NEC 78K0R - Save It! User manual

78K0R-COOLIT

User’s Manual
78K0R - Cool it!
Demonstration Kit for the 78K0R
16-bit microcontroller family
Document No. U18426EE1V0UM00
Date Published October 2006
©NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH

78K0R - Cool it!
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life support systems and medical equipment for life support, etc.
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specifically designed for life support).
disaster systems, anti-crime systems, safety equipment and medical equipment (not
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personal electronic equipment and industrial robots.
"Standard": Computers, office equipment, communications equipment, test and measurement
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・ Descriptions of circuits, software and other related information in this document are provided for
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User’s Manual U18426EE1V0UM00 2

78K0R - Cool it!
CAUTION
This is a Test- and Measurement equipment with possibility to be significantly
altered by user through hardware enhancements/modifications and/or test or
application software. Thus, with respect to Council Directive 89/336/EEC
(Directive on compliance with the EMC protection requirements), this equipment
has no autonomous function. Consequently this equipment is not marked by the
CE-symbol.
EEDT-ST-0005-10
Redemption of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) in accordance with legal regulations applicable in the
European Union only: This equipment (including all
accessories) is not intended for household use. After use the
equipment cannot be disposed of as household waste. NEC
Electronics (Europe) GmbH offers to take back the equipment.
All you need to do is register at www.eu.necel.com/weee.
User’s Manual U18426EE1V0UM00 3

78K0R - Cool it!
Regional Information
Some information contained in this document may vary from country to country. Before using any NEC
product in your application, please contact the NEC office in your country to obtain a list of authorized
representatives and distributors. They will verify:
•Device availability
•Ordering information
•Product release schedule
•Availability of related technical literature
•Development environment specifications (for example, specifications for
third-party tools and components, host computers, power plugs, AC supply
voltages, and so forth)
•Network requirements
In addition, trademarks, registered trademarks, export restrictions, and otherlegal issues may also vary
from country to country.
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Tel: [phone]
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User’s Manual U18426EE1V0UM00 4

78K0R - Cool it!
Revision History
Date Revision Chapter Description
25-10-2006 V1.00 --- First release
User’s Manual U18426EE1V0UM00 5

78K0R - Cool it!
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................10
1.1 Main features of 78K0R – Cool it!.................................................................................................. 10
1.2 System requirements...................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Package contents............................................................................................................................ 11
1.4 Trademarks...................................................................................................................................... 11
2. 78K0R - Cool it! system configuration.............................................................................12
2.1 78K0R - Cool it! ............................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Host computer................................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Power supply via USB interface .................................................................................................... 12
3. 78K0R - Cool it! components............................................................................................13
3.1 Configuration switch SW2 ............................................................................................................. 14
3.1.1 Stand alone / debug mode selection, SW2/bit1............................................................................. 14
3.1.2 On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging) selection, SW2/bit2-bit3 ................................. 14
3.1.3 UART mode selection, SW2/bit4-bit5 ............................................................................................ 15
3.1.4 L_EVDD control, SW2/bit6............................................................................................................. 15
3.1.5 L_VDD control, SW2/bit7 ............................................................................................................... 15
3.1.6 L_AVREF0 control, SW2/bit8......................................................................................................... 15
3.2 RESET button, SW3 ........................................................................................................................ 16
3.3 Navigation switch, SW1.................................................................................................................. 16
3.4 LED1 ................................................................................................................................................. 16
3.5 LED2 ................................................................................................................................................. 16
3.6 Power LED, LED3 ............................................................................................................................ 16
3.7 Soldering bridges EVDD, AVREF0 and AVREF1 ......................................................................... 17
3.8 Analog reference voltage input, J2 ............................................................................................... 17
3.9 External power supply input, J3.................................................................................................... 18
3.10 USB1 interface connector ............................................................................................................ 18
3.11 PG-FP4 / QB-MINI2 connector FP1.............................................................................................. 19
3.12 Display D1, 16*2 character LC display........................................................................................ 20
3.13 Potentiometer VR1 ........................................................................................................................ 20
3.14 Connectors TPU10 – TPU29 and wrap field ............................................................................... 21
3.15 Low-pass filter’s U1A, U1B and U1C .......................................................................................... 22
4. On-Chip debugging ...........................................................................................................23
4.1 OCD via TK-78K0R On-Board debug function ............................................................................. 23
4.2 OCD via QB-MINI2 emulator........................................................................................................... 24
5. 78K0R/KG3 memory map ..................................................................................................25
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78K0R - Cool it!
6. 78K0R - Cool it! installation and operation .....................................................................26
6.1 Getting started................................................................................................................................. 26
6.1.1 CD-ROM contents.......................................................................................................................... 26
7. Hardware installation.........................................................................................................27
8. Software installation..........................................................................................................27
8.1 IAR Systems Embedded Workbench for 78K0/78K0S/78K0R installation................................ 27
8.2 Sample program installation.......................................................................................................... 27
8.3 USB Driver Installation ................................................................................................................... 28
8.3.1 Installation on Windows 2000 ........................................................................................................ 28
8.3.2 Installation on Windows XP............................................................................................................ 33
8.4 Confirmation of USB Driver Installation ....................................................................................... 37
9. IAR sample session ...........................................................................................................38
10. Troubleshooting...............................................................................................................42
11. Sample programs.............................................................................................................44
11.1 General Introduction..................................................................................................................... 44
11.2 ADC demo ...................................................................................................................................... 45
11.3 DMA demo...................................................................................................................................... 45
11.4 PWM demo ..................................................................................................................................... 45
11.5 RTC demo ...................................................................................................................................... 45
11.6 UART demo.................................................................................................................................... 46
12. Cables ...............................................................................................................................47
12.1 USB interface cable (Mini-B type) ...............................................................................................47
13. Schematics .......................................................................................................................48
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78K0R - Cool it!
List of Figures
Figure 1: 78K0R - Cool it! system configuration..........................................................................................12
Figure 2: 78K0R - Cool it! board connectors and switches.........................................................................13
Figure 3: Soldering bridges EVDD, AVREF0 and AVREF1........................................................................17
Figure 4: Connector USB1, USB Mini-B Type Host Connector Pin Configuration .....................................18
Figure 5: On-Chip debugging ......................................................................................................................23
Figure 6: 78K0R/KG3 memory map ............................................................................................................25
Figure 7: Found New Hardware Wizard (Windows 2000)...........................................................................28
Figure 8: Search Method (Windows 2000)..................................................................................................29
Figure 9: Driver File Location (Windows 2000) ...........................................................................................29
Figure 10: Address Specification 1 (Windows 2000) ..................................................................................30
Figure 11: Address Specification 2 (Windows 2000) ..................................................................................30
Figure 12: Address Specification 3 (Windows 2000) ..................................................................................31
Figure 13: Driver File Search (Windows 2000) ...........................................................................................31
Figure 14: USB Driver Installation Completion (Windows 2000) ................................................................32
Figure 15: Found New Hardware Wizard 1 (Windows XP).........................................................................33
Figure 16: Found New Hardware Wizard 2 (Windows XP).........................................................................33
Figure 17: Search Location Specification 1 (Windows XP).........................................................................34
Figure 18: Search Location Specification 2 (Windows XP).........................................................................34
Figure 19: Search Location Specification 3 (Windows XP).........................................................................35
Figure 20: Windows XP Logo Testing (Windows XP).................................................................................35
Figure 21: USB Driver Installation Completion (Windows XP)....................................................................36
Figure 22: Device Manager .........................................................................................................................37
Figure 23: IAR Embedded Workbench .......................................................................................................38
Figure 24: IAR project workspace ...............................................................................................................39
Figure 25: IAR debugger options ................................................................................................................39
Figure 26: IAR Linker options......................................................................................................................40
Figure 27: TK-78 hardware setup menu .....................................................................................................40
Figure 28: IAR project download .................................................................................................................41
Figure 29: IAR C-SPY debugger .................................................................................................................42
Figure 30: TK-78 enter Hardware Setup .....................................................................................................43
Figure 31: TK-78 Hardware Setup menu ....................................................................................................43
Figure 32: TK-78 flash erasing ....................................................................................................................43
Figure 33: USB interface cable (Mini-B type)..............................................................................................47
Figure 34: 78K0R - Cool it! schematics 1/2.................................................................................................48
Figure 35: 78K0R - Cool it! schematics 2/2.................................................................................................49
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78K0R - Cool it!
List of Tables
Table 1: Configuration switch SW2, factory settings...................................................................................14
Table 2: Operation mode selection SW1/bit1..............................................................................................14
Table 3: On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging) selection, SW2/bit2-bit3.................................14
Table 4: UART mode selection, SW2/bit4-bit5............................................................................................15
Table 5: L_EVDD control, SW2/bit6 ............................................................................................................15
Table 6: L_VDD control, SW2/bit7 ..............................................................................................................15
Table 7: L_AVREF0 control, SW2/bit8 ........................................................................................................15
Table 8: Navigation switch SW1..................................................................................................................16
Table 9: Soldering bridges EVDD, AVREF0 and AVREF1 .........................................................................17
Table 10: Analog reference voltage input, J2..............................................................................................17
Table 11: External power supply input, J3 ..................................................................................................18
Table 12: Pin Configuration of Connector USB1.........................................................................................18
Table 13: PG-FP4 / QB-MINI2 connector FP1............................................................................................19
Table 14: Configuration of SW2 when using PG-FP4 or QB-MINI2 ...........................................................19
Table 15: Display connections ....................................................................................................................20
Table 16: Connectors TPU10 – TPU29 ......................................................................................................21
Table 17: Low-pass filter’s U1A, U1B and U1C ..........................................................................................22
Table 18: OCD via TK-78K0R On-Board debug function ...........................................................................23
Table 19: OCD via QB-MINI2 emulator.......................................................................................................24
Table 20: 78K0R - Cool it! CD-ROM directory structure .............................................................................26
Table 21: Example directory structure ........................................................................................................44
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78K0R - Cool it!
1. Introduction
78K0R - Cool it! is a demonstration kit for the NEC 78K0R 16-bit microcontroller family. It supports
onboard debugging and real time execution of application programs. The board is prepared to be
connected to user hardware parts such as digital I/O or analog signals.
1.1 Main features of 78K0R – Cool it!
•Easy to use device demonstration capabilities
78K0R - Cool it! contains elements to easily demonstrate simple I/O-functions, i.e. navigator switch,
16*2 LC display, I/O lines, analog inputs, UART serial interface etc.
•On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging)
The 78K0R – Cool it! supports an On-Board debug function by using the IAR C-SPY debugger
without a need of additional debug hardware. It allows FLASH downloading and standard debug
functions like code execution, single stepping, breakpoints, memory manipulation etc.
•16*2 character LC display
78K0R - Cool it! provides a 16*2 character LC display, allowing the implementation of human /
machine interfaces, comfortable input / output functions, output of measurement values, output of
status information etc.
•Power supply by USB interface
•Analog to digital signal conversion
•Digital to analog signal conversion
•Various input / output signals available, such as
°I/O ports prepared to be connected to user hardware
°16*2 LCD display
°Timer input / output signals
°Two or three wire serial I/O
°Virtual UART interface, via the µPD78F0731 78K0 8-bit microcontroller
with on-board USB interface
°16 analog input lines
°2 analog output lines
°Navigation switch prepared for key interrupt generation
•The IAR Embedded Workbench for 78K0/78K0S/78K0R and the IAR C-SPY debugger / simulator are
included. These packages are restricted in such that maximum program code size is limited to
4 kByte.
•Full documentation is included for the NEC 78K0R/KG3 microcontroller, IAR Systems Embedded
Workbench and IAR Systems C-SPY debugger / simulator.
78K0R - Cool it! is not intended for code development. NEC does not allow and does not support
in any way any attempt to use 78K0R - Cool it! in a commercial or technical product.
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78K0R - Cool it!
1.2 System requirements
HOST PC A PC supporting Windows 2000 or Windows XP is required for the IAR
Systems Embedded Workbench demo-version and the 78K0R – Cool it!
board. Pentium 200 MHz (at least), 128 MB of RAM, 256-color display
(1024 * 768), mouse, CD-ROM drive and 200 Mbytes of free hard disk
space are required to install the tool packages.
Host interface USB interface that enables communication based on USB (Ver1.1 or
later)
1.3 Package contents
Please verify that you have received all parts listed in the package contents list attached to the
78K0R - Cool it! package. If any part is missing or seems to be damaged, please contact the dealer from
whom you received your 78K0R - Cool it!.
Note: Updates of the IAR Embedded Workbench for 78K, documentation and/or utilities for 78K0R -
Cool it!, if available, may be downloaded from the NEC WEB page(s) at
http://www.eu.necel.com/updates
1.4 Trademarks
IAR Embedded Workbench, visualSTATE, IAR MakeApp and C-SPY are registered trademarks of IAR
Systems AB. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Adobe and
Acrobat Reader are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
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78K0R - Cool it!
2. 78K0R - Cool it! system configuration
The 78K0R - Cool it! system configuration is given in the diagram below:
Figure 1: 78K0R - Cool it! system configuration
2.1 78K0R - Cool it!
78K0R – Cool it! is a demonstration kit for the 78K0R/KG3 16-bit microcontroller of the 78K0R family. The
demonstration board is connected to the host system via USB interface cable. The host system may be
used for On-Chip debugging by using the IAR C-SPY debugger and to allow execution of application
programs on 78K0R – Cool it! starterkit.
78K0R - Cool it! runs the microcontroller at 20 MHz operating speed. The sub-clock is provided with
32.768 kHz.
2.2 Host computer
The USB host interface enables communication to the 78K0R - Cool it! board. The µPD78F0731 78K0
8-Bit microcontroller with on-chip USB interface and the NEC virtual UART driver allows application
software to access the USB device in the same way as it would access a standard RS232 interface. The
NEC virtual UART driver appears to the windows system as an extra Com Port, in addition to any existing
hardware Com Ports.
2.3 Power supply via USB interface
The 78K0R - Cool it! is powered by the USB interface. Optional the power supply can be applied via
connector J3.
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78K0R - Cool it!
3. 78K0R - Cool it! components
The 78K0R - Cool it! board is equipped with a navigation switch, a 16*2 character LC display, LED’s and
with several connectors in order to be connected to host computers, FLASH programmer or any external
target hardware.
Figure 2: 78K0R - Cool it! board connectors and switches
Some of the 78K0R – Cool it! components are free for user application hardware and software. Please
read the user’s manual of the 78K0R/KG3 device carefully to get information about the electrical
specification of the available I/O ports before you connect any external signals to the 78K0R – Cool it!
board.
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78K0R - Cool it!
3.1 Configuration switch SW2
The different operation modes of the 78K0R - Cool it! board can be set by switch SW2/bit1-8.
SW2/bit Factory settings Mode
1 OFF Stand alone and debug Mode
2 ON enable On-Board debug function
(TK-78K0R debugging)
3 ON enable On-Board debug function
(TK-78K0R debugging)
4 OFF TxD3 disconnected
5 OFF RxD3 disconnected
6 ON L_EVDD applied
7 ON L_VDD applied
8 ON L_AVREF0 applied
Table 1: Configuration switch SW2, factory settings
3.1.1 Stand alone / debug mode selection, SW2/bit1
Switch SW2/bit1 controls the operation mode of the 78K0R - Cool it! board. By setting SW2/bit1 to OFF
the 78K0R – Cool it! board is set to the “stand-alone mode”. Within this mode the RESET can be
controlled by the user via switch SW3 and by the IAR C-SPY debugger. Within the stand-alone mode the
user program stored in the internal FLASH memory of the 78K0R/KG3 microcontroller is executed. The
usage of the On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging) is also support within the “stand-alone
mode”.
By switching SW2/bit1 to ON the 78K0R – Cool it! board is set to the “debug mode” exclusively. Within
this mode the 78K0R/KG3 device is permanently hold within RESET state. Only the IAR C-SPY debugger
can control the RESET signal within this mode. The RESET switch SW3 is inactive.
SW2/bit1 Mode
OFF Stand alone and debug mode
ON Debug mode only
Table 2: Operation mode selection SW1/bit1
Note: After changing the configuration of SW2/bit1 it is necessary to power-up the 78K0R - Cool
it! board to make changing active. This can be done by <plug and play> the USB interface
cable.
3.1.2 On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging) selection, SW2/bit2-bit3
SW2/bit2 and bit3 are controlling the On-Board debug function of the 78K0R – Cool it! board. By
switching bits2 and 3 to ON the TK-78K0R debugging is enabled. In this mode a dedicated single-line
UART (pin Tool0) of the 78K0R/KG3 is connected to the µPD78F0731 USB microcontroller. The Tool0
pin of the 78K0R/KG3 microcontroller is reserved for on-board FLASH programming and debugging
purpose.
Switching bit2 and bit3 to OFF disconnects the single-line UART from the µPD78F0731 USB
microcontroller. Within this mode no TK-78K0R debugging is supported. Use this mode in case you want
to establish standard serial communication via UART3 to a terminal program running on the HOST PC.
SW2/bit2 SW2/bit3 Mode
OFF OFF Disable On-Board debug function
ON ON Enable On-Board debug function
Table 3: On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging) selection, SW2/bit2-bit3
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78K0R - Cool it!
3.1.3 UART mode selection, SW2/bit4-bit5
By switching bit4 and bit5 of SW2 to ON the UART3 signals RxD3 and TxD3 are connected to the
µPD78F0731 USB microcontroller. Within this mode standard serial communication to a terminal program
running on the HOST PC can be established.
Switching bit4 and bit5 to OFF disconnects the UART3 serial lines from the µPD78F0731 USB
microcontroller.
SW2/bit4 SW2/bit5 Mode
OFF OFF disconnect UART3 signals
ON ON connect UART3 signals
Table 4: UART mode selection, SW2/bit4-bit5
3.1.4 L_EVDD control, SW2/bit6
Switch SW2/bit6 controls the power supply (L_EVDD) for the LC display, LED1 and LED2. By switching
bit6 to ON VDD is applied to L_EVDD. Switching bit6 to OFF disconnects the power supply for the output
devices.
SW2/bit6 Mode
OFF L_EVDD disconnected
ON L_EVDD = VDD
Table 5: L_EVDD control, SW2/bit6
3.1.5 L_VDD control, SW2/bit7
Switch SW2/bit7 controls the power supply (L_VDD) for the digital logic of the 78K0R – Cool it! board. By
switching bit7 to ON VDD is applied to L_VDD. Switching bit7 to OFF disconnects VDD.
SW2/bit7 Mode
OFF L_VDD disconnected
ON L_VDD = VDD
Table 6: L_VDD control, SW2/bit7
3.1.6 L_AVREF0 control, SW2/bit8
Switch SW2/bit8 controls the power supply (L_AVREF0) for the analog components – the operational
amplifier LM324M – of the 78K0R – Cool it! board. By switching bit8 to ON VDD is applied to L_AVREF0.
Switching bit8 to OFF disconnects VDD.
SW2/bit8 Mode
OFF L_AVREF0 disconnected
ON L_AVREF0 = VDD
Table 7: L_AVREF0 control, SW2/bit8
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78K0R - Cool it!
3.2 RESET button, SW3
SW3 is the reset button. It activates the power on reset. Switch SW3 controls the reset input signal of the
78K0R/KG3 microcontroller.
3.3 Navigation switch, SW1
Button SW1 is a navigation switch connected to the key interrupt input of the 78K0R/KG3 device. It
operates in five directions including a center push function. The connection of SW1 is shown in the table
below:
SW1 Connection to the
78K0R/KG3 device
Left P72/KR2
Down P74/KR4
Select P71/KR1
Right P73/KR3
Up P70/KR0
Table 8: Navigation switch SW1
3.4 LED1
LED1 is connected to I/O pin P145 / TI07 / TO07 of the 78K0R/KG3 microcontroller. A low signal output
at this I/O pin switches the LED on.
3.5 LED2
LED2 is connected to I/O pin P46 / INTP1 / TI05 / TO05 of the 78K0R/KG3 microcontroller. A low signal
output at this I/O pin switches the LED on.
3.6 Power LED, LED3
LED3 is the power LED of the 78K0R – Cool it! board. It indicates if power is applied to the 78K0R – Cool
it! board.
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78K0R - Cool it!
3.7 Soldering bridges EVDD, AVREF0 and AVREF1
Additional configuration of the 78K0R - Cool it! board can be done by the soldering bridges EVDD,
AVREF0 and AVREF1. The different configuration modes are shown in the table below:
EVDD
AVREF0
AVREF1
Figure 3: Soldering bridges EVDD, AVREF0 and AVREF1
Soldering
bridge
Configuration Mode
Closed (default) VDD connected to EVDDEVDD
Open VDD disconnected from EVDD
Closed (default VDD connected to AVREF0 pinAVREF0
Open VDD disconnected from AVREF0 pin
Closed (default) VDD connected to AVREF1 pinAVREF1
Open VDD disconnected from AVREF1 pin
Table 9: Soldering bridges EVDD, AVREF0 and AVREF1
3.8 Analog reference voltage input, J2
By using connector J2 (not assembled) different reference voltages can be applied to the A/D converter
reference input pin AVREF0 and to the D/A converter reference input pin AVREF1 of the 78K0R/KG3
microcontroller.
J2 Input
1 AVREF0 (A/D converter reference)
2 AVREF1 (D/A converter reference)
Table 10: Analog reference voltage input, J2
Note: Before applying different reference voltages to the 78K0R – Cool it! board be sure to cut
off the corresponding soldering bridges AVREF0 respectively AVREF1.
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78K0R - Cool it!
3.9 External power supply input, J3
By using connector J3 (not assembled) external power supply can be applied to the 78K0R – Cool it!
board without a need of an active USB connection.
J3 Input
1 VDD (+5V)
2 GND
Table 11: External power supply input, J3
Note: Be sure to unplug the USB connection before applying external power supply to input J3.
3.10 USB1 interface connector
This interface allows connecting the IAR C-SPY debugger to the 78K0R - Cool it! board in order to use
the On-Board debug function (TK-78K0R debugging). The TK-78K0R interface supports On-board
FLASH erasing / programming and standard debug features like code execution, single stepping,
breakpoints, memory manipulation etc.
For standard communication to a host computer - i.e. by using a terminal program - the input/output
signals of UART3 of the 78K0R/KG3 device can be redirected to the USB1 connector via the
µPD78F0731 USB microcontroller.
The power supply of the 78K0R - Cool it! board is also provided by the USB1 connector.
15
Figure 4: Connector USB1, USB Mini-B Type Host Connector Pin Configuration
Connector USB1 Signal Name
1 VBUS
2 D-
3 D+
4 N.C.
5 GND
Table 12: Pin Configuration of Connector USB1
For connection with the host machine, use a USB cable (Mini-B type). For confirmation,
NEC Electronics used only the USB cable delivered with the 78K0R - Cool it! board.
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78K0R - Cool it!
3.11 PG-FP4 / QB-MINI2 connector FP1
Connector FP1 (not assembled) allows connecting the PG-FP4 FLASH programmer to 78K0R - Cool it!
board in order to program application software into the 78K0R/KG3 internal flash memory. Please note,
the PG-FP4 FLASH programmer is a separate product from NEC and it is not included in this package.
Additional FP1 allows connecting the QB-MINI2 On-Chip debug emulator to the 78K0R - Cool it! board in
order to use On-Chip debug function of the 78K0R/KG3 device. Please note, QB-MINI2 is a separate
product from NEC and it is not included in this starterkit package.
FP1 Signal
1 GND
2 RESET
3 SI
4 VDD
5 SO
6 N.C.
7 N.C.
8 N.C.
9 N.C.
10 N.C.
11 N.C.
12 N.C.
13 N.C.
14 FLMD0
15 RESET_IN
16 CLK_IN
Table 13: PG-FP4 / QB-MINI2 connector FP1
When using PG-FP4 for FLASH programming or QB-MINI2 for debugging purpose, please configure
switch SW2 of the 78K0R - Cool it! board as following:
SW2 Setting Mode
1 OFF Stand alone and debug mode
2 OFF Disable On-Board debug function
3 OFF Disable On-Board debug function
4 ON/OFF (*) TxD3 connected / disconnected
5 ON/OFF (*) RxD3 connected / disconnected
6 ON L_EVDD applied
7 ON L_VDD applied
8 ON L_AVREF0 applied
Table 14: Configuration of SW2 when using PG-FP4 or QB-MINI2
(*) = individual selectable by user.
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