrix . . . . .
Taking the Inverse
of a Matrix
CHAPTER 11. MORE THINGS YOU CAN DO
WITH BASIC
Finding Square Roots . . . . .
Some General System Functions
Arithmetic Constants . .
Conversion Functions
Array/
Matrix Functions .
Record File Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Logarithms and Exponents
Other Functions . . . . .
iv
93
95
95
96
96
97
98
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
107
108
109
109
109
110
110
111
111
112
114
115
115
116
116
117
117
CHAPTER 12: IF YOU HAVE TROUBLE
119
Forgetting to Save Corrected Programs.
119 0
Endless Loops or Output 119
Numbers Are Not What They
Seem To
Be . 119
How Can A Vague Idea Become
A Program?
121
,~-JI
CHAPTER 13. EXERCISES
123
...... ".
Exercises for Chapter 2. BASIC
Arithmetic.
124
Exercises for Chapter 4.
How to
Write a Program . 128
Exercises for Branching (Chapter 4)
131
tf-~,
Exercises for Loops (Chapter 4) . 134 " i
Exercises for Chapter 5. Other Ways
to Put Values into Programs . 137
Exercise for Chapter 8. Setting Up
Your Own Format-PRINT USING
and Image Statements 139
Exercise for Chapter 10. Arrays . 140
Exercises for Chapter 11. More Things
You Can Do
With BASIC 143
APPENDIX A. BASIC STATEMENTS AND
COMMANDS 147
BASIC Statements.
147
BASIC System Commands 150
Editing Function .
151
J~,
)'
APPENDIX B. CUSTOMER SUPPORT
FUNCTIONS ................. 153
,Ii' -'-,
~tp/
()
CHAPTER 10. ARRAYS . . . . . . .
Defining an Array . . . . . . . . . .
DIM Statement
for One-Dimensional
Arrays
DIM Statement
for Two- Dimensional
Arrays
......... .
DIM Statement for Character
Variables
........ .
Elements
of Arrays
Assigning Values
to Array Elements
Another
Way to Assign Values
to Arrays ................ .
Assigning Values
to an Entire Array
at Once
........... .
Working With Elements of Arrays.
Printing Arrays . . . . . . . .
Putting
One- Dimensional Arrays
Together in a Program
Two- Dimensional Array . . . .
Arithmetic
With Arrays ..... .
Addition and Subtraction
With Arrays
Multiplication and Division . . . . .
Averaging
Two Sets of One- Dimensional
Arrays
Averaging
Two- Dimensional Arrays
Matrix
Multiplication. . .
Taking a Matrix Transpose . .
The Identity
Matrix . . . . .
Taking the Inverse
of a Matrix
CHAPTER 11. MORE THINGS YOU CAN DO
WITH BASIC
Finding Square Roots . . . . .
Some General System Functions
Arithmetic Constants . .
Conversion Functions
Array/
Matrix Functions .
Record File Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Logarithms and Exponents
Other Functions . . . . .
iv
93
95
95
96
96
97
98
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
107
108
109
109
109
110
110
111
111
112
114
115
115
116
116
117
117
CHAPTER 12: IF YOU HAVE TROUBLE
119
Forgetting to Save Corrected Programs.
119 0
Endless Loops or Output 119
Numbers Are Not What They
Seem To
Be . 119
How Can A Vague Idea Become
A Program?
121
,~-JI
CHAPTER 13. EXERCISES
123
...... ".
Exercises for Chapter 2. BASIC
Arithmetic.
124
Exercises for Chapter 4.
How to
Write a Program . 128
Exercises for Branching (Chapter 4)
131
tf-~,
Exercises for Loops (Chapter 4) . 134 " i
Exercises for Chapter 5. Other Ways
to Put Values into Programs . 137
Exercise for Chapter 8. Setting Up
Your Own Format-PRINT USING
and Image Statements 139
Exercise for Chapter 10. Arrays . 140
Exercises for Chapter 11. More Things
You Can Do
With BASIC 143
APPENDIX A. BASIC STATEMENTS AND
COMMANDS 147
BASIC Statements.
147
BASIC System Commands 150
Editing Function .
151
J~,
)'
APPENDIX B. CUSTOMER SUPPORT
FUNCTIONS ................. 153
,Ii' -'-,
~tp/
()

('''"'"
~,.
/
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c
Chapter 1. Introduction
ABOUT THIS MANUAL
This manual will show you how to operate the 5110 using the BASIC
language.
If you are already familiar with the BASIC language, you
may be able
to skip most of the language-only topics and simply learn
how to operate the 5110. If you are not familiar with the BASIC
language, you should read
the manual from cover to cover while
performing the suggested keying operations or examples on your
5110. Not all of the features and functions of the BASIC language are
discussed in this manual. For
more information about the 5110 or the
BASIC language, see the
IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Manual,
SA21-9308, or the IBM 5110 BASIC User's Guide, SA21-9307.
This manual assumes
that your 5110 has been installed and checked
out.
If this is not the case, use the IBM 5110 Customer Setup Manual,
SA21-9318, to install your system.
ABOUT BASIC
BASIC is an interactive computer language; that is, whatever you enter
into the system is processed immediately. BASIC has many built-in
functions that allow you to effectively solve your problems. BASIC
also allows
you to write programs using BASIC language statements
and facilities. These programs can be stored on
the tape cartridge or
diskette for later use.
BASIC is a
good language to experiment with. Nothing you do from
the keyboard can damage the system; and the more you experiment,
the more you will learn about BASIC and the system.
ABOUT THE 5110
The 5110 Model 1 (Figure 1) is a computer designed to help solve your
business problems. The display screen and indicator lights
communicate
information to you, and the keyboard and switches allow
you to control the operations the system will perform. The 5110
Model 2 is identical to the 5110 Model 1 except that it does not
contain the built-in tape unit.
Before you begin
to use the 5110, you should become familiar with the
keys and
the control panel {Figure 1}. The control panel consists of a
series
of switches, which will be explained later.
Introduction
('''"'"
~,.
/
c
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Chapter 1. Introduction
ABOUT THIS MANUAL
This manual will show you how to operate the 5110 using the BASIC
language.
If you are already familiar with the BASIC language, you
may be able
to skip most of the language-only topics and simply learn
how to operate the 5110. If you are not familiar with the BASIC
language, you should read
the manual from cover to cover while
performing the suggested keying operations or examples on your
5110. Not all of the features and functions of the BASIC language are
discussed in this manual. For
more information about the 5110 or the
BASIC language, see the
IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Manual,
SA21-9308, or the IBM 5110 BASIC User's Guide, SA21-9307.
This manual assumes
that your 5110 has been installed and checked
out.
If this is not the case, use the IBM 5110 Customer Setup Manual,
SA21-9318, to install your system.
ABOUT BASIC
BASIC is an interactive computer language; that is, whatever you enter
into the system is processed immediately. BASIC has many built-in
functions that allow you to effectively solve your problems. BASIC
also allows
you to write programs using BASIC language statements
and facilities. These programs can be stored on
the tape cartridge or
diskette for later use.
BASIC is a
good language to experiment with. Nothing you do from
the keyboard can damage the system; and the more you experiment,
the more you will learn about BASIC and the system.
ABOUT THE 5110
The 5110 Model 1 (Figure 1) is a computer designed to help solve your
business problems. The display screen and indicator lights
communicate
information to you, and the keyboard and switches allow
you to control the operations the system will perform. The 5110
Model 2 is identical to the 5110 Model 1 except that it does not
contain the built-in tape unit.
Before you begin
to use the 5110, you should become familiar with the
keys and
the control panel {Figure 1}. The control panel consists of a
series
of switches, which will be explained later.
Introduction

2
What follows is a brief description of the keys. How you use the keys
will be described later. For now, familiarize yourself with the names
and locations
of keys on the system. Figure 2 shows a BASIC-only
keyboard, and Figure 3 shows a combined BASIC/APL keyboard.
If your system is equipped to operate either BASIC or APL programs,
you may
be unfamiliar with the symbols appearing at the top and on
the
front of the alphameric keys (Figure 3). For BASIC operations,
even on a BASIC-only machine (Figure 2) where they are not shown
on the key top, these symbols can be displayed or printed, although
their APL functions
do not apply to BASIC operations. See the IBM
5110 BASIC Reference Handbook, GX21-9309, for the APL characters
and their locations.
Switch
Display
Screen
CMD Key
PROCESS
Switch
IN
PROCESS
Indicator REVERSE
DISPLAY BASIC/APL
Switch
Switch
DISPLAY
REGISTERS/NORMAL
Tape
Cartridge
1--4+~-- Arithmetic
Operator
Keys
EXECUTE Key
Shift Keys
Figure 1. IBM 5110 Model 1 Computer
()
;(" )-
\ ... \
,4 ').\
~.",_f
()
2
What follows is a brief description of the keys. How you use the keys
will be described later. For now, familiarize yourself with the names
and locations
of keys on the system. Figure 2 shows a BASIC-only
keyboard, and Figure 3 shows a combined BASIC/APL keyboard.
If your system is equipped to operate either BASIC or APL programs,
you may
be unfamiliar with the symbols appearing at the top and on
the
front of the alphameric keys (Figure 3). For BASIC operations,
even on a BASIC-only machine (Figure 2) where they are not shown
on the key top, these symbols can be displayed or printed, although
their APL functions
do not apply to BASIC operations. See the IBM
5110 BASIC Reference Handbook, GX21-9309, for the APL characters
and their locations.
Switch
Display
Screen
CMD Key
PROCESS
Switch
IN
PROCESS
Indicator REVERSE
DISPLAY BASIC/APL
Switch
Switch
DISPLAY
REGISTERS/NORMAL
Tape
Cartridge
1--4+~-- Arithmetic
Operator
Keys
EXECUTE Key
Shift Keys
Figure 1. IBM 5110 Model 1 Computer
()
;(" )-
\ ... \
,4 ').\
~.",_f
()

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~"BBBGGBB[","MI~·"··" ~" 8[~;:"IEJEJ
QOOJOJCD[)(IJCDOG]CJO •• ••••
CDGJGJGJGJCDGJQGJCDOO [JOG CJ
[J GJ GJ GJ GJ GJ CJ GJ [J OJ OJ CfJ GJ GJ GJ 0
_ GJGJGJGJGJGJCDO[JQCO _ DOC] 0
Figure 2. BASIC-Only Keyboard
BASIC C§J ~~G£:J ~ G!!:U~( RENUM J[CaIC ReSUI.]~ D:](7c;Ir:::Ir::l
APL ()LOAD)(§D@§.)~~~(2§)~()OUTSEL)~CD~~L:J
( 0 )0 []
OCJOJOJCD[)(IJCDCDCDCJCO •• ••••
CD CD CD CO CD CD (l) OJ (J] CD GJ 0 [J 0 G G
CD OJ CD GJ CO CD CJ GJ rn OJ OJ CfJ GJ GJ GJ G
_ [[)(IJGJGJCDCDCDO[JOJcoa DOC] 0
( ( 0 )0 []
Figure 3. Combined BASIC/ APl Keyboard
Introduction 3
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~"BBBGGBB[","MI~·"··" ~" 8[~;:"IEJEJ
QOOJOJCD[)(IJCDOG]CJO •• ••••
CDGJGJGJGJCDGJQGJCDOO [JOG CJ
[J GJ GJ GJ GJ GJ CJ GJ [J OJ OJ CfJ GJ GJ GJ 0
_ GJGJGJGJGJGJCDO[JQCO _ DOC] 0
Figure 2. BASIC-Only Keyboard
BASIC C§J ~~G£:J ~ G!!:U~( RENUM J[CaIC ReSUI.]~ D:](7c;Ir:::Ir::l
APL ()LOAD)(§D@§.)~~~(2§)~()OUTSEL)~CD~~L:J
( 0 )0 []
OCJOJOJCD[)(IJCDCDCDCJCO •• ••••
CD CD CD CO CD CD (l) OJ (J] CD GJ 0 [J 0 G G
CD OJ CD GJ CO CD CJ GJ rn OJ OJ CfJ GJ GJ GJ G
_ [[)(IJGJGJCDCDCDO[JOJcoa DOC] 0
( ( 0 )0 []
Figure 3. Combined BASIC/ APl Keyboard
Introduction 3

4
Alphameric Keys
The alpha keys are similar to those on a standard typewriter, except
that there are no lowercase characters. The alpha characters are all
uppercase, even though
they are in the lowercase position on the
keys. Thus, you do not use the shift key for alpha characters.
If you want to enter an upper-shift character, you must hold down the
shift key and then press the key to enter the character, just as you
would to type an uppercase character on an ordinary typewriter.
You can also enter lowercase alphabetic characters
from the keyboard.
How you enter lowercase alphabetic characters is discussed later in
this chapter.
Numeric Keys
Either the top row of alphameric keys or the special calculator
arrangement of numeric keys on the right of the keyboard can be used
to enter numbers.
o
4
Alphameric Keys
The alpha keys are similar to those on a standard typewriter, except
that there are no lowercase characters. The alpha characters are all
uppercase, even though
they are in the lowercase position on the
keys. Thus, you do not use the shift key for alpha characters.
If you want to enter an upper-shift character, you must hold down the
shift key and then press the key to enter the character, just as you
would to type an uppercase character on an ordinary typewriter.
You can also enter lowercase alphabetic characters
from the keyboard.
How you enter lowercase alphabetic characters is discussed later in
this chapter.
Numeric Keys
Either the top row of alphameric keys or the special calculator
arrangement of numeric keys on the right of the keyboard can be used
to enter numbers.
o

c:
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c
Operating Keys
The
dark gray keys with the legend names CMD, EXECUTE, ATTN,
and HOLD, and the
dark gray keys with the arrows are special
operating keys (Figure 4). The dark
gray keys with the arrows and the
spacebar (used
to enter blank characters) automatically repeat the
operation
they perform when held down.
Forward Space Key
Backspace Key
/
IfYOU get an error,
press .this
key to mak:
Attention Key the dIsplay stop flashmg.
Scroll
Up Key
Scroll Down Key
.HO.
EXECUTE Key
Shift Key
Space Bar
Figure 4. Special Operating Keys
Introduction 5
c:
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Operating Keys
The
dark gray keys with the legend names CMD, EXECUTE, ATTN,
and HOLD, and the
dark gray keys with the arrows are special
operating keys (Figure 4). The dark
gray keys with the arrows and the
spacebar (used
to enter blank characters) automatically repeat the
operation
they perform when held down.
Forward Space Key
Backspace Key
/
IfYOU get an error,
press .this
key to mak:
Attention Key the dIsplay stop flashmg.
Scroll
Up Key
Scroll Down Key
.HO.
EXECUTE Key
Shift Key
Space Bar
Figure 4. Special Operating Keys
Introduction 5

6
BASIC Command Keywords
The words listed above the top row of alphameric keys (1-0) are
BASIC command keywords that you can enter by holding down the
CMD key and then pressing the key below the desired command. For
example,
to enter the LOAD command keyword, hold down the CMD
key and press
1. These commands and their use are described later.
BASIC Statement Keywords
Notice the special character combinations of BASIC keywords
engraved on the front of the alphabetic keys. If you have a combined
APL/BASIC machine, there is also an APL special character
combination on the
front of the key. You can enter the BASIC
keywords by holding down the CMD key and then pressing the
appropriate key. You
will see how these BASIC keywords are used as
you become familiar with the BASIC language.
BASIC Statement Keyword
APL Special
Character Combination
Note: You can use the APL special character combination only when
you are using your system as an APL machine.
Arithmetic Operator Keys
The four keys to the right of the calculator arrangement of numeric
keys are the arithmetic operator keys that are used to perform
division, multiplication, subtraction, and addition. These operator keys
also appear on the alphameric keyboard. In BASIC the symbol/is
used for division, and the symbol * is used for multiplication.
GETTING STARTED
Make sure the switches on your control panel are set as follows:
Switch Setting
L32 64 R32
64
DISPLAY REGISTERS/NORMAL NORMAL
BASIC/ APL (combined machines only) BASIC
\~ )1
.......
,r-- ".
,...'
6
BASIC Command Keywords
The words listed above the top row of alphameric keys (1-0) are
BASIC command keywords that you can enter by holding down the
CMD key and then pressing the key below the desired command. For
example,
to enter the LOAD command keyword, hold down the CMD
key and press
1. These commands and their use are described later.
BASIC Statement Keywords
Notice the special character combinations of BASIC keywords
engraved on the front of the alphabetic keys. If you have a combined
APL/BASIC machine, there is also an APL special character
combination on the
front of the key. You can enter the BASIC
keywords by holding down the CMD key and then pressing the
appropriate key. You
will see how these BASIC keywords are used as
you become familiar with the BASIC language.
BASIC Statement Keyword
APL Special
Character Combination
Note: You can use the APL special character combination only when
you are using your system as an APL machine.
Arithmetic Operator Keys
The four keys to the right of the calculator arrangement of numeric
keys are the arithmetic operator keys that are used to perform
division, multiplication, subtraction, and addition. These operator keys
also appear on the alphameric keyboard. In BASIC the symbol/is
used for division, and the symbol * is used for multiplication.
GETTING STARTED
Make sure the switches on your control panel are set as follows:
Switch Setting
L32 64 R32
64
DISPLAY REGISTERS/NORMAL NORMAL
BASIC/ APL (combined machines only) BASIC
\~ )1
.......
,r-- ".
,...'

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.'
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If your system has the BASIC/ APL switch, it can execute either BASIC
or APL language statements. The language used is selected only
during the power up procedure or when the RESTART switch is
pressed. Make sure your system is plugged in and turn the power on.
If the power is already on, press RESTART and wait a few seconds.
During this time, the system performs internal checks to make sure it
is operating correctly. Do not press any keys while these internal
checks are being made.
If you inadvertently press a key, you must
press RESTART to continue.
If an error is detected during these checks, the PROCESS CHECK
indicator may come on.
If the PROCESS CHECK indicator comes on,
press RESTART. The system
will again perform the internal checks. If
the light comes on again, call for maintenance service.
The
IN PROCESS indicator comes on whenever the display screen is
blank, which indicates that the system is doing internal processing.
ENTERING AND DISPLAYING DATA
Next, let's look at the display screen. Your display screen should look
like this:
(I (·.lr·,!(.!i\1 0 U1
If the READY message does not appear, press RESTART again, and
wait a few seconds. If the READY message still does not appear, call
your maintenance personnel.
Introduction 7
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c
If your system has the BASIC/ APL switch, it can execute either BASIC
or APL language statements. The language used is selected only
during the power up procedure or when the RESTART switch is
pressed. Make sure your system is plugged in and turn the power on.
If the power is already on, press RESTART and wait a few seconds.
During this time, the system performs internal checks to make sure it
is operating correctly. Do not press any keys while these internal
checks are being made.
If you inadvertently press a key, you must
press RESTART to continue.
If an error is detected during these checks, the PROCESS CHECK
indicator may come on.
If the PROCESS CHECK indicator comes on,
press RESTART. The system
will again perform the internal checks. If
the light comes on again, call for maintenance service.
The
IN PROCESS indicator comes on whenever the display screen is
blank, which indicates that the system is doing internal processing.
ENTERING AND DISPLAYING DATA
Next, let's look at the display screen. Your display screen should look
like this:
(I (·.lr·,!(.!i\1 0 U1
If the READY message does not appear, press RESTART again, and
wait a few seconds. If the READY message still does not appear, call
your maintenance personnel.
Introduction 7

8
The LOAD 0 (zero) message indicates that the system has a clear work
area. The flashing underline (_) between the LOAD 0 and READY
messages is called a cursor. It tells you where the next character you
enter will be displayed. The READY message indicates that the
system is ready
to receive your instructions. The number in the lower
right corner, indicated by the NNNNN on the display screen drawing,
is the number of character positions (bytes) in the work area available
for your instructions and data. This number changes during
processing. The number is omitted on the remaining display screen
drawings in the manual. The number following NNNNN (001) indicates
the cursor position on the screen.
The display screen can contain
up to 16 lines of data. The bottom line
indicates the status
of the system and specifies the number of bytes
available in the work area (NNNNN) and current cursor position. The
line next
to the bottom displays the input you are entering from the
keyboard. The remaining lines display the preceding 14 lines
that have
been entered and processed.
When the data on the input line is
processed, that line is moved up one line, leaving the input line empty
so that more data can be entered. Up to 64 characters of data can be
entered per line.
Before you start entering data
into the system, press the •
key and then hold down the key and press the 0
key (located on the right side of the keyboard). This places your
system in the same character set used for the examples in this
manual. See the IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Manual for a description
of the character sets available with your 5110. Also, for some 5110
systems, the same character might appear on several keys on the
keyboard. When doing the keying operations in this manual, always
use the key with the character engraved in white on the top of the
key.
Now let's enter some data into the system. Enter the following
problem using the numeric keys and arithmetic operator keys:
Notice that the characters are displayed as each key is pressed. To
process the data you just entered, you must press the EXECUTE key.
Press EXECUTE
now.
o
,'f""\
\,,/
;('" "'>,
I
' .. )1
8
The LOAD 0 (zero) message indicates that the system has a clear work
area. The flashing underline (_) between the LOAD 0 and READY
messages is called a cursor. It tells you where the next character you
enter will be displayed. The READY message indicates that the
system is ready
to receive your instructions. The number in the lower
right corner, indicated by the NNNNN on the display screen drawing,
is the number of character positions (bytes) in the work area available
for your instructions and data. This number changes during
processing. The number is omitted on the remaining display screen
drawings in the manual. The number following NNNNN (001) indicates
the cursor position on the screen.
The display screen can contain
up to 16 lines of data. The bottom line
indicates the status
of the system and specifies the number of bytes
available in the work area (NNNNN) and current cursor position. The
line next
to the bottom displays the input you are entering from the
keyboard. The remaining lines display the preceding 14 lines
that have
been entered and processed.
When the data on the input line is
processed, that line is moved up one line, leaving the input line empty
so that more data can be entered. Up to 64 characters of data can be
entered per line.
Before you start entering data
into the system, press the •
key and then hold down the key and press the 0
key (located on the right side of the keyboard). This places your
system in the same character set used for the examples in this
manual. See the IBM 5110 BASIC Reference Manual for a description
of the character sets available with your 5110. Also, for some 5110
systems, the same character might appear on several keys on the
keyboard. When doing the keying operations in this manual, always
use the key with the character engraved in white on the top of the
key.
Now let's enter some data into the system. Enter the following
problem using the numeric keys and arithmetic operator keys:
Notice that the characters are displayed as each key is pressed. To
process the data you just entered, you must press the EXECUTE key.
Press EXECUTE
now.
o
,'f""\
\,,/
;('" "'>,
I
' .. )1

(
""'."
':.
c'·
c
The display screen shows:
:~:.~ +:.':)
I::'
.• ..1
Notice that the instruction you entered, 2+3, is on the left margin of
the display screen, while the answer, 5, is indented one position from
the left margin on the next line. The indentation allows a sign (- or +)
to be displayed.
Enter and execute 125+75
by pressing the following keys:
0080[JO
This display screen shows:
L C) (::0 II
The appearance of your display can be changed by switches on the
control panel. The REVERSE DISPLAY switch allows you to change
from black characters on a white background to white characters on a
black background,
or vice versa. Change the switch settings and select
the type of display you feel most comfortable with. You may have to
adjust the BRIGHTNESS control switch as you change from one
background
to the other.
Introduction 9
(
""'."
':.
c'·
c
The display screen shows:
:~:.~ +:.':)
I::'
.• ..1
Notice that the instruction you entered, 2+3, is on the left margin of
the display screen, while the answer, 5, is indented one position from
the left margin on the next line. The indentation allows a sign (- or +)
to be displayed.
Enter and execute 125+75
by pressing the following keys:
0080[JO
This display screen shows:
L C) (::0 II
The appearance of your display can be changed by switches on the
control panel. The REVERSE DISPLAY switch allows you to change
from black characters on a white background to white characters on a
black background,
or vice versa. Change the switch settings and select
the type of display you feel most comfortable with. You may have to
adjust the BRIGHTNESS control switch as you change from one
background
to the other.
Introduction 9

10
Now watch the display as you set the L32 64 R32 switch to the L32
position. With the switch in this position, the leftmost 32 characters
on each line are displayed
with a space between characters. With the
switch in the L32 position, your display screen shows:
I...
()
,:\
It 0
"-,
+
-7.
.,' ..
.. J
~.:.i
:I.
:?
r.~
.~ ..
{
r::'
..
I
._!
"-,
0 0 A' ••
p ["
ti
D y
Now set the switch in the R32 position and notice that the display is
blank (except for the storage number and cursor position). In the R32
position, the rightmost 32 characters are displayed with a space
between characters.
Return the switch
to the 64 position, and notice that all characters are
displayed
without the space in between. For the exercises in the
remainder of this book, keep the switch in the 64 position.
There are
two dark gray keys with narrow white arrows above the
numeric keyboard. These keys move the display lines (except the
status line) up
or down. The scroll up key. moves the display
lines up one line, and the scroll down key. moves the
display lines
down one line. Both keys continue to move the display
lines
if they are held down. Now use the scroll down key. to
move the display down two lines.
The display screen shows:
I...D (I fl (I
::.?+?:
.• ') 1::' + '~:.o I:.; The value 200 is now on the input line and
.I. '::: ":: .. I .... can be used as input.
.... :.::: UU
PFi:;D"{
o
/-)
~~,-.j '.
"'"-
'''\
~,
I'
/ ".
"',-jf
:(~)
10
Now watch the display as you set the L32 64 R32 switch to the L32
position. With the switch in this position, the leftmost 32 characters
on each line are displayed
with a space between characters. With the
switch in the L32 position, your display screen shows:
I...
()
,:\
It 0
"-,
+
-7.
.,' ..
.. J
~.:.i
:I.
:?
r.~
.~ ..
{
r::'
..
I
._!
"-,
0 0 A' ••
p ["
ti
D y
Now set the switch in the R32 position and notice that the display is
blank (except for the storage number and cursor position). In the R32
position, the rightmost 32 characters are displayed with a space
between characters.
Return the switch
to the 64 position, and notice that all characters are
displayed
without the space in between. For the exercises in the
remainder of this book, keep the switch in the 64 position.
There are
two dark gray keys with narrow white arrows above the
numeric keyboard. These keys move the display lines (except the
status line) up
or down. The scroll up key. moves the display
lines up one line, and the scroll down key. moves the
display lines
down one line. Both keys continue to move the display
lines
if they are held down. Now use the scroll down key. to
move the display down two lines.
The display screen shows:
I...D (I fl (I
::.?+?:
.• ') 1::' + '~:.o I:.; The value 200 is now on the input line and
.I. '::: ":: .. I .... can be used as input.
.... :.::: UU
PFi:;D"{
o
/-)
~~,-.j '.
"'"-
'''\
~,
I'
/ ".
"',-jf
:(~)

("""',,"
.,'
c
Use the forward space key and move
the cursor to the right
of 200. Notice that the cursor (the underline) is replaced by a flashing
character
as you space the cursor through the numeric characters. The
flashing character serves
the same function as the cursor; it indicates
the position in the line where input from the keyboard will be
displayed.
Now, press the following keys:
o GJ [_0 ___ )
The display screen shows:
You are now familiar with the format of the display screen. From this
point on, only the line or lines being discussed will be shown.
Introduction 11
("""',,"
.,'
c
Use the forward space key and move
the cursor to the right
of 200. Notice that the cursor (the underline) is replaced by a flashing
character
as you space the cursor through the numeric characters. The
flashing character serves
the same function as the cursor; it indicates
the position in the line where input from the keyboard will be
displayed.
Now, press the following keys:
o GJ [_0 ___ )
The display screen shows:
You are now familiar with the format of the display screen. From this
point on, only the line or lines being discussed will be shown.
Introduction 11

12
Entering lowercase Alphabetic Characters
Although only the standard BASIC alphabetic characters are shown on
the 5110 keyboard, you can enter lowercase alphabetic characters by
changing the 5110 to lowercase character mode. One way to change
the 5110
to lowercase character mode is to press the HOLD key (the
characters HOLD are displayed in the lower left corner of the screen),
then hold down the SHIFT'key and press the scroll down II key,
The 5110
is now in lowercase character mode. For example, press
the Q key. The display screen looks like this:
k
Now, hold down the shift
key and press the Q key. The
display screen looks like this:
kK
Finally, hold
down the command key and press the Q
key. The display screen looks like this:
kK'
In this example, you are not going
to execute the data just entered
from the keyboard, Instead, press the scroll up II key once to
remove the data from the input line. Now, to return the 5110 to the
standard BASIC character mode, press the HOLD key, and then hold
down the shift key and press the scroll up .. key, The
5110 is
now in standard BASIC character mode.
Note: All the entries in this manual are entered in standard BASIC
character mode.
()
,\, ... ,,'
,.()
12
Entering lowercase Alphabetic Characters
Although only the standard BASIC alphabetic characters are shown on
the 5110 keyboard, you can enter lowercase alphabetic characters by
changing the 5110 to lowercase character mode. One way to change
the 5110
to lowercase character mode is to press the HOLD key (the
characters HOLD are displayed in the lower left corner of the screen),
then hold down the SHIFT'key and press the scroll down II key,
The 5110
is now in lowercase character mode. For example, press
the Q key. The display screen looks like this:
k
Now, hold down the shift
key and press the Q key. The
display screen looks like this:
kK
Finally, hold
down the command key and press the Q
key. The display screen looks like this:
kK'
In this example, you are not going
to execute the data just entered
from the keyboard, Instead, press the scroll up II key once to
remove the data from the input line. Now, to return the 5110 to the
standard BASIC character mode, press the HOLD key, and then hold
down the shift key and press the scroll up .. key, The
5110 is
now in standard BASIC character mode.
Note: All the entries in this manual are entered in standard BASIC
character mode.
()
,\, ... ,,'
,.()

c·····
Correcting Keying Errors
The system has a number of very useful functions that allow you to
correct errors made while entering data. On a line-by-line basis, at any
time, you can
• Replace a character
• Delete a character
• Insert a character
Replace a Character
To replace a character, move the cursor with the backspace key II
or forward space key II until it is at the incorrect character. The
cursor moves one character space in the direction
of the arrow each
time the appropriate arrow key is pressed. These keys will continue to
move the cursor if they are held down. The incorrect character is then
replaced simply
by keying the correct character over the incorrect
character. (In some instances, characters can be
combined to form a
character
not on the keyboard; for example, the period and quotation
mark combine to make an exclamation mark. If you want to replace
one
of these characters (the. or ') with the other, you should
backspace
to the character, press the spacebar to blank the character,
backspace again, then enter the desired character.}
For example, you
want to do the problem 22+12, but you press the
following keys:
88088
The display screen shows:
Introduction 13
c·····
Correcting Keying Errors
The system has a number of very useful functions that allow you to
correct errors made while entering data. On a line-by-line basis, at any
time, you can
• Replace a character
• Delete a character
• Insert a character
Replace a Character
To replace a character, move the cursor with the backspace key II
or forward space key II until it is at the incorrect character. The
cursor moves one character space in the direction
of the arrow each
time the appropriate arrow key is pressed. These keys will continue to
move the cursor if they are held down. The incorrect character is then
replaced simply
by keying the correct character over the incorrect
character. (In some instances, characters can be
combined to form a
character
not on the keyboard; for example, the period and quotation
mark combine to make an exclamation mark. If you want to replace
one
of these characters (the. or ') with the other, you should
backspace
to the character, press the spacebar to blank the character,
backspace again, then enter the desired character.}
For example, you
want to do the problem 22+12, but you press the
following keys:
88088
The display screen shows:
Introduction 13

14
To correct this error, the cursor must be moved back one position
(under the second 1) so that character can be rekeyed. Now, press
the backspace key II once. To correct the keying error and
execute the problem, press the following keys:
Delete a Character
To delete a character, you also use the backspace key. or the
forward space key II to position the cursor. Once the cursor is in
the position of the character to be deleted (the character is flashing),
hold down the CMD key and press the backspace key. once.
The character is then deleted, and any characters to the right are
shifted one position to the left to close up the space left by the
deletion.
For example, you want to do the problem 13+45, but you press the
following
keys:
CJOOCJ08
The display screen shows:
o
,"----'"
" .. ,,1
14
To correct this error, the cursor must be moved back one position
(under the second 1) so that character can be rekeyed. Now, press
the backspace key II once. To correct the keying error and
execute the problem, press the following keys:
Delete a Character
To delete a character, you also use the backspace key. or the
forward space key II to position the cursor. Once the cursor is in
the position of the character to be deleted (the character is flashing),
hold down the CMD key and press the backspace key. once.
The character is then deleted, and any characters to the right are
shifted one position to the left to close up the space left by the
deletion.
For example, you want to do the problem 13+45, but you press the
following
keys:
CJOOCJ08
The display screen shows:
o
,"----'"
" .. ,,1

(":~"'
'"
(
~'
c
c
Press the backspace key to move the cursor (flashing character) back
to the 2. Look at the labels that appear above the backspace and
forward space keys: Delete and Insert. To perform the delete function,
hold down the CMD key while you press. once.
The display screen shows:
"" " " fl h"
This character IS as mg.
Now press EXECUTE to execute the problem. Pressing the EXECUTE
key processes the entire line regardless
of the position of the cursor.
You can also use the • key
to delete all the characters from the
cursor position
to the end of the line. For example, you press the
following keys:
80800008
The display screen looks like this:
However, you only
want to do the problem 8+6. Now, press the
backspace key and move the cursor back to the -. then press.
The display screen looks like this:
Press the EXECUTE key
to execute the problem.
Introduction 15
(":~"'
'"
(
~'
c
c
Press the backspace key to move the cursor (flashing character) back
to the 2. Look at the labels that appear above the backspace and
forward space keys: Delete and Insert. To perform the delete function,
hold down the CMD key while you press. once.
The display screen shows:
"" " " fl h"
This character IS as mg.
Now press EXECUTE to execute the problem. Pressing the EXECUTE
key processes the entire line regardless
of the position of the cursor.
You can also use the • key
to delete all the characters from the
cursor position
to the end of the line. For example, you press the
following keys:
80800008
The display screen looks like this:
However, you only
want to do the problem 8+6. Now, press the
backspace key and move the cursor back to the -. then press.
The display screen looks like this:
Press the EXECUTE key
to execute the problem.
Introduction 15

16
Insert a Character
To insert a character, position the cursor using the backspace key II
or the forward space key II'then hold down the CMD key and
press the
forward space IIkey once. This operation moves
the flashing character (and all other characters
to the right of it) one
position to the right, creating the space you need to insert one
character. The cursor is not moved and is now displayed as an
underline. To insert the character, simply press the character key. If a
character is in the last (64th) position of the line, the insert function is
ignored.
For example, you want to do the problem 123*6, but you press the
following keys:
OO~8
'l
The display screen shows:
To correct the error, press the backspace key to move the cursor
(flashing character) back to the 3. Look at the labels that appear above
the backspace and
forward space keys: Delete and Insert. To perform
the insert function with the cursor position at the 3, hold down the
CMD key while you press II once.
The display screen
shows:
o
i""
'\..",.,,/
o
16
Insert a Character
To insert a character, position the cursor using the backspace key II
or the forward space key II'then hold down the CMD key and
press the
forward space IIkey once. This operation moves
the flashing character (and all other characters
to the right of it) one
position to the right, creating the space you need to insert one
character. The cursor is not moved and is now displayed as an
underline. To insert the character, simply press the character key. If a
character is in the last (64th) position of the line, the insert function is
ignored.
For example, you want to do the problem 123*6, but you press the
following keys:
OO~8
'l
The display screen shows:
To correct the error, press the backspace key to move the cursor
(flashing character) back to the 3. Look at the labels that appear above
the backspace and
forward space keys: Delete and Insert. To perform
the insert function with the cursor position at the 3, hold down the
CMD key while you press II once.
The display screen
shows:
o
i""
'\..",.,,/
o