Olympus CHA-P User manual
OLYMPUS
POLARIZING
MICROSCOPE
no
CHAP
This
instruction
manual
has
been
written
for
the use
of
the
Olympus
Polarizing
Micro-
scope
Model
CHA-P.
It
is
recommended
to
read
the
manual
carefully
in
order
to
familiarize
yourself
fully
with
the
use
of
the
microscope
on
the
polarizing
attachment
so
that
you
can
obtain
the
best
performance
and
effectiveness.
IMPORTANT
Observe
the
following
points
carefully:
m
Operation
1.
Always
handle
the
microscope
with
the
care
it
deserves,
and
avoid
abrupt
motions.
2.
Avoid
exposure
of
the
microscope
to
direct
sunlight,
high
temperature
and
humidity,
dust
and
vibration.
If
the
microscope
is
used
in
ambient temperature
higher
than
40°C
(104°F),
it
may
(ide
its
proper
function.
)
3.
Only
use the
tension
adjustment
ring
for
altering
the
tension
of
the
coarse
adjustment.
Do
not
twist
the
two
coarse
adjustment
knobs
in
the
opposite
directions
simultane-
ously,
which
might
cause
damage.
4.
Ascertain
that
the
line
voltage
selector
switch
on
the
base
plate
is
set
to
conform
with
the
local
mains
voltage.
=
Maintenance
1.
Lenses
must
always
be
kept
clean.
Fine
dust
on
lens
surfaces
should
be
blown
or
wiped
off
by
means
of
an
air
blower
or
a
clean
brush,
Carefully
wipe
off
oil
or
finger-
prints
deposited
on
the
lens
surfaces
with
gauze
moistened
with
a
small
amount
of
xylene, alcohol
or
ether.
2.
Do
not
use
organic
solutions
to
wipe
the
surfaces
of
various
components.
Plastic
Parts,
especially,
should
be
cleaned
with
a
neutral
detergent.
3.
Never
diassemble
the
microscope
for
repair.
4.
The
microscope
should
be
stored
in
its
container
immediately
after
use.
If
this
is
not
possible,
it
should
be
covered
with
a
vinyl
dust
cover.
5.
Disconnect
the
line
cord
from
the
AC
power
source
before
fuse
replacement.
νι.
VII.
CONTENTS
STANDARD
EQUIPMENT...
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ci
va
va
ela
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lee
2
NOMENCLATURE:
:
saxo
es
44
Si
gu
sar
va
va
alam
vü
sales
vü
3
ASSEMBLY
os
ee
morose
nue
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ez
iü
iy
Gele
da
e
da
8
4
IDENTIFICATION
AND
FUNCTION
OF
VARIOUS
COMPONENTS
........
5
OPERATION
7
a
Adjustment
of
Minimum
Line
Voltage
2.
Interpupillary
Distance
and
Diopter
Adjustments
3.
Polarizer
Alignment.
>
srmn
su
ema
ge
Ka
guns
ale
Rw
ee
es BE Be 8
4.
Centering
the
Stage
......................................
9
δι
Centering
the
Objectives
6.
Use
of
Aperture
Iris
Diaphragm
%
Focusing
Adjustment
sus
am
s
rra
o
o
siirleri
vi
m
ür
öle
10
8.
Orthoscopic
Observation
9.
Conoscopic
Observation
..........................,........
11
OPTICAL
DATA
12
TROUBLESAOOTİNG
sema
sz
erir
e
e
esimi
5
en
ο
ο
a
13
一
一
—
I.
STANDARD
EQUIPMENT
Model
CHA-P-051 CHA-P-651
Component
rc
CHAR
1
Intermediate
polarizing
attachment
AH-PA
1 1
Quarter
wave
plate
(retardation
147.3my)
AH-TP147
1 1
Sensitive
tint
plate
(retardation
530 my)
AH-TP530
1 1
Polarizing
monocular
tube
(45°)
CH-PMO
1
0
Polarizing
binocular
tube
(30°)
BH-PBI
0
1
Swing-out
polarizing
condenser
BH-POC
1 1
Halogen
lamp
socket
C-LSH-B
1 1
Halogen
bulbs
6V
10WHAL
2
2
PO 4X
1 1
Objectives
(strain-free)
PO10X
1 1
PO40X
1 1
AH-WF10X
0
1
Eyepieces
AH-Micro
WF10X
1 1
Spare
fuses
(0.5A
for
100-110-120V
or
0.3A
for
220-240V)
2 2
Vinyl
dust
cover
II.
NOMENCLATURE
Photo:
Model
CHA-P-651.
Model
CHA-P-051
is
also
available
by
modification
of
some
components.
Eyepiece
Observation
tube
Revolving
nosepiece
Intermediate
polarizing
attachment
Microscope
stand
Condenser
Base
Ill.
ASSEMBLY
The
picture
below
illustrates
the
sequential
procedure
of
assembly. The
numbers
indicate
the
assembly
order
of
various
components.
Remove
dust
caps
before
mounting
components.
Take
care
to
keep
all
glass
surfaces
clean,
and
avoid
scratching
the
surfaces.
Insert
the
objective
10X
into
©
Evepiece
the
fixed
aperture
of
the
nose-
piece.
™
©
Observation
tube
Quarter
wave
plate
E
- -
Sensitive
tint
@
Intermediate
polarizing
tube
pinta
Attach
the
tube
to
the
stand
acai
=
©
Objective
|
gerek
compensator
=
Condenser
©
—
|
©
<
ーー
OF
Halogen
lamp
Socket
Aligning
red
dots,
on
con-
denser
mount
and
condenser,
insert
the
condenser
into
the
mount
from
below.
Microscope
stand
Clamping
screw
with
the
letters
"OLYMPUS"
facing
in
front
of
the
micro-
scope.
Clamping
screw
8)
To
AC
outlet
IV.
IDENTIFICATION
AND
FUNCTION
OF
VARIOUS
COMPONENTS
Observation
tube
clamping
screw
Compensator
plate
Analyzer
positioning screw
Analyzer
rotation
screw
BO.
Observation
tube
clamping
screw
Nosepiece
centering
screw
Se
7
=
Analyzer
scale
Tension
adjustment
ring
Stage
clip
Stage
sae
Rotatable
360'
Coarse
adjustment
knob
Clamping
screw
for
stage
rotation
Fine
adjustment
knob
Graduated
in
incre-
ments
of
24.
Polarizer
positioning
screw
Main
switch
as
Rheostat
trimmer
screw
Sliding
contro!
lever
For
continuously
variable
light
intensity.
After
switching
on,
if
necessary,
rotate
this
screw
with
a
coin
until
the
bulb
is
dimly
li
sliding
control
lever
at
minimum
Position.
Grounding
terminal
Fuse
holder
Line
voltage
selector
switch
Set the
switch
to
conform
with
the
local
mains
voltage.
Mechanical
tube
length
adjust-
ment
rings
Bertrand
lens
turret
ring
Engraved
letters
"IN"
for
in.
sertion
of
Bertrand
lens
into
the
light
path;
“OUT”
for
removal
of
the
Bertrand
lens
from
the
light
path.
Bertrand
lens
focusing
ring
Condenser
height
adjustment
knob
Stage
centering
screw
Automatic
pre-focusing
lever
Aperture
iris
diaphragm
ring
Numerical
aperture
scale
grad-
uated.
=
Polarizer
scale
Reading
to
5°
Swing-out
knob
for
top
lens
Polarizer
rotation
ring
Condenser
N.A.
is
0.9
(when
top
lens
swings
out
N.A,
is
0.25)
Filter
mount
Accepts
45mm-diam.
ilters.
Bulb
mount
Lamp
house
clamping
knob
The
lamp
house
cover
can
be
opened
by
pulling
down
the
knob;
or
closed
by
pushing
it
up
until
it
snaps
in
place.
Before
pushing,
ascertain
that
the
knob
is
positioned
as
shown
in
the
picture
right,
marked
with
x
O
-
Cut
Here
-
Summary
of
Putting
the
Microscope
in
Operation
A.
Match
the
line
voltage
selector
switch
to
local
mains
voltage
(see
page
5).
B.
Switch
on
the
light
source.
C.
Adjust
the
trimmer
screw
until
the
bulb
is
dimly
lit
(page
7).
D.
©
Place
a
specimen
slide
on
the
stage.
E.
Remove
the
Bertrand
lens
and
analyzer
from
the
light
path.
F.
Coarse
focus
with
the
10X
objective.
G.
Make
interpupillary
and
diopter
adjustments
(page
7).
H.
Center
the
stage
(page
9).
|.
Center
objectives
other
than
10X
(page
9).
J.
Swing
in
the
desired
objective.
Set the
condenser,
analyzer
and
Bertrand
lens
correctly
according
to
your
microscopic
purpose
(page
10
and
11).
L.
Adjust
light
intensity
Fine
focus.
N.
Adjust
aperture
iris
diaphragm
(page
9).
Adjustment
of
Illumination
System
Microscopic
5
Bertrand
Condenser
Objective
method
lens
top
lens
Orthoscople
|
4x
to
10x
OUT
OUT
observation
Conoscopic
|
20x
to
100X
IN IN
observation
For
biological
use,
however,
remove
the
analyzer,
Bertrand
lens
and
sensitive
tint
plates.
*
Cut
off this
page
at
dotted
line
and
put
it
on
the
wall
near
the
microscope
for
use
as
a
re-
minder
of
microscopic
procedure.
OLYMPUS
V.
OPERATION
1.
Adjustment
of
Minimum
Line
Voltage
The
minimum
voltage
required
for
the
light
source
can
be
adjusted
with
the
rheostat
trim-
mer
screw
at
the
microscope
base
plate
in
accordance
with
the
line
voltage and
frequency.
The
built-in
rheostat
incorporates
a
thyristor
in
its
semi-conductor
circuit
for
the
following
advantages:
(a)
Extremely
fine
adjustment
of
light
intensity
can
be
easily
achieved.
(b)
Flickering
of
the
bulb
filament
is
eliminated
and
the
light
intensity
is
stabilized.
(c)
Increased
life
expectancy
of
the
bulb.
For
adjustment
of
the
minimum
line
voltage,
ascertain
that
the
voltage
selector
switch
is
set
to
conform
with
the
local
mains
voltage,
and
the
sliding
control
lever
2)
is
positioned
closest
to
you
(low voltage),
and
then
activate
the
main
switch
@).
If
the
bulb
is
dimly
lit,
the
secondary
voltage
is
correct.
If it
is
not
lit
at
all,
rotate
the
rheostat
trimmer
screw
@)
gradually
with
a
coin,
until
the
bulb
is
dimly
lit;
then
push
the sliding
control
lever
forward
in
order
to
obtain
optimum
light
intensity.
(Fig.
1)
Fig.
1
2.
Interpupillary
Distance
and
Diopter
Adjustments
1)
Insert
the
eyepiece
@)
with
cross
hairs
into
the
right
eyepiece
tube
of
the
binocular
tube,
aligning
the
©
positioning
slot
@)
and
positioning
pin ©). (Fig.
2)
*
When
the
eyepiece
positioning
pin
is
inserted
into
the
lower
slot
on
the
tube,
the
cross
lines
in
the
eyepiece
coincide
with
the
vibration
direction
of
polarizer
and
analyzer
at
O“
settings.
When
inserted
into
the
other
slot,
the
cross
lines are
at
45°
to
the
direction
of
vibration.
(This
is
the
same
with
the
monocular
tube.)
Fig.2
Then
insert
the
other
eyepiece
into
the
left
tube.
2)
Looking
through
the
right
eyepiece
(with
cross
hairs)
with
your
right
eye,
rotate
the
diopter
adjustment
ring
@
until
the
cross
hairs
are
sharply
focused.
(Fig.
3)
3)
Looking
through
the
both
eyepieces
with
both
eyes,
adjust
the
interpupillary
distance,
sliding
the
knurled
dovetail
slides
2)
of
the
right
and
left
eyepiece
tubes,
until
perfect
binocular
vision
is
obtained.
4)
Memorize
your
interpupillary
distance
setting
by
reading
the
scale
@)
Fig.
3
5)
Rotate
the
tube
length
adjustment
ring
@
on
the
right
eyepiece
tube
to
match
your
interpupillary
distance
setting
which
you
obtained from
the
scale.
6)
Look
at
the
image
through
the
right
eyepiece
with
your
right
eye
and
focus
on
the
specimen
with
the
coarse
and
fine
adjustment
knobs.
7)
Look
at
the
image
through
the
left
eyepiece
with
your
left
eye
and
rotate
the
tube
length
adjustment
ring
(5)
to
focus
on
the
specimen
without
using
the
coarse
and
fine
adjust-
ment
knobs.
.
Polarizer
Alignment
1)
Push
the
analyzer
D
into
the
light
path,
and
make
sure
that
both
polarizer
and
analyzer
are
set
at
posi-
tion
“0”
to
attain
the
“Crossed
filter”
position.
Then
loosen
the
clamping
screw
(2)
of
the
condenser.
(Fig.
4)
2
Remove
the
specimen
out
of
the
light
path
so
thata
|
transparent
area
comes
into
the
light
path.
Keeping
|
the
polarizer
at
the
“O”
position,
rotate
the
polarizer
rotation
ring
@)
until
the
optimum
extinction
is
obtained,
then
clamp
the
ring.
(Fig.
4)
4.
Centering
the
Stage
1)
Looking
through
the
eyepiece
and
objective
10X,
determine some
particular
point,
as
you
like,
in
the
specimen
image
and
coincide
this
point
with
the
center
of
the
cross
hairs
of
the
eyepiece.
2)
Rotating
the
stage,
coincide
the
center
of
the
rotation
of
a
specimen
point
with
the
cen-
ter
of
the
cross
hairs by
means
of
the
two
centering
screws
(1),
(Fig.
5)
*
Repeat
this
procedure
until
the
centration
is
secured.
Circular
path
of
specimen
point
Fig.
5
5.
Centering
the
Objectives
This
centration
is
required
for
all
PO
objectives
except
the
objective
PO
10X.
1)
Insert
a
centering
wrench
(1)
into
each
centering
screw
of
the
nosepiece.
(Fig.
6)
2)
By
means
of
the
two
centering
wrenches,
coincide
the
center
of
the
cross
hairs
to
the
rotation
center
of
the
specimen.
3)
After
all
objectives
are
centered,
remove
the
centering
wrenches.
6.
Use
of
Aperture
Iris
Diaphragm
Adjust
the
opening
of
the
aperture
iris
diaphragm
according
to
various
conditions
such
as
the
numerical
aperture
of
the
objective,
image
contrast,
depth
of
focus,
and
flatness
of
field.
Generally
it
is
often
prefera-
>
70
80%
ble
to
stop
down
the
aperture
iris
diaphragm
to
70%
30—20%
or
80%
of
the
N.
A.
of
the
objective.
A
À)
^
After
the
eyepiece
is
removed
from
the
observation
tube,
if
necessary,
look
through
the
observation
tube
and
check
the
opening
of
the
aperture
diaphragm
at
the
objective
pupil.
7.
Focusing
Adjustment
1)
Tension
adjustment
of
coarse
adjustment
knobs
A
tension
adjustment
ring
@
is
provided
next
to
the
right
hand
coarse
adjustment
knob.
With
this
device
the
tension
of
the
coarse
adjustment
is
freely
adjust-
able
for
either
heavy
or
light
movement
depending
on
operator
preference.
(Fig.
7)
However,
do
not
loosen
the
tension
adjustment
ring
too
much,
because
the
stage
drops,
or
the
fine
ad-
justment
knobs
slip
easily.
*
Be
careful
not
to
rotate
the
right
and
left
coarse
adjustment
knobs
in
the
opposite
directions
simul-
taneously.
2)
Pre-focusing
lever
This
lever
@
is
locked
after
coarse
focus
has
been
accomplished.
It
prevents
further
upward
travel
of
the
stage
by
means
of
the
coarse
adjustment
knobs,
and
automatically
provides
a
limiting
stop
if
the
stage
is
lowered
and
then
raised
again.
(Fig.
8)
NS
8.
Orthoscopic
Observation
Fig.
8
1)
Swing
out
the
top
lens
of
the
condenser.
In
principle,
polarized
light
enters
the
light
path
parallel
to
the
optical
axis,
to
enable
observation
of
the
optical
characteristics
of
the
specimen.
However,
this
method
will
darken
the
field of
view
and
lower
the
resolving
power
of
the
objective
extremely.
There-
fore,
swing
out
the
top
lens
of
the
condenser,
using
only
the
lower aperture
of
the
lower
condenser
lens.
2)
Insert
the
analyzer
into
the
light
path,
and
attain
crossed
filter
position
with
analyzer
and
polarizer
at
0°
setting. At
this
position,
the
polarizer
vibration
is
in
the
north-south
direction,
and
the
analyzer
vibration
in
the
east-west
direction.
To
open
the
filter
posi-
tion,
pull
out
the
analyzer
rotation
screw.
3
Rotate
the
stage
until
extinction
of
the
image
is
attained.
From
this
position,
rotate
the
stage
by
45°
to
obtain
the
diagonal
position,
at
which
position,
the
retardation
angle
is
measured.
10
4)
Insert
the
quarter
wave
plate
or
sensitive
tint
plate
into
the
slot
in
the
intermediate
polarizing
tube.
* A
Berek
compensator
is
optionally
available
to
measure
the
birefringence
of
a
specimen.
Sensitive
tint
plate
Quarter
wave
plate
Berek
compensator
9.
Conoscopic
Observation
1)
Swing
in
the
top
lens
of
the
condenser,
and
illuminate
the
specimen
with
no
need
to
immerse
between
the
condenser
and
specimen
slide.
2)
Bring
the
specimen
into
focus,
rotate
the
Bertrand
lens
turret
ring
into
the
IN
position.
3)
Focus
on
the
interference
figure
formed
at
the
back
focal
plane
of
the
objective
from
20X
to
100X.
The
pinhole
cap
provided
may
be
used
in
place
of
the
eyepiece
to
directly
view
the
interference
figure
mentioned
above.
In
this
case,
the
Bertrand
lens
is
disengaged.
11
VI.
OPTICAL
DATA
Objective
||
Magnification
PO4X
PO10X
PO20X
|
PO40x
|
*PO100X
Ν.Α.
0.10
0.25 0.40
0.65
1.30
W.
D.
(mm)
18.77
6.78
1.58
0.61
0.11
Focal
length
(mm)
28.45
16.08
8.13 4.33
181
Resolving
power
()
3.4
13
0.84
0.52
0.26
(Spring
(Spring
Eyepiece
loaded)
|
loaded)
csx
Total
magnification
20x
50X
100X
200X
500X
(Field
Focal
depth
(u)
300.0
48.0
15.56
4.99
1.05
number
21)
|
Field
of
view
(mm)
5.25
21
1.05
0.53
0.21
Total
magnification
40x
100X
200X 400X
1,000X
pos
Focal
depth
(u)
172.5
27.60
9.19
3.03
0.66
Field
of
view
(mm)
45
18
09
0.45
018
Immersion
objective.
Resolving
power
is
obtained
when
the
objective
is
used
at
full
aperture
diaphragm.
The
eyepieces
K5X
and
WF10X
incorporate
a
sliding
eye
shield.
This
shield
can
be
pulled
out
to
prevent
glare
and
loss
of
contrast
caused
by
ambient
light
hitting
the
eye.
O
W.D.
(Working
distance):
The
distance
between
the
specimen
or
cover
glass
and
the
nearest
point
of
the
objective.
O
N.A.
(Numerical
aperture):
The
numerical
aperture
represents
a
performance
number
which
could
be
compared
to
the
relative
aperture
(f-number)
of
a
camera
lens.
N.A.
values
can
be
used
for
directly
comparing
the
resolving
powers
of
all
types
of
objectives.
The
larger
N.A.,
the
higher
the
resolving
power.
©
Resolving
power:
The
ability
of
a
lens
to
register
small
details.
The
resolving
power
of
a
lens
is
measured
by
its
ability
to
separate
two
points.
©
Focal
depth:
The
distance
between
the
upper
and
lower
limits
of
sharpness
in
the
image
formed
by
an
optical
system.
©
Field
number:
A
number
that
represents
the
diameter
in
mm
of
the
image
of
the
field
diaphragm
that
is
formed
by
the
lens
in
front
of
it.
©
Field
of
view
diameter:
The
actual
size
of
the
field
of
view
in
mm.
Vil.
TROUBLESHOOTING
Troubles
Causes
Remedies
1.
Optical
System
(a)
With
the
illuminator
switched
on, the
field
of
view
cannot
be
seen.
The
condenser
is
lowerd
exces-
sively.
Raise
the
condenser
to
the
upper
limit.
Analyzer
and
polarizer
are
in
the
“crossed
filter”
position
(“0:0”).
Set
them
at
the
position
"0:90"
or
“90:0”.
(b)
The
field
of
view
is
cut
|
The
nosepiece
is
not
click
stopped.
|
Slightly
rotate
the
nosepiece
until
off
or
illuminated
irreg-
it
clicks
into
position.
ularly.
The
condenser
is
not
correctly
|
Re-insert
the
condenser
all
the
way.
mounted
on
the
ring
mount.
The
sensitive
tint
plate
is
stopped
|
Push
the
plate
all
the
way
until
it
midway.
clicks.
In
case
of
orthoscopic
observation,
|
Swing
it
out
of
the
light
path.
the
condenser
top
lens
stays
in
the
light
path
or
stops
midway.
(ο)
Dust
or
dirt
is
visible
in
|
Dust
or
dirt
on
the
glass
surface
at
the
field
of
view.
the
light
exit
on
the
base,
Dust
on
condenser
top
lens.
Clean
off
the
dust
or dirt.
Dirty
specimens.
Dust
on
eyepiece.
(d)
Excessive
image
contrast.
|
The
condenser
is
lowered
exces-
|
Raise
the
condenser.
sively.
The
aperture
iris
diaphragm
is
stop-
|
Open
the
diaphragm.
ped
down
excessively.
(e)
Resolution
problems:
The
objective
is
not
correctly
posi-
| Slightly rotate
the
nosepiece
until
О
Image
is
not
sharp.
tioned
in
the
light
path.
it
clicks
into
position.
©
Insufficient
contrast.
O
Image
details
lack
defini-
tion.
Dirt
on
objective
front
lens.
Clean
the
objective.
The
immersion
objective
is
used
without
immersion
oil.
Apply
immersion
oil.
Bubbles
in
the
immersion
oil.
Remove
bubbles.
The
Olympus
designated
oil
is
not
used.
Use
the
designated
oil.
13
Troubles
Causes
Remedies
Dirty
specimen.
Dust
on
condenser
lens.
Clean.
The
field
of
view
is
par-
tially
out
of
focus.
The
objective
is
not
correctly
po-
sitioned
in
the
light
path.
Slightly
rotate
the
nosepiece
until
it
clicks
into
position.
The
specimen
is
not
correctly
posi-
tioned
on
the
stage.
Place
the
specimen
on
the
stage
and
secure
it
with
the
specimen
clips.
The
image
goes out
of
focus
eccentrically.
The
objective
is
not
correctly
posi-
tioned
in
the
light
path.
Slightly rotate
the
nosepiece
until
it
clicks
into
position.
When
objectives
are
changed,
they
are
not
parfocal.
The
mechanical
tube
length
is
not
correctly adjusted.
Adjust
with
the
tube
length
adjust-
ment
rings
on
the
observation
tube.
Light
intensity
does
not
increase
although
the
voltage
is
raised.
The
condenser
is
lowered
exces-
sively.
Raise
the
condenser.
The
condenser
does
not
come
to
the
correct
posi-
tion
for
optimum
extinc-
tion.
The
observation
tube
and
condens-
er
are
not
correctly
mounted.
Re-mount
them
correctly.
No
conoscopic
image
can
be
seen.
The
condenser
top
lens
is
not
in
the
light
path.
Swing
it
in.
The
crossed
filter
posi-
tion
is
not
attained.
The
analyzer
is
out
of
the
light
path.
Push
it
in.
2.
Electric
System
(a)
The
illuminator
is
too
bright
(or
too
dark).
The
rheostat
trimmer
screw
is
not
matched
to
the
mains
voltage.
Adjust
the
trimmer
screw
to
match
the
mains
voltage.
The mains
voltage
is
too
high
(or
too
low).
Adjust
the
mains
voltage
with
a
variable
voltage
transformer.
The
rheostat
trimmer
screw
is
not
correctly adjusted.
Adjust
it
correctly.
(b)
Output
voltage
for
the
il-
luminator
cannot
be
reg-
ulated.
The
voltage
selector
switch
is
not
matched
to
the
mains
voltage.
Adjust
the
mains
voltage
selector
switch
to
the
mains
voltage.
The
mains
voltage
is
too
low
or
too
high.
Adjust
the
mains
voltage
with
a
variable
voltage
transformer.
14
Troubles
Causes
_
Remedies
(c)
The
light
flickers
and
the
intensity
is
unstable.
The
mains
voltage
is
unstable.
Use
a
variable
voltage
transformer.
|
The
filament
of
the
bulb
is
likely
|
to
burn
out.
Replace
the
bulb.
Loose
electrical
connection.
(d)
Fuse
burns
out too
often.
The
fuse
is
not
a
standard
fuse.
|
|
|
]
Secure
the
connection.
|
|
Use
a
standard
fuse.
|
The
voltage
selector
switch
is
not
matched
to
the
mains
voltage.
Match
the
switch
to
the
mains
voltage.
(e)
Reduced
bulb
life.
The
voltage
selector
switch
is
not
|
Match
the
selector
switch
to
the
matched
to
the
mains
voltage.
mains
voltage.
The
bulb
is
not
a
standard
bulb.
Use
a
standard
bulb.
Mains
voltage
is
too
high.
Use
variable
voltage
transformer.
3.
Focusing
(a)
Coarse
adjustment
is
too
tight.
Tension
adjustment
ring
is
tighten-
ed
too
much.
Loosen
the
tension
adjustment
ring
properly.
The
user
is
trying
to
raise
the
stage
over
the
upper
focusing
limit
imposed
by
the
engaged
pre-focus-
ing
lever.
Unlock
the
pre-focusing
lever.
(b)
The
stage
drops
and
the
specimen
goes
out
of
The
tension
adjustment
ring
is
too
loose.
Tighten
the
ring
properly.
focus.
(c)
The
stage
cannot
be
raised
|
Pre-focusing
lever
is
engaged
in
|
Unlock
the
pre-focusing
lever.
to
the
upper
limit.
lower
than
focusing
position.
(d)
The
stage
cannot
be
low-
|
The
condenser
mount
is
lowered
|
Raise
the
condenser
mount.
ered
to
the
lower
limit
|
too
much.
of
the
working
range.
(e)
The
objective
front
lens
|
The
specimen
is
mounted
on
the
|
Reverse
the
specimen.
hits
against
the
specimen.
stage
upside
down.
4.
Observation
Tube
(a)
Incomplete
binocular
vi-
sion.
Interpupillary
distance
is
not
cor-
rectly
adjusted.
Correct
the
interpupillary
distance.
15
Troubles
Causes
Remedies
Diopter
adjustment
is
incomplete.
Complete
the
diopter
adjustment.
Right
and
left
eyepieces
are
not
matched.
Use
pair
of
matched
eyepieces.
The
user
is
unaccustomed
to
binocular
observation.
Prior
to
looking
at
the
image
of
the
specimen,
try
to
look
at
a
far
away
object.
5.
Stage
(a)
The
image
easily
goes
out
of
focus
when
you
touch
the
stage.
The
stage
is
not
correctly
clamped.
Clamp
the
stage
securely.
(b)
The
specimen
stops
mid-
way
on
the
east-west
traverse.
The
specimen
is
not
correctly
posi-
tioned
on
the
stage.
Adjust
the
specimen
position.
16
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