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Sonel PQM-701 User manual

Analizadordecalidaddeenergia
SonelPQM-701
CALIDADDEENERGIA
Losproblemascausadosporlapobrecalidadde
energíasonextremadamenteseriosypueden
ocasionardificultadesenlosclientes,talvez
ocasionenpérdidasecónomicasaellos.
Elreportemásimportantedecalidaddeenergíaincluye:
Elevadasarmónicasenelsistemaprincipal,
PozosdeVoltajeeinterrupciones,
Eventoscortosperodegranamplitud,ondulacionesdevoltaje.
Parpadeo
Desbalance
DistorsióndeVoltajeycorrienteescausadaengeneralpor
receptoresnolinealesquetomanlacorrientenosinousoidal.
Lomásfrecuentefuentedereceptoresnolinealesincluye:
Equiposconductores-Inversores,sistemasdearranquesuavede
motores,rectificadorescontroladosynocontrolados,fuentes
DC,
Hornoseléctricos-Hornosdeinduccióndealtafrecuencia,hornos
dearco,calentadoresdeinducción,máquinas
soldadoras,soldadorasdepresión(láminas,film,etc),microndas,
láser.
Iluminación-Lámparadedescarga,tubosfluorescentes,
lámparasdearco,
Electrodomésticos-Computadoras,servidores,monitores,UPS,
copiadoras,aireacondicionado.
ELEVADASARMÓNICASENLARED
Todoslosinstrumentosmencionadosarribatomanlacorrientede
maneranolineal.causandolaformacióndelasarmónicas.Comoseha
mencionadoyalosequiposdeestetipohaycadavezmásennuestro
alrededor.Laprácticademuestraquelasarmónicasarribade20
ocurrenrarasvecesycasisiempretienenlosvalorespequeños,por
esocomoestandárdelosmedidoresqueanalizanlosarmónicos
tomamosalmenos25armónicosperoavecesexistenanalizadores
quesabenregistrarhasta50armónicasymás.
Armónicaselevadaspuedencausardiferentesefectos
adversosenlared,como:
sobrecalentamientodeloscablesolasvíasferroviarias
neutrales,
laspérdidasenlostransformadores,incluyendosusdaños
ensistemasdepotenciadecompensaciónpuedenocurrirdaños
decondensadoresduranteresonanciacausandoexplosión,
laspérdidasenlosmotores,nosólorelacionadosconenergía
perotambiéncondesgastemecánicomásrápido,
problemasdeconexónespecialmenteencuantoadipositivos
decorrienteresidual,
funcionamientomalodelosequiposeléctronicosjuntocon
dañarlos,
problemasenpasaryanalizarlosdatos.
Fig1.Pasodesviadodeondadecorrienteatravésdelalámpara
fluorescente
POZOSDEVOLTAGEEINTERRUPCIONES
Pozodetensiónesunacortadisminuciónpordebajodevalordela
tensiónenel90%-1%derangodevoltajedeclarado.Duraciónde
esteeventoesconvencionalmentebasadoenelrango10ms-1min.
Larazóndepozosdetensiónestáprincipalmenterelacionadaen
conectarlascargasgrandesalared,enelladodeambos,tantoel
proveedordeenergíacomoelconsumidor.Estefenómenoesmás
frecuentecuandolaimpedanciadelíneaesalta(esdecir,enlaszonas
ruralesquetienenpequeñaslíneasaéreasdelaseccióntransversalde
voltagebajaasuvezaumentandoelpoderdeconsumodelos
consumidores).Lacausamenosfrecuentedepozosdetensiónesun
cortocircuitoenlossistemasdedistribuciónytambiénenelcableado
eléctricodelosconsumidores.
PARPADEO(FLICKER)
Entérminosdecalidaddelaenergía,flickersignificacambios
periódicosdelaintensidadluminosacomoconsecuenciadelas
fluctuacionesdevoltajesuministradaalasbombillaseléctricas.Este
fenómenoprovocaundeteriorodelbienestar,elfastidio,avecesdolor
decabeza,queesarduoparalagente.Laspruebashandemostrado
queladurezamáximaocurreenlafrecuenciadeapprox.9cambios
porsegundo.Lasfuentesdeluzmássensiblessonlasbombillas
incandescentestradicionalesconfilamentodetungsteno.Las
lámparasfluorescentestienenlamejor"resistencia"deparpadeo.El
parpadeoestácausadoporlacaídadetensióncomoresultadodela
conexiónydesconexióndecargasgrandesyunciertonivelde
parpadeoestápresenteenlamayoríadelassistemasdered.
DESBALANCE.
Desbalanceeselterminorelacionadoconsistematrifasicopuede
referirsea:
Desbalancedevoltagedealimentacion,
Desbalancedecorrientedecarga,
Desbalandedereceptor
Enlossistemasdetresfases,desbalancedelatensión(corriente)se
producecuandolosvaloresdetrescomponentesdevoltajes
(corrientes)sondiferentesy/olosángulosentrelasfasesindividuales
nosonigualesa120grados.

Thesephenomenaareparticularlydangerousfor
three-phasemotors,inwhichevenaslightvoltage
unbalancecancausecurrentunbalancethatismany
timeslarger.Insuchsituation,themotortorqueis
reduced,heatlossesinwindingsincrease,and
mechanicalwearisfaster.Theunbalancealsohasan
unfavorableeffectonpowersupplytransformers.
Themostfrequentreasonofunbalanceisunevenloadonindividual
phases.Agoodexampleisconnectingtothree-phasesystemsoflarge
one-phaseloads,suchasrailwaytractionmotors.Innormal
conditions,suchasLVlinesintheruralareasmentionedabove,the
unbalancecanaggravatevoltagedipsandflicker.
PQM-701ANALYZER
Fig.2.PowerQualityAnalyzerPQM-701
Theeventsdescribedaboveconstituteapartofproblemsrelatedto
powerquality.Inordertoeliminatehazardstothemainssystemsand
equipmentswhichreceivepowerfromthem,weneedtodiscoverthe
phenomenawhichhappeninthemainsandwemustbeableto
interpretthemcorrectly.Todothis,weneedtohaveananalyzingtool.
ThePQM-701analyzerissuchatool.
Theanalyzerisintendedforawidespectrumofuserswhoneedto
controlthepowerqualitywithaportabledevice.Itcanbeusedin
practicallyalltypesofmainsfrom110Vto690V,directlyorindirectly
throughtransducers.Itcanbeoperatedinone-phasesystems,split-
phasesystems,3-and4-wirethree-phasewyesystems,orthree-
phasedeltasystems.Therefore,thePQM-701isaninstrumentwhich
canbeusedinprofessionalpowerengineering,bymaintenance
departmentsinindustrialplants,orbypeoplewhoprovidemains
analysisservices.
Theanalyzerisplacedinasimple,robustcasingwithIP65ingress
protectionrating.Duetothecasingdesign,theanalyzercanbe
installedpracticallyanywhere,outdoorsandindoors.Theanalyzerhas
anbuilt-inheaterwhichisactivatedautomaticallywhenthe
temperatureinsidethecasingdropsbelow0°C.Thisensuresoptimum
operatingconditionsfortheanalyzerelectroniccircuits.Withspecial
bandsincludedinthekit,theanalyzercanbeinstalled,forinstance,
onanelectricpole.
Theanalyzerhasfivevoltageinputterminals,markedL1/A,L2/B,L3/C,
NandPE,andtheNterminal(neutralconductor)isshared.Therange
ofvoltagesmeasuredbyfourmeasuringchannelsis±1150V
maximum.Currentismeasuredbymeansoffourcurrentinputsto
whichseveraltypesofcurrentclampscanbeconnected,suchas
flexibleclampsF-1,F-2,F-3withthe3000Anominalrange(theonly
differencebetweenthemisthecoilsize)andtheC-4clamp(range
1000AAC),C-5clamp(range1000AAC/DC)andC-6clamp(range10A
AC).
Theinstrumentisequippedwithahigh-capacityremovableSD
memorycard(SecureDigital).Whentherecordingiscompleted,the
cardcanberemovedfromtheanalyzerandthedatacanbe
transferredquicklytothecomputerbymeansofanexternalcard
readerandthesoftwarewhichisincludedinthekit.Thedatacanalso
bereadbytwocommunicationlinks:USBorwirelesstransmission.
PowerqualityanalyzerPQM-701isanadvancedproductfor
comprehensivemeasurements,analysisandrecordingofthe
parametersofthe50/60Hzmainssystemsandofthepowerquality
accordingtothe
EN50160.
ThePQM-701recordscurrentandvoltagecrestfactors,frequency
valuesinthe40Hz-70Hzrange,activepower,apparentpower,
distortionpower,reactivepowerwithdeterminationofitstype
(capacitiveorinductive).Twomethodscanbeusedforpower
measurements:BudeanuorIEEE1459.Suchparametersasactive
energy,reactiveenergy,apparentenergy,powerfactor,cosφand
tanφareofcourserecordedaswell.Thenextvalueswhichwecan
analyzearetransformeroverloadlevelcausedbyharmonicdistortion
(K-factor),currentandvoltageharmonicsuptothe50th,currentand
voltageTHD,short-termandlong-termflicker,voltageandcurrent
unbalance.Recordedalsoareallevents,suchasvoltagedips,swells
andinterruptionswithwaveforms(alsoforcurrents).Aftereach
averagingperiod,theanalyzercanrecordsnapshotwaveformsfor
currentandvoltage.
Allthesefunctionsallowacomprehensiveanalysisofphenomenain
thetestedelectricalmainssystem.
ThePQM-701issuppliedwithallnecessaryconnectionandpower
supplyleads(powersupplyfromtheL1phase)and4piecesofflexible
clampsF-3(dia12cm;upto3000AAC).Thekitincludescrocodile
clips,datatransmissioncable,SDcard,USBcable,transportcaseand
ofcoursesoftware.Theanalyzerfeaturesanbuilt-inbatteryto
maintainthedeviceoperationincaseoflossofvoltageintheL1
phase.
Fig.3.PQM-701kitwithstandardaccessories
Duetoverywiderange,theclampsareoptionalequipmenttobe
chosenbytheusersaccordingtotheirparticularneeds.Theuserhas
achoiceofcurrenttransformerclampsC-4upto1000AAC,C-6upto
10AAC,Hall-sensorclampC-5upto1000AAC/DCandotherflexible
clamps:F-1(dia40cm),F-2(dia25cm),upto3kAAC.Optional
equipmentincludesalsotheOR-1adapterforwirelesstransmission.
SonelAnalysissoftware
Akeycomponentwhichdeterminesthedeviceusefulnessinthe
analysesistheSonelAnalysissoftwarewithoutwhichtheinstrument
willnotwork.Thesoftwareallowsconfiguringindividualmeasuring
functions,analysisofdatacollectedduringtherecordingprocess,and
observationofinstantaneousmainsparametersanditisavailablein
english.
Thesoftwareallowsfullconfiguringoftheanalyzerintermsof
recordedparameters,protections,measurementpointspreferences
(duetofourdifferentconfigurations,theanalyzerenablesrecordingin
fourdifferentpoints).Fromthesoftwarelevel,theusercansetthe
recordingtriggermode,settherecordingtimeschedule,orconfigure
thememoryallocationtoindividualmeasurementpoints.
ThefunctionofviewingtheparametersmeasuredbythePQM-701in
realtimeistotallyindependentoftherecordingfunction.The
followingcanbeviewed:
currentandvoltagewaveformplotsforindividualphases,
currentandvoltageplotsinfunctionoftimeforindividualphases,
allvaluesmeasuredbythePQM-701presentedintables,
voltageandcurrentphaseshiftsonphasordiagrams,
currentandvoltageharmonicsuptothe50th,plusharmonicsactive
andreactivepowervalues.
Fig.4.Analyzerconfiguratio
n

Themainsoftwarefunctionisreadingthedatafromthemetersand
dataanalysis.Theusercanviewthemeasureddataintables,view
theeventswiththeiroscillograms,createreportsandvarious
diagrams.
Theeventscreengivestheuserextensiveanalysisoptionsforall
selectedevents.Withthesoftware,theusercanprintreportsand
diagrams.Ifhundredsofeventshavebeenrecordedduringa
recordingperiod,itispossibletomarkthosewhichforsomereasons
aremoreimportantforusthantheothers.
Fig.5.Currentvoltagewaveforms
Fig.6.Measureddata
Fig.7.Eventwaveforms
SUMMARY
ThePQM-701withthesoftwareisanexceptionallyusefulpower
qualityanalyzerwhichcanbeusedinallareasofpowerengineering,
bothinprofessionalpowerengineeringandatindustrialplants.The
instrumentisresistanttoambientconditions,easytooperate,and
featuresuser-friendlysoftware.ThePQM-701isanexcellent
alternativetoexistinganalyzers,particularlyintermsofprice-to-
performanceratio.
Fotos:AleksanderJonczyk,SonelS.A.
Autor:
RomanDomański,MarcinSzudniewski
SonelS.A.

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