Shimadzu IRAffinity-1 User manual

206-97090B
Jan. 2009
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
USER SYSTEM GUIDE
IRAffinity-1
SHIMADZU FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Read the instruction manual thoroughly before you use the product.
Keep this instruction manual for future reference.

This page is intentionally left blank.

i
IRAffinity-1
IMPORTANT
• Do not use this instrument before fully understanding the contents of this manual.
• If the user or usage location changes, ensure that this Instruction Manual is transferred with the product.
• If this documentation or the warning labels on the instrument become lost or damaged, promptly obtain
replacements from your Shimadzu representative.
• To ensure safe operation, read the Safety Instructions before using the instrument.
• To ensure safe operation, contact your Shimadzu representative for product installation, adjustment, or
re-installation (after the product is moved).
COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK
• © 2007-2009 Shimadzu Corporation. All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced in whole
or in part without written permission from Shimadzu Corporation. Since Shimadzu products are frequently
upgraded and improved, information in this publication is subject to change without notice. Any errors or
omissions which may have occurred in this publication will be corrected as soon as possible. We
appreciate notification of any errors or omissions.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
Other product names described in this manual are each manufacturer's trademarks or registered
trademarks.
Read this manual thoroughly before using the instrument.
Thank you for purchasing this instrument. This manual describes: the installation, operation, cautions for
use, and details on the accessories and options. Read the manual thoroughly before using the instrument.
Use the instrument in accordance with the manual's instructions.
Keep this manual for future reference.
Introduction

ii IRAffinity-1
The documentation for the IRAffinity-1 infrared spectrophotometer is comprised of three volumes:
Operation Guide Describes basic operation using examples.
User System Guide Describes installation and maintenance procedures.
Validation program Describes operations of the validation programs for use with the FTIR.
An electrical file (pdf) of the Validation program manual is stored in the IRsolution
Installation CD.
The IRAffinity-1 Instruction Manual: User System Guide primarily describes the IRAffinity-1 hardware, including
its unit description, installation and maintenance. Refer to the Instruction Manual: Operation Guide for operation
procedures such as data acquisition and processing, and to the "Help" document which is included in IRsolution
software itself for a detailed description of each command. For information about your PC and printer, refer to
their individual product manuals.
This instruction manual consists of
Safety Precautions Describes precautions. Read this section before using your FTIR.
Chapter 1
Principles, Description, and
Functions of the IRAffinity-1
Describes FTIR principles, Description or Functions.
Chapter 2
Specifications
Describes specifications.
Chapter 3
Installation
Describes specification of installation site and software
installation.
Chapter 4
Operations
Describes outlines of operation of the IRAffinity-1. Refer to the
Operation Guide and Help file in detail.
Chapter 5
Maintenance and Inspection
Describes procedures of FTIR maintenance.
Chapter 6
Troubleshooting
Describes troubleshooting.
Chapter 7
Materials for Infrared Analysis
Describes materials used for Infrared analysis and IRaffinity-1.
Material Safety Data Sheets are on this section.
Index
Use of Instruction Manuals

iii
IRAffinity-1
• To ensure safe operation of the instrument, read these Safety Instructions carefully before use.
• Observe all of the WARNINGS and CAUTIONS described in this section. They are extremely important for
safety.
• In this manual, warnings and cautions are indicated using the following conventions;
Application Precautions
Installation Site Precautions
DANGER Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in
serious injury or death.
WARNING Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in
serious injury or possibly death.
CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in
minor to moderate injury or equipment damage.
NOTE Emphasizes additional information that is provided to ensure the proper use of
this product.
WARNING
This instrument is an infrared spectrophotometer.
Use this instrument ONLY for the intended purpose.
Using this instrument for any other purpose could cause accidents.
WARNING
•This product is not an explosion-proof product.
It ignites and causes a fire.
Since this instrument includes electrically active parts even if the power switch is off, it ignites and
causes a fire if there are any flammable gases in explosive (flammable) range around this instrument.
Do not leave the material that generates the flammable gas around this instrument.
•Some of solvents used for FTIR applications are flammable and toxic. The room where the
instrument is installed should be well ventilated;
otherwise, solvent vapors could cause poisoning or ignite and cause a fire.
•When organic solvents are used for FTIR applications, use of open flame in the vicinity of this
instrument must be strictly prohibited. Do not install the instrument in the same room with any
other equipment that emits or could potentially emit sparks, since sparks could cause a fire.
Provide fire extinguishers for use in case of fire.
•When organic solvents are used for FTIR applications, provide protective equipment near the
instrument.
If solvent gets into the eyes or on the skin, it must be flushed away immediately. Provide equipment,
such as eye wash stations and safety showers, as close to the instrument as possible.
Safety Instructions

iv IRAffinity-1
Installation Precautions
CAUTION
•During installation, consider the entire weight of all of this system including this instrument and
accessories.
The lab table on which this instrument is installed should be strong enough to support the total weight of
the system. It should be level and stable.
Otherwise, the instrument could tip over or fall off the table.
•Avoid installation sites that are exposed to corrosive gases, vapors of organic halides, organic
solvents, Siloxane, oil mists or excessive dust.
These adverse conditions may be detrimental to maintaining the instrument performance and may
shorten its service life.
•Additional information for applications using organic halides
If vapors of any organic halide, such as difluoromethane (CH2F2), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2),
chloroform (CHCl3), or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) enter the interferometer, they are decomposed by
the heat of the light source to highly caustic hydrogen halides such as Hydrofluoric acid (HF),
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), etc. Mirrors, other optical elements, screws and another parts in the
interferometer might be damaged. Please prevent the entry of organic halide vapors into the
interferometer by installing a local ventilation system at the FTIR sample compartment, or purging the
interferometer with dried air or N2gas, when you run samples that include volatile organic halide
compounds.
WARNING
•To ensure safe operation, contact your Shimadzu representative if product installation,
adjustment, or re-installation (after the product is moved) is required.
•Take measures to prevent the instrument from falling in the event of an earthquake or other
disaster.
Strong vibrations could cause the instrument to fall over, resulting in injury.
•The power supply voltage of the instrument is indicated on the label on the back of the
instrument. Connect the instrument only to a power supply of the voltage indicated;
otherwise, fire or electric shock could result. Check that the power supply voltage is stable and that its
current capacity is sufficient to operate all the components of the system. If not, the instrument will not
operate at its rated performance.
•Ground the instrument.
Grounding is necessary to prevent electric shock in the event of an accident or electrical discharge, and
important for ensuring stable operation.
•Do not place heavy objects on the power cord, and keep any hot items away.
The cord could be damaged, resulting in fire, electrical shock or malfunction. If the cord becomes
damaged, contact your Shimadzu representative immediately.
•Do not modify the cord in any way. Do not bend it excessively or pull on it.
The cord could be damaged, resulting in fire, electrical shock or malfunction. If the cord becomes
damaged, contact your Shimadzu representative immediately.
•Please insert the power cord in the power outlet at an easily accessible position.
The power cord must be unplugged from the power outlet in case of emergency.

v
IRAffinity-1
Operation Precautions
CAUTION
• When installing the instrument, be careful not to pinch your fingers between the system
components, as this could result in injury.
• When opening the doors, be careful not to pinch your fingers as this could result in injury.
WARNING
•Take thorough measures to prevent buildup of static electricity.
Static electricity could result in fire or explosion.
•Always wear protective gloves and protective goggles when handling solvents and samples.
If solvent gets into the eyes, blindness could result.
Should solvent get into the eyes, flush immediately with large amounts of water and get medical
attention.
•Always wear protective gloves when handling any toxic or biologically infectious samples.
•Do not use flammable sprays (hair sprays, insecticide sprays, etc.) near the instrument.
They could ignite and cause a fire.
CAUTION
•Wipe the FTIR and/or inside of its sample compartment immediately, when they are wet by any
liquid samples such as water, organic solvents, etc.
The instrument could be damaged.

vi IRAffinity-1
Measures for Preventing Static Electricity Accidents
WARNING
•Take thorough measures to prevent buildup of static electricity.
Static electricity could result in fire or explosion.
CAUTION
• The best way to prevent static electricity accidents is simply to prevent the occurrence and
accumulation of electro-static charges.
• It is important to combine multiple preventive measures.
• If large amounts of flammable solvents are collected in a large container, implement preventive
measures 1 to 5 below.
Preventive measure 1:
Use a metal container for the waste liquid which grounds the container. This will ensure that the electrical
charges of the container and liquids pass to the ground. Accessories for this measure:
• Be sure to ground the metal waste container properly. If the grounding wire is not properly
attached or connected to the ground, static electricity can build up in the metal container.
• Some metal containers have surfaces that are laminated or oxidized, and therefore do not
conduct electricity. After grounding the metal container, use a tester to make sure that electricity
is conducted to the ground.
• If the liquid to be drained into the waste liquid container is virtually non-conductive (10−10 S/m or
less), it will be necessary to add properly conductive (and therefore safe) liquid to the tank (This
conductive liquid may be added beforehand).
Preventive measure 2:
Cover the spaces between the tubing and the sides of the inlet and outlet openings of the waste container
(with caps or the like). This will prevent any sparks generated outside the container from getting inside.
Preventive measure 3:
Keep electro-statically charged objects, including the human body, away from the waste liquid container. To
prevent the electro-static charging of the human body, take the following precautions:
• Wear anti-static clothing and shoes.
• Ground the human body with anti-static wrist straps. (For safety, the wrist strap should be
connected to the ground using an intervening resistor of about 1 MΩ).
• Spread anti-static matting or the like on the floor, to make the floor conductive.
• Persons who have not taken anti-static precautions should touch some grounded metal
component before coming near the waste liquid container, in order to ground the body and
clothing.
Preventive measure 4:
Use tubing with an inner diameter of at least 2 mm for a drain line with high flow rates.
• Air bubbles in liquid can multiply the electro-static charge by a factor of 20, 30 or more.
Periodically check the tubing connections for leaks.

vii
IRAffinity-1
Preventation of Hypoxia (Oxygen Shortage)
Preventive measure 5:
If it is not possible to use a conductive waste liquid container, take the following precautions:
• Ensure that the end of the inflow tube is always submerged inside the container. Also, place
some type of grounded metal object (wire connected to the unit, etc.) in the liquid.
The above precautions will be ineffective for liquid of low conductivity (less than 10−10 S/m). For such liquid:
• Use as small a container as possible, to minimize damage in the event of fire.
• Ambient humidity exceeding 65% will prevent static. Keep the room at a proper level of humidity.
WARNING
Maximum 10 L/min. of the purge gas is used to purge the FTIR.
Take measures to prevent hypoxia in accordance with the local laws/regulations of the region in
which the instrument is installed:
• Ventilate the room by opening windows or using ventilation fans during purging or after purging.
• Avoid purging in a sealed room.
• For safety reasons, Shimadzu recommends the use of the oxygen indicator along with the product
introduced in this manual. The following is the recommended portable oxygen indicator.
XO-2000 Oxygen Indicator
New Cosmos Electric Co., Ltd
Head office 2-5-4 Mitsuya-naka, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0036, Japan
e-mail [email protected]
URL http://www.new-cosmos.co.jp/en/index.html

viii IRAffinity-1
Precautions for Instrument Inspection, Maintenance, Adjustment and Care
In an Emergency
During a Power Outage
WARNING
•Unplug the instrument before inspection, maintenance, or parts replacement.
Otherwise, electrical shock or short-circuit accidents could occur.
•Never remove the main cover.
This may cause injury or malfunction of the instrument or hazardous radiation exposure.
The main cover does not need to be removed for routine maintenance, inspection and adjustment. Have
your Shimadzu representative perform any repairs requiring removal of the main cover.
•Replace fuses only with fuses specified in this manual.
Any other fuses could cause a fire.
Contact your Shimadzu representative for information about fuses not described in this manual.
•If the power cord plug gets dusty, remove the plug from the power outlet and wipe away the dust
with a dry cloth.
If dust is allowed to accumulate, fire could result.
•Replacement parts must be of the specifications given in this manual.
Use of any other parts may result in instrument damage and malfunction.
•If any water gets onto the instrument, wipe it away immediately to prevent rust. Never use
alcohol or thinner solvents for cleaning the instrument.
They could cause discoloration.
• Dispose of the waste liquid properly and in accordance with the instruction by your
administrative department.
• Performance of procedures other than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation
exposure.
WARNING
Unplug the power cord of IRAffinity-1 instead of turning off the power switch on the front panel, if
IRAffinity-1 must be completely turned off in case of rising smoke, etc.
NOTE
When AC power cannot be supplied because of the periodic inspection of utilities etc., the Dry unit
does not desiccate. Replace Silica gel packages in the FTIR once a week during brownout.

ix
IRAffinity-1
For safety operation, warning labels are affixed to where special attention is required.
Should any of these labels peel off or be damaged, obtain replacements from Shimadzu Corporation.
WARNING
RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT remove cover. Contact your Shimadzu representative for service.
WARNING
RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
Read instructions before changing a fuse or the inlet voltage.
Unit Warning Labels
Warning label
(Part No. 037-72020-10)
Left side
Backside
Warning label
(Part No. 037-72420-01)

xIRAffinity-1
NOTE
When orange lamp is lighting, interferometer is kept in low humid. If this orange lamp is not lighting, refer to
Instruction manual: User's System Guide - Troubleshooting immediately.
Notice label
(Part No. 206-73588)

xi
IRAffinity-1
WARNING
Compliance with Laser Requirements
The IRAffinity-1 is classified Class 1 laser product according to IEC60825-1: 1993 + A1: 1997 + A2: 2001
and the U.S. FDA 21CFR Part 1040.10/1040.11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No.50 dated
June 24, 2007. And the IRAffinity-1 uses a Class 2 helium neon laser with an output of 0.5 mW, maximum in
it. When the IRAffinity-1 is on, the laser is emitted continuously. It has two purposes in the system: sampling
signal generation and optical axis adjustment.
When the IRAffinity-1 cover is on, the sampling signal laser is not visible. However, the optical alignment
laser, a weak beam with 1/5 of the laser output (0.1 mW, maximum), is continuously emitted into the work
area.
Optical Specification
Wavelength: CW 632.8 nm
Optical Power: 0.1 mW, maximum
Laser label (Part No.037-70839-01)

xii IRAffinity-1
Symbol Definition
Current (AC).
Symbols Found on the IRAffinity-1

xiii
IRAffinity-1
Warranty
1. Validity
Please consult your Shimadzu representative for information about the extent of the warranty.
2. Term
The manufacturer will provide free replacement parts for, or repair free of charge, any instrument that fails
during the warranty period, if the cause can be attributed to a defect in manufacturing.
3. Items Not Covered by the Warranty
The warranty does not cover malfunctions that result from:
1) misuse;
2) repairs or modifications made by any company other than the manufacturer or an approved company;
3) external factors;
4) operation under severe conditions such as environments, with high temperature, high humidity,
corrosive gas, vibration, etc.;
5) in case of inevitable accidents including fire, earthquake or other forces of nature, pollution by
radioactive substances and/or harmful substances, the wars, riots, and crimes;
6) moving or transporting the instrument after its initial installation;
7) the consumption of items or parts that can be regarded as consumable. (For example, the service life
of an LCD display panel depends on the actual operating conditions.)
8) combination uses with hardware or software other than our specification;
9) damages of instrument, data and software including operation system breakdown caused by
computer viruses;
10) damages of instrument, data and software including operation system breakdown caused by power
supply troubles including power blackout and instantaneous voltage decrease;
11) damages of instrument, data and software including operation system breakdown caused by illegal
procedure of power on/off of devices;
After-Sales Service
If any problem occurs with this instrument, inspect it and take appropriate corrective action as described in
this manual. If the problem persists, or symptoms not covered in this manual occur, contact your Shimadzu
representative.
Replacement Parts Availability
Replacement parts for this instrument will be available for a period of seven (7) years after the
discontinuation of the product. Thereafter, such parts may cease to be available. Note, however, that the
availability of parts not manufactured by Shimadzu shall be determined by the relevant manufacturers.
Warranty and After-Sales Service

xiv IRAffinity-1
PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THE SOFTWARE.
SHIMADZU Corporation ("SMZ") is willing to license the SMZ software provided herein, together with
accompanying documentation (collectively "SOFTWARE") to you only upon the condition that you
accept all of the terms and condition contained in this License Agreement. By using the SOFTWARE,
you agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. If you do not agree to all these terms of this
Agreement, promptly return the unused SOFTWARE to the party (either SMZ or its reseller) from whom
you acquired it to receive a refund of the amount you paid.
1. LICENSE.
SMZ grants you a non-exclusive and nontransferable license to use the SOFTWARE subject to the
following terms and conditions.
2. LIMITATION OF USE.
Except as specifically authorized by SMZ, you may NOT:
a. Use the SOFTWARE, or permit the SOFTWARE to be used, on more than one computer at any one
time.
b. Copy the SOFTWARE except one (1) archival copy of the SOFTWARE.
c. Modify, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or create derivative works based upon the
SOFTWARE.
d. Transfer, rent, lease or grant any rights in the SOFTWARE in any form to anyone else.
3. TITLE AND OWNERSHIP.
This license is not for sale and it may not be assigned or sublicensed to anyone else. Title and all
associated intellectual property rights to the SOFTWARE shall remain in SMZ and/or its licensor.
4. UPGRADES.
You are entitled to receive all official software upgrades for the SOFTWARE that SMZ will release as
deemed necessary by SMZ. An upgrade means certain supplemental program modules and/or information
for bug fixing and/or updates to the defects and/or failures of the SOFTWARE that are acknowledged or
confirmed by SMZ. An upgrade excludes hardware, network, consulting services, third party products,
operation and general computer system maintenance. All supplemental program module for upgrades and
enhancements furnished to you shall be deemed to be part of the SOFTWARE and subject to the terms
and conditions set forth in this Agreement.
5. LIMITED WARRANTY.
SMZ warrants that for a period of one (1) year from the date of purchase, as evidenced by a copy of the
receipt, the media on which SOFTWARE is furnished will be free of defects in materials and workmanship
under normal use.
Except for the foregoing, SOFTWARE is provided AS IS. Your exclusive remedy and the entire liability of
SMZ and its suppliers under this limited warranty will be, at SMZ's option, repair, replacement, or refund of
the Software if reported (or, upon request, returned) to the party supplying the SOFTWARE to you. In no
event does SMZ warrant that the Software is error free or that you will be able to operate the SOFTWARE
without problems or interruptions.
EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED IN THIS WARRANTY, ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS,
REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
NONINFRINGEMENT, ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE,
ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW.
Software License Agreement

xv
IRAffinity-1
6. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY.
IN NO EVENT WILL SMZ BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR
SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, HOWEVER
CAUSED REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE
USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF SMZ HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. IN NO EVENT WILL SMZ'S LIABILITY TO YOU, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGRIGENCE), OR OTHERWISE, EXCEED THE AMOUNT YOU
PAID FOR SOFTWARE.
7. TERMINATION.
This License is effective until terminated. You may terminate this License at any time by destroying all
copies of SOFTWARE including any documentation. This License will terminate immediately without notice
from SMZ if you fail to comply with any provision of this License. Upon termination, you must destroy all
copies of SOFTWARE.
8. GENERAL
a. This Agreement is the entire agreement. If any provision of this agreement is held invalid, the
remainder of this agreement shall continue in full force and effect.
b. This Agreement shall be construed and governed in accordance with the laws of Japan, excluding its
conflict of law rules.
c. The exclusive jurisdiction for any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be
Kyoto District Court of Japan.
d. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this Agreement shall not affect the validity or
enforceability of any other provision.

xvi IRAffinity-1
For Europe:
This product complies with the requirements of EMC Directive 2004/108/EC and Low Voltage Directive
2006/95/EC.
Product Name Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer
Model Name IRAffinity-1
Manufacturer SHIMADZU CORPORATION
ANALYTICAL & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS DIVISION
Address 1 NISHINOKYO-KUWABARA CHO
NAKAGYO-KU KYOTO 604-8511 JAPAN
Authorized Shimadzu Europa GmbH
Representative in EU
Address Albert-Hahn-Strasse 6-10, 47269 Duisburg, F.R. Germany
Regulatory Information

xvii
IRAffinity-1
To all users of Shimadzu equipment in the European
Union:
Equipment marked with this symbol indicates that it was sold on or after 13th August 2005,
which means it should not be disposed of with general household waste. Note that our
equipment is for industrial/professional use only.
Contact Shimadzu service representative when the equipment has reached the end of
its life. They will advise you regarding the equipment take-back.
With your co-operation we are aiming to reduce contamination from waste electronic and electrical equipment
and preserve natural resource through re-use and recycling.
Do not hesitate to ask Shimadzu service representative, if you require further information.
Action for Environment (WEEE)
WEEE Mark

xviii IRAffinity-1
Introduction
Use of Instruction Manuals
Safety Instructions
Unit Warning Labels
Symbols Found on the IRAffinity-1
Warranty and After-Sales Service
Software License Agreement
Regulatory Information
Action for Environment (WEEE)
Chapter 1 Principles, Description, and Functions of the IRAffinity-1
1.1 Principle and Construction ..................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Resolution and Apodization ...................................................................................................1-5
1.3 The FTIR Advantage.............................................................................................................. 1-7
1.4 System Configuration of IRAffinity-1 ...................................................................................... 1-8
1.5 Interferometer ........................................................................................................................ 1-9
1.5.1 Appearance................................................................................................................ 1-9
1.5.2 Inside of Sample Compartment................................................................................ 1-10
1.5.3 Optical System ......................................................................................................... 1-11
1.5.4 Light Source ............................................................................................................. 1-12
1.5.5 Beam Splitter............................................................................................................ 1-13
1.5.6 Detector.................................................................................................................... 1-13
1.5.7 Dry Unit .................................................................................................................... 1-13
1.6 Electrical System ................................................................................................................. 1-15
1.7 S/N Ratio.............................................................................................................................. 1-16
Chapter 2 Specifications
2.1 IRAffinity-1 Specifications ...................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.1 Hardware (Except PC) ............................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 Software ..................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.3 Other .......................................................................................................................... 2-4
Chapter 3 Installation
3.1 Inspecting Standard Accessories........................................................................................... 3-2
3.2 Installation Environment for Equipment ................................................................................. 3-3
3.3 Wiring the Cables................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.4 Installing the Software............................................................................................................ 3-6
3.4.1 Installation of the Driver Program for the IRAffinity-1................................................. 3-6
3.4.2 Installation of IRsolution ............................................................................................. 3-7
3.4.3 Installation of Supplemental Disk ............................................................................. 3-12
3.4.4 Selecting an Instrument ........................................................................................... 3-13
3.5 User Management ............................................................................................................... 3-14
3.6 Uninstallation of the IRsolution ............................................................................................ 3-15
3.7 Trial Run .............................................................................................................................. 3-16
Contents