PerkinElmer OilExpress 4 User manual

OilExpress 4
Oil Condition Monitoring System
User’s Guide
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY

Release History
Part Number Release Publication Date
L1050275 D March 2015
Any comments about the documentation for this product should be addressed to:
User Assistance
PerkinElmer Ltd
Chalfont Road
Seer Green
Beaconsfield
Bucks HP9 2FX
United Kingdom
Or emailed to: [e-mail]
Notices
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
Except as specifically set forth in its terms and conditions of sale, PerkinElmer makes no
warranty of any kind with regard to this document, including, but not limited to, the
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
PerkinElmer shall not be liable for errors contained herein for incidental consequential damages in
connection with furnishing, performance or use of this material.
Copyright Information
This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever or
translated into any language without the prior, written permission of PerkinElmer, Inc.
Copyright © 2015 PerkinElmer, Inc.
Trademarks
Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this document, even when not specifically marked as such,
are protected by law.
PerkinElmer is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc.
WinPREP and JANUS are registered trademarks of PerkinElmer, Inc.
OilPrep 4, OilExpress 4, Spectrum, Spectrum Two, Varispan and V-Solv are trademarks of
PerkinElmer, Inc.
Viton is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

Contents
Introduction...............................................................................................5
About this Manual ............................................................................................. 6
Using this Guide ......................................................................................... 6
Conventions...................................................................................................... 7
Conventions Used in this Manual ................................................................. 7
Part Numbers............................................................................................. 7
Notes, Warnings and Cautions..................................................................... 7
OilExpress 4 Oil Condition Monitoring Systems...................................................10
Introduction to Oil Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy.........................................11
Infrared Absorption ...................................................................................11
Degradation Products ................................................................................12
Additive Depletion .....................................................................................12
Common Contaminants..............................................................................13
Standard Methods for Lubricants Analysis by FT-IR......................................13
References................................................................................................15
Analysis Methods Provided................................................................................16
Warnings and Safety Information ...........................................................17
Overview.........................................................................................................18
OilExpress 4 System Safety Summary................................................................19
General Safety.................................................................................................20
Electrical Safety.........................................................................................20
Mechanical Hazards...................................................................................22
Environment..............................................................................................22
Use of Flammable Solvents and Samples ...........................................................24
Material Safety Data Sheets..............................................................................26
Overview of the OilExpress 4 System......................................................27
System Specifications.......................................................................................28
Liquid Autosampler...........................................................................................29
Connection Panel.......................................................................................30
Varispan Pipetting Arm and VersaTips.........................................................30
System Liquid Container(s) ........................................................................31
Labware Configurations .............................................................................33
Sample Racks............................................................................................34
Tip Boxes..................................................................................................38
Injection Station........................................................................................40
Autosampler Safety Shield and Stop Button.................................................42
Spectrometer Module .......................................................................................43
Spectrometer Sample Compartment ...........................................................43
Sample Shuttle..........................................................................................44
Flow Cell...................................................................................................44
Liquid Presence Sensor..............................................................................45
Connections on the Spectrometer...............................................................46
Fluid Control Module.........................................................................................48
Connections on the FCM ............................................................................49
Waste Container ..............................................................................................52
Spectrometer and FCM Mounting System...........................................................53
Ultrasonic Liquid Level Sensor Bar (Optional).....................................................54
FT-IR-Only Analysis with the 96-position Rack Type.....................................54
Ultrasonic Height Sensing Errors dialog.......................................................56
Oil Dilution.......................................................................................................57
Overview of the FT-IR Analysis Procedure..........................................................58
Single-spectrometer System.......................................................................58
Dual-spectrometer (DUO) System...............................................................62

Getting Started with OilExpress 4 ...........................................................67
Overview.........................................................................................................68
Starting OilExpress 4 Software .........................................................................69
The OilExpress 4 Window.................................................................................70
OilExpress 4 On-screen Help System..........................................................72
Sample Preparation .........................................................................................73
Priming the System..........................................................................................74
Defining the Sampling Heights..........................................................................76
Saving Spectra, Exporting Spectra and Reporting ......................................................78
Exporting Spectra......................................................................................78
Exporting Results......................................................................................79
Reporting .................................................................................................80
Running an Analysis.........................................................................................81
Modifying Scan Settings ...................................................................................88
Absolute Virtual Instrument (AVI).....................................................................89
AVI Correction ..........................................................................................89
AVI Calibration..........................................................................................90
System Validation............................................................................................92
Control Samples........................................................................................92
System Checks..........................................................................................93
Maintenance and Troubleshooting ..........................................................95
Flow Cell Maintenance .....................................................................................96
Cleaning Using OilExpress 4 Software.........................................................96
Removing and Installing the Flow Cell........................................................97
Disassembling the Flow Cell for Deep Cleaning ......................................... 103
Empty Cell Spectrum............................................................................... 105
Calibrating the Pathlength of the Flow cell................................................ 109
Installing the Flow Cell / Injection Station Fluid Lines................................ 114
Autosampler Maintenance .............................................................................. 118
Daily Preventative Maintenance ............................................................... 118
Weekly Preventative Maintenance............................................................ 119
Spectrometer Maintenance............................................................................. 121
Changing to a Single-spectrometer System (DUO Systems Only)................ 122
Removing the Sample Shuttle.................................................................. 122
Installing the Sample Shuttle................................................................... 124
Fluid Control Module Maintenance .................................................................. 126
Moving the System ........................................................................................ 127
Troubleshooting ............................................................................................ 128
Spares and Consumables ............................................................................... 141
Appendices.............................................................................................145
Appendix 1: Decontamination......................................................................... 146
Appendix 2: WEEE Instructions for PerkinElmer Products................................. 147
Appendix 3: Liquid Handling........................................................................... 148
Appendix 4: Fluid Path Materials..................................................................... 149
Index............................................................................................................ 150

Introduction

6 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
About this Manual
NOTE: The OilExpress 4 Oil Condition Monitoring System must be installed by a PerkinElmer
Service Representative. This guide does not contain installation instructions.
This user guide covers FT-IR analysis using OilExpress 4 software only. Refer to the OilPrep
Oil Dilution System Operation Manual
(Document Number 8860042) for information about
using WinPREP software for oil dilution.
NOTE: This user manual provides user instructions for the OilExpress 4 System (including
the Spectrum Two spectrometer and the autosampler).
You are also supplied with the JANUS® Automated Liquid Handling System User
Manual (Document Number 1694282) and the Spectrum Two User’s Guide
(part number L1050228). These documents are provided for your reference.
However, operating and customer-maintenance procedures described in those
manuals are superseded by those covered in this document, unless stated otherwise.
For all other procedures you should contact your PerkinElmer Service Representative.
Using this Guide
This guide describes how to use your OilExpress 4 System and perform any customer-maintenance
tasks. We recommend that you use it as follows:
1. Read the
Warnings and Safety Information starting on page 17 before using your
OilExpress 4 System.
2. Read
Overview of the OilExpress 4 System starting on page 27 to learn about the
components of the system.
3. Read
Getting Started with OilExpress 4 starting on page 66 to learn how to run an
analysis and modify some basic software parameters.
NOTE: Refer to the on-screen Help system available from the Help menu in the OilExpress 4
software for full information about using the software.
4. Read Maintenance and Troubleshooting starting on page 95 to learn what
customer maintenance the OilExpress 4 System requires.
If you want to learn more about the information that can be obtained by analyzing used oils
and the analysis methods provided with OilExpress 4, read
Introduction to Oil Analysis by
Infrared Spectroscopy
starting on page 10.

Introduction . 7
Conventions
Conventions Used in this Manual
Normal text is used to provide information and instructions.
Bold text refers to text that is displayed on the screen.
UPPERCASE text refers to keys on the PC keyboard. “+” is used to show that you have to
press two keys at the same time, for example, ALT+F.
Part Numbers
All eight-digit numbers are PerkinElmer part numbers unless stated otherwise.
Notes, Warnings and Cautions
Three terms, in the following standard formats, are also used to highlight special
circumstances and warnings.
NOTE: A note indicates additional, significant information that is provided with some
procedures.

8 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
CAUTION
We use the term CAUTION to inform you about situations that could
result in serious damage to the instrument or other equipment. Details
about these circumstances are in a box like this one.
Caution (Achtung)
Bedeutet, daß die genannte Anleitung genau befolgt werden muß, um
einen Geräteschaden zu vermeiden.
Caution (Bemærk)
Dette betyder, at den nævnte vejledning skal overholdes nøje for at
undgå en beskadigelse af apparatet.
Caution (Advertencia)
Utilizamos el término CAUTION (ADVERTENCIA) para advertir sobre
situaciones que pueden provocar averías graves en este equipo o en
otros. En los recuadros como éste se proporciona información sobre
este tipo de circunstancias.
Caution (Attention)
Nous utilisons le terme CAUTION (ATTENTION) pour signaler les
situations susceptibles de provoquer de graves détériorations de
l'instrument ou d'autre matériel. Les détails sur ces circonstances
figurent dans un encadré semblable à celui-ci.
Caution (Attenzione)
Con il termine CAUTION (ATTENZIONE) vengono segnalate situazioni
che potrebbero arrecare gravi danni allo strumento o ad altra
apparecchiatura. Troverete informazioni su tali circostanze in un
riquadro come questo.
Caution (Opgelet)
Betekent dat de genoemde handleiding nauwkeurig moet worden
opgevolgd, om beschadiging van het instrument te voorkomen.
Caution (Atenção)
Significa que a instrução referida tem de ser respeitada para evitar a
danificação do aparelho.
Caution (
小心
)
我们使用“小心”这一术语来通知您有关可能会对
本仪器或其它设备造成严重损害的情况。
有关这些情况的详细信息可在此类方框中找到。
Caution (
注意
)
分光器や他の機材等に深刻なダメージを与える恐れがある場合
は、
この様なボックスの中に表示しています。

Introduction . 9
WARNING
We use the term WARNING to inform you about situations that could
result in personal injury to yourself or other persons. Details about
these circumstances are in a box like this one.
Warning (Warnung)
Bedeutet, daß es bei Nichtbeachten der genannten Anweisung zu einer
Verletzung des Benutzers kommen kann.
Warning (Advarsel)
Betyder, at brugeren kan blive kvæstet, hvis anvisningen ikke
overholdes.
Warning (Peligro)
Utilizamos el término WARNING (PELIGRO) para informarle sobre
situaciones que pueden provocar daños personales a usted o a otras
personas. En los recuadros como éste se proporciona información sobre
este tipo de circunstancias.
Warning (Danger)
Nous utilisons la formule WARNING (DANGER) pour avertir des
situations pouvant occasionner des dommages corporels à l'utilisateur
ou à d'autres personnes. Les détails sur ces circonstances sont données
dans un encadré semblable à celui-ci.
Warning (Pericolo)
Con il termine WARNING (PERICOLO) vengono segnalate situazioni
che potrebbero provocare incidenti alle persone. Troverete
informazioni su tali circostanze in un riquadro come questo.
Warning (Waarschuwing)
Betekent dat, wanneer de genoemde aanwijzing niet in acht wordt
genomen, dit kan leiden tot verwondingen van de gebruiker.
Warning (Aviso)
Significa que a não observância da instrução referida poderá causar um
ferimento ao usuário.
Warning (
警告
)
我们使用“警告”这一术语来通知您有关可能会对您自己或他人造
成人
身伤害的情况。
有关这些情况的详细信息可在此类方框中找到。
Warning (
警告
)
使用者及びその他周辺に危害が及ぶ恐れがある場合は、
この様なボックスの中に注意事項が表示されています。

10 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
OilExpress 4 Oil Condition Monitoring Systems
The OilExpress 4 Oil Condition Monitoring Systems (Figure 1) are optimized for the high-
throughput FT-IR analysis of in-service lubricant samples for additive depletion,
contamination and degradation.
Figure 1 The OilExpress 4 System
The OilExpress 4 system comprises the following key components.
•A liquid autosampler (available with two sampling capacities), and associated labware
(injection station, sample racks and tip boxes).
•A Spectrum Two FT-IR spectrometer, fitted with a sample shuttle and a water-resistant
flow cell.
•A fluid control module (FCM).
For additional throughput, a second spectrometer (and associated FCM) can be incorporated
in OilExpress 4 DUO systems.
NOTE: A single-spectrometer system can be upgraded to a DUO system. Refer to Spares
and Consumables on page 141 or contact your PerkinElmer Customer Care
Representative for more information.
The system is controlled by the dedicated oil analysis software, OilExpress 4.
For information about oil analysis, refer to
Introduction to Oil Analysis by Infrared
Spectroscopy
on page 11.

Introduction . 11
Introduction to Oil Analysis by Infrared
Spectroscopy
The OilExpress 4 System is an automated system that uses infrared (IR) analysis to monitor
additive depletion, contaminant build-up and base-stock degradation of in-service lubricants
and hydraulic fluids. A range of analysis methods for measuring these parameters are
supplied, including standard methods for Mineral Oils, Synthetic Oils, the Joint Oil Analysis
Program (JOAP) and ASTM. Within OilExpress 4 software, methods can be added or deleted,
and the existing methods customized.
Infrared Absorption
The chemical bonds within organic molecules are in a state of continual vibration, with bonds
stretching and contracting as well as bending relative to each other. When an infrared beam
falls on a molecule, waves of specific frequencies are absorbed from the beam by the
molecule. The actual frequencies absorbed depend on the types of bonds present in the
molecular structure. Chemical bonds within a molecule are said to exhibit “characteristic
infrared absorptions”.
A record of the frequencies at which absorption takes place for an organic compound is
called its infrared spectrum. An infrared spectrum of a compound will reveal information
about its molecular structure, as the existence of specific groups of atoms may be confirmed
from the presence of their characteristic absorptions. The spectrum of a mixture of
compounds contains contributions from all of the compounds.
As a lubricant wears, its composition changes as additives are depleted and contaminants
and breakdown products accumulate. As each of these compounds has a distinct infrared
spectrum, the spectrum of the lubricant will change and these changes can be used to assess
the condition of the lubricant.
An example of the changes seen as a lubricant wears is shown in Figure 2.
4000
550
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
1.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
cm-1
A
Figure 2 Spectra of unused and used diesel engine oil
Used oil
New oil
Water
Soot
Oxidation
Nitration
Phosphate
antiwear

12 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
Degradation Products
Oxidation
Oil exposed to oxygen at elevated temperature will oxidize to a variety of compounds, the
majority of which are carbonyl compounds, including carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids contribute
to the acidity of the oil, depleting the basic additives present and contributing to corrosion.
Oxidation can also increase the viscosity of the oil. The degree of oxidation is a good indicator of
oil degradation. A rapid increase in oxidation may indicate an overheating engine or depletion of
the antioxidant additive due to an over-extended oil change period.
Oxidative degradation also occurs with petroleum gear and hydraulic fluids.
Nitration
Nitrogen oxides, produced by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen during the combustion
process, react with the oil. Nitration increases the viscosity of the oil and is the major cause
of the build-up of varnish or lacquer.
A high nitration value, also known as NOx or nitro-oxidation, indicates an incorrect fuel/air ratio,
incorrect spark timing, excessive loads, low operating temperature or piston-ring blow-by.
Sulfate
Sulfur oxides are produced by the combustion of sulfur compounds present in the fuel. These
oxides react with water, also produced by the combustion process, to form sulfuric acid. The
sulfuric acid is neutralized by the oil’s basic additives, forming inorganic sulfates. A rapid
increase in the sulfate value may indicate the use of a high-sulfur-content fuel, poor
combustion, over-cooling or the rapid depletion of anti-wear additive.
Ester breakdown
Synthetic lubrication oils usually contain a high proportion of synthetic polyol esters. These
esters are susceptible to breakdown in the presence of water and acids (hydrolysis). Ester
breakdown contributes to the acidity of the oil and can result in the formation of crystals of
the base polyol, leading to clogging of filters. Ester breakdown may indicate the presence of
water from condensation caused by low operation temperatures or from a coolant leak.
Additive Depletion
Numerous compounds are added to oils to confer desirable properties. These additives can
be depleted during use, and so monitoring this depletion can provide a warning of impending
lubricant failure.
Anti-wear
Anti-wear additives, such as di-alkyl or di-aryl dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) prevent direct
metal-to-metal contact by forming a coating on metal surfaces activated by frictional heat.
These can be depleted by hydrolysis or oxidation, resulting in increased wear rates. A rapid
loss of anti-wear additive may indicate excess loads or contamination by water from a
coolant leak.

Introduction . 13
Antioxidant
Pheonolic antioxidant compounds are often used in turbine lubricants. Depletion of
antioxidant is followed by a rapid increase in the rate of oxidation.
Common Contaminants
Soot
Soot particles result from the incomplete combustion of fuel and, since they are too small to
be removed by the filter, remain suspended in the oil. Soot builds up continuously until it
reaches an unacceptable level; that level depends on the type of engine and lubricant. Diesel
oils tolerate higher soot levels than gasoline oils. The rate of soot build-up depends on
engine design, type of fuel and operating conditions. A high soot value may indicate poor
combustion due to an incorrect fuel/air ratio, a clogged air filter or an over-extended oil
change period.
Water and glycol
The presence of water and glycol in crankcase oil indicate a leak from the cooling system. It
is essential to detect such a problem early to avoid a serious failure. The presence of water
alone does not necessarily indicate a coolant problem, but may result from condensation due
to a low operating temperature.
Water contamination can also occur in hydraulic systems through leakage or condensation in
reservoirs.
Unburned fuel
The presence of fuel in the oil indicates poor combustion due to an incorrect fuel/air ratio, a
clogged air filter or an ignition problem. It may also indicate an over-extended oil change period.
NOTE: The fuel measurement depends not only on the level of contamination, but also on
the aromatic hydrocarbon content of the fuel. The aromatic content of fuels varies
with location and season, so it may be appropriate to perform a calibration with the
fuel being used.
Standard Methods for Lubricants Analysis by FT-IR
Spectral-subtraction and direct-trending methods
Because of the wide variety of lubricating oils available, it is essential to consider the oil type
when interpreting the spectrum. The changes due to wear may be quite subtle compared to
the differences between different oils. One approach to this problem is to measure the
spectrum of the unused oil (if this is available) and subtract this from the used oil.

14 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
Figure 3 shows the example data from Figure 2 in this differential form. The heights of the
peaks due to breakdown products, contaminants and additive depletion can be measured.
4000
550
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
0.7
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
cm-1
A
Figure 3 Used-oil spectrum after unused-oil spectrum subtraction
The spectral-subtraction method works very well if the unused oil is available, but this is
often not the case, and using an incorrect reference spectrum can give misleading results.
Additionally, if the machinery has been topped up using a different oil, an appropriate
reference spectrum may not be available.
The alternative approach is to measure the peak heights directly in the used-oil spectrum. In
this case, the baseline (unused-oil) values for the measured parameters will depend on the
oil type, and the results should be trended through several measurements over the lifetime
of the oil or compared to alarm limits derived from statistical analysis of data for the
appropriate machine and lubricant type.
Standard practices and test methods
ASTM International publishes several documents discussing lubricants analysis by FT-IR,
including both direct-trending and spectral-subtraction methods1–4. For the Analysis methods
supported by OilExpress 4, refer to
Analysis Methods on page 16.
A collection of direct-trending FT-IR oil analysis methods for several oil types was developed
as part of the US Army, Navy and Air Force Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP). These
methods are widely used and are supported by OilExpress 4; a complete list is given in
Analysis Methods on page 16.
Alarm limits
As the methods described above involve trends in absorbance values rather than direct
quantitative measurements, alarm limits should be derived from statistical analysis of oil
analysis and failure data from many machines. These limits are dependent on machinery
type and oil formulation, and a full discussion is beyond the scope of this guide. For more
information, refer to ASTM E2412-101.
Water
Soot
Oxidation
Nitration
Phosphate
antiwear
Phenolic
antiwear

Introduction . 15
Quantitative calibrations and additional analytes
It is possible to develop quantitative calibrations for certain analytes, although their validity
may be limited to the type of oil used to develop the calibration. As an example, soot may be
determined directly as a percentage of the oil mass. In some cases, particularly for marine
oils with high concentrations of basic additives, it is possible to measure total base number
(TBN), provided an appropriate calibration is developed5. If the appropriate software package
is purchased and calibrations developed, your method can be configured to perform these
analyses.
The standard methods shipped with OilExpress 4 do not present results in terms of analyte
concentrations. Rather, they are expressed in terms of absorbance, usually in units of
absorbance per centimeter. The numerical values do not in themselves provide direct
information about the quality of the oil but must be interpreted in the context of an existing
body of data for that oil type.
References
1. ASTM E2412-10 “Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by
Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry”,
ASTM
International
, 2010. http://www.astm.org/Standards/E2412.htm
2. ASTM D7412-09 “Standard Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Phosphate Antiwear
Additives in In-Service Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Based Lubricants by Trend Analysis
Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry”,
ASTM International , 2009.
http://www.astm.org/Standards/D7412.htm
3. ASTM D7414-09 “Standard Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Oxidation in In-
Service Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Based Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier
Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry”,
ASTM International , 2009.
http://www.astm.org/Standards/D7414.htm
4. ASTM D7415-09 “Standard Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Sulfate By-Products
in In-Service Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Based Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry”,
ASTM International , 2009.
http://www.astm.org/Standards/D7415.htm
5. David Wooton, Stuart Barry, Samuel White and Robert Thomas, “Using Infrared
Spectroscopy in Used Engine Oils: Estimating Base Number”,
Practicing Oil Analysis ,
November–December 2005.
6. ASTM D7418-07 “Standard Practice for Set-UP and Operation of Fourier Transform
infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometers for In-Service Oil Condition Monitoring”,
ASTM
International
, 2007. http://www.astm.org/Standards/D7418.htm

16 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
Analysis Methods Provided
The OilExpress 4 System ships with a set of default analysis methods that will appear in the
Analysis drop-down list on the Samples screen (refer to
Running an Analysis on page 81).
The methods vary in the analytes they determine, the peaks used and the warning limits on
the results.
Table 1 Analysis methods supplied with OilExpress 4
Method Type Summary
JOAP:
Run All Tests
Petroleum Ground
Petroleum Hydraulic
Synthetic Ground
Synthetic Turbine
Synthetic Hydraulic
Direct-
trending The JOAP method provides the analyses specified by the US Army, Navy and Air Force Joint Oil Analysis
Program.
Run All Tests calculates parameters for all oil types;
the other oil types are sub-sets of these calculations
appropriate for specific oil types.
ASTM E2412:
Differential Spectral- subtraction See ASTM E2412–101.
ASTM E2412:
Petroleum Based EP
Fluid
Petroleum Lubricant
Polyol Ester Fluid
Direct-
trending See ASTM E2412–101. This method is also compatible
with the analyses specified by Standard Test Methods
D7412, D7414, and D7415.
Turbine Oils:
Turbine Fluids
Synthetic Turbine
Direct-
trending Contains additional calculations for turbine fluids, including: phenolic antioxidant, oxidation, and
unsaturated esters.
Measures analytes relevant to synthetic turbine
lubricants, including: water, ester breakdown, oxidation,
and anti-wear depletion.
Mineral Oil Spectral-
subtraction Method for analysis of hydrocarbon oils.
Mineral Oil v2 Spectral-
subtraction Similar method to Mineral Oil, but can be modified by altering the settings.
Synthetic Oil Spectral-
subtraction Method for analysis of polyol ester synthetic oils.
Petroleum Hydraulic:
PetrHyraulic Direct- trending Direct-trending method for the measurement of analytes relevant to petroleum hydraulic oils, including: water,
oxidation, unsaturated ester, phenolic antioxidant.
For further information about the default analysis methods, refer to the on-screen Help.

Warnings and Safety
Information

18 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
Overview
This chapter describes the general safety practices and precautions that must be observed
when operating the OilExpress 4 System.
This advice is intended to supplement, not supersede, the normal safety codes in the user's
country. It is also a supplement to the PerkinElmer standard Safety and Health Policy. The
information provided does not cover every safety procedure that should be practiced.
Ultimately, maintenance of a safe laboratory environment is the responsibility of the user and
the user's organization.
Please consult all manuals supplied with your OilExpress 4 System before you start working
with the system. Carefully read the safety information in this chapter and in the other
manuals supplied. When performing analyses or maintenance procedures, strictly follow the
instructions provided.

Warnings and Safety Information . 19
OilExpress 4 System Safety Summary
This equipment must be used only by authorized personnel in a well-ventilated laboratory
environment.
The PerkinElmer OilExpress 4 System has been designed to comply with a wide variety of
international standards governing the safety of laboratory equipment. Refer to the product
certificates and declaration of conformity documents supplied with the components of your
OilExpress 4 System for the relevant compliance information.
In routine use, the OilExpress 4 System poses virtually no risk to you. If you take some
simple, common-sense precautions, you can make sure that you maintain the continued safe
operation of the OilExpress 4 System.
•DO make sure that the OilExpress 4 System is properly connected to the electrical
supply; in particular make sure that the ground (earth) is securely connected.
•DO take care with solvents: heptane is highly flammable. Fill the system liquid container
away from the OilExpress 4 System and any heat sources or other electrical systems.
Always keep the lid on the system liquid and waste liquid containers.
•The system waste liquid container must be vented externally or connected to an
extraction system.
A connector for 6 mm (internal diameter) tubing is fitted to the lid supplied with the
waste container for the OilExpress 4 System.
•DO NOT place any part of the body beyond the safety shield the front of the
autosampler enclosure whilst operating the OilExpress 4 System.
•DO disconnect the electrical power cable before opening any ports or covers in the
system, unless otherwise directed in the maintenance procedures described in this
manual or in the software.
•DO NOT open the main cover of any of the components of the instrument, unless
directed in the maintenance procedures.
•DO keep the spectrometer dry. Avoid spilling liquid onto the instrument. Clean all
external spills immediately.
Read the more detailed information about warnings and safety in the following pages, and in
the documentation supplied with your spectrometer, to ensure the safe operation of the
instrument.

20 . OilExpress 4 System User's Guide
General Safety
If the system is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided
by the instrument may be impaired. Only use the OilExpress 4 System indoors and under the
following conditions:
•Temperature: 15 °C to 35 °C
•Relative Humidity: 80% maximum at 30 °C (non–condensing)
•Altitude up to 2000 m (above mean sea level).
•Mains supply fluctuations not exceeding ±10% of the nominal voltage.
Whenever it is likely that the OilExpress 4 System is unsafe make it inoperative. The
OilExpress 4 System may be unsafe if it:
•Shows visible damage.
•Fails to perform the intended measurement.
•Has been subjected to prolonged storage in unfavorable conditions.
•Has been subjected to severe transport stresses.
WARNING
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified herein the protection
provided by the equipment may be impaired.
Electrical Safety
•The OilExpress 4 System (excluding the Spectrum Two spectrometer) must be
disconnected from all voltage sources before any adjustment, replacement and
maintenance, or cleaning up of any major liquid spills.
•The Spectrum Two spectrometer must be disconnected from all voltage sources before
it is opened for any adjustment, replacement, maintenance or repair, unless otherwise
directed in the maintenance procedures described in this manual, or in the software.
•Only plug the system components into power outlet sockets that are provided with a
protective earth connection.
WARNING
To ensure safe and satisfactory operation of the instrument, it is
essential that the green or green/yellow ground (earth) wire of each
power cord is connected to a ground that complies with the regulations
of the local electricity supply authority (or equivalent body); ground
circuit continuity is essential for safe operation of the equipment.