Sonel PQM-702 User manual

OPERATING MANUAL
POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
PQM-702
SONEL S. A.
ul. Wokulskiego 11
58-100 Świdnica
POLAND
Version 1.03 28.06.2013

PQM-702 Operating manual
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CONTENTS
1General Information ............................................................................... 7
1.1 Safety .............................................................................................................7
1.2 General characteristics...................................................................................8
1.3 Power supply of the analyzer........................................................................10
1.4 Tightness and outdoor operation..................................................................10
1.5 Mounting on DIN rail.....................................................................................11
1.6 Measured parameters ..................................................................................13
1.7 Conformity to standards ...............................................................................15
2Operation of the analyzer .................................................................... 16
2.1 Buttons .........................................................................................................16
2.2 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF ...................................................................16
2.3 Screens ........................................................................................................17
2.4 PC connection and data transmission ..........................................................21
2.4.1 USB communication ...........................................................................................22
2.4.2 Radio communication via OR-1...........................................................................22
2.4.3 Communication via GSM network .......................................................................23
2.5 Taking measurements ..................................................................................23
2.5.1 Measurement Points ...........................................................................................23
2.5.2 Start / stop of recording.......................................................................................24
2.5.3 Approximate recording times ..............................................................................25
2.6 Key Lock.......................................................................................................26
2.7 Sleep mode ..................................................................................................26
2.8 Auto-off.........................................................................................................26
2.9 Notification of analyzer changed location .....................................................26
3Measuring circuits................................................................................ 28
4"Sonel Analysis 2.0" software............................................................. 33
4.1 Minimum hardware requirements .................................................................33
4.2 Software installation .....................................................................................33
4.3 Starting the program.....................................................................................38
4.4 Selecting the analyzer ..................................................................................39
5Analyzer Configuration ........................................................................ 44
5.1 Analyzer settings ..........................................................................................46
5.2 Measurement point configuration .................................................................47
5.2.1 Basic Settings.....................................................................................................48
5.2.2 Analyzer settings according to EN 50160............................................................51
5.2.3 Configuring the Analyzer according to user settings............................................54
5.2.4 Voltage ...............................................................................................................55
5.2.5 Current ...............................................................................................................58
5.2.6 Power and energy...............................................................................................59
5.2.7 Harmonics ..........................................................................................................62
5.2.8 Interharmonics....................................................................................................65
5.2.9 Default configuration profiles...............................................................................67
5.3 Actual settings ..............................................................................................68
5.3.1 <Time and security> card....................................................................................68

PQM-702 Operating manual
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5.3.2 <Clamps Phase> card ........................................................................................69
5.3.3 <Wireless connection> card ................................................................................70
5.3.4 <Additional settings> card...................................................................................71
5.4 Analyzer database........................................................................................72
5.5 GSM communication mode ..........................................................................73
5.5.1 General information about GSM connection........................................................73
5.5.2 Modem Configuration..........................................................................................74
5.5.3 Checking GSM connection..................................................................................76
5.5.4 Possible problems with GSM settings and troubleshooting .................................76
6Live mode.............................................................................................. 78
6.1 Waveforms ...................................................................................................78
6.2 Timeplots......................................................................................................79
6.3 Measurements..............................................................................................80
6.4 Phasor diagrams ..........................................................................................82
6.5 Harmonics ....................................................................................................83
6.6 Interharmonics..............................................................................................85
7Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 87
7.1 Reading data from the analyzer....................................................................87
7.2 Selecting the time interval for analysis .........................................................88
7.3 Analyzing obtained data ...............................................................................89
7.3.1 General...............................................................................................................89
7.3.2 Measurements ....................................................................................................90
7.3.3 Events ................................................................................................................96
7.3.4 Analyzing obtained data according to EN 50160 ...............................................100
7.3.5 Data export .......................................................................................................102
8Other program options ...................................................................... 104
8.1 Analyzer status, starting and stopping recording........................................104
8.2 Deleting data ..............................................................................................105
8.3 Configuration ..............................................................................................105
8.3.1 Main Settings....................................................................................................106
8.3.2 Analyzer settings ..............................................................................................106
8.3.3 Live mode .........................................................................................................110
8.3.4 Color Settings ...................................................................................................111
8.3.5 Data Analysis....................................................................................................111
8.3.6 Report settings..................................................................................................113
8.3.7 Media Settings..................................................................................................113
8.4 Upgrading software and firmware...............................................................114
8.4.1 Automatic software update................................................................................114
9Power Quality - a guide...................................................................... 115
9.1 Basic Information........................................................................................115
9.2 Voltage Inputs.............................................................................................116
9.3 Current inputs.............................................................................................116
9.3.1 Current transformer clamps (CT) for AC measurements ...................................116
9.3.2 AC/DC measurement clamps............................................................................117
9.3.3 Flexible current probes .....................................................................................117
9.3.4 Digital integrator................................................................................................118
9.4 Signal sampling ..........................................................................................119

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9.5 PLL synchronization ...................................................................................119
9.6 Flicker.........................................................................................................120
9.7 Power measurement ..................................................................................120
9.7.1 Active power .....................................................................................................121
9.7.2 Reactive power .................................................................................................121
9.7.3 Reactive power and three-wire systems............................................................124
9.7.4 Reactive power and reactive energy meters .....................................................125
9.7.5 Apparent power ................................................................................................126
9.7.6 Distortion power DBand effective nonfundamental apparent power SeN ............127
9.7.7 Power factor .....................................................................................................128
9.8 Harmonics ..................................................................................................128
9.8.1 Harmonics active power....................................................................................130
9.8.2 Harmonics reactive power.................................................................................131
9.8.3 Harmonics characteristics in three-phase system .............................................131
9.8.4 Estimating the uncertainty of power and energy measurements........................132
9.8.5 Harmonic components measuring method ........................................................135
9.8.6 THD ..................................................................................................................136
9.8.7 K-Factor............................................................................................................136
9.9 Interharmonics............................................................................................137
9.9.1 The method of determining interharmonics .......................................................137
9.9.2 Total Interharmonic Distortion - TID ..................................................................138
9.10 Unbalance ..................................................................................................139
9.11 Event detection...........................................................................................140
9.12 Detection of voltage dip, swell and interruption ..........................................142
9.13 CBEMA and ANSI curves...........................................................................144
9.14 Averaging the measurement results ...........................................................145
9.15 Frequency measurement............................................................................148
9.16 Time Synchronization .................................................................................148
9.16.1 Requirements of IEC 61000-4-30......................................................................148
9.16.2 GPS receiver ....................................................................................................148
9.16.3 Marking the measurement data.........................................................................149
9.16.4 Time Re-synchronization ..................................................................................149
10 Calculation formulas .......................................................................... 151
10.1 One-phase system .....................................................................................151
10.2 Split-phase system .....................................................................................154
10.3 Three-phase wye with N.............................................................................155
10.4 Three-phase delta and wye without N ........................................................157
10.5 Methods of parameter’s averaging .............................................................159
11 Technical specification ...................................................................... 160
11.1 Inputs..........................................................................................................160
11.2 Sampling and real time clock......................................................................160
11.3 Measured parameters – accuracy, resolution and ranges..........................161
11.3.1 Reference conditions ........................................................................................161
11.3.2 Measurement uncertainty within rated temperature range.................................161
11.3.3 Voltage .............................................................................................................161
11.3.4 Current .............................................................................................................162
11.3.5 Frequency.........................................................................................................162
11.3.6 Harmonics ........................................................................................................163
11.3.7 Interharmonics..................................................................................................163
11.3.8 Harmonics power..............................................................................................163

PQM-702 Operating manual
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11.3.9 Power and energy.............................................................................................164
11.3.10 Flicker...............................................................................................................164
11.3.11 Unbalance ........................................................................................................164
11.4 Event detection – RMS voltage and RMS current ......................................165
11.5 Event detection – remaining parameters ....................................................165
11.5.1 Event detection hysteresis ................................................................................166
11.6 Recording ...................................................................................................166
11.7 Power supply and heater............................................................................167
11.8 Supported mains systems ..........................................................................168
11.9 Supported clamps.......................................................................................168
11.10 Communication...........................................................................................168
11.11 Environmental conditions and remaining technical specification ................168
11.12 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility ...................................................169
11.13 Standards ...................................................................................................169
12 Equipment ........................................................................................... 169
12.1 Standard equipment ...................................................................................169
12.2 Optional equipment ....................................................................................170
12.2.1 C-4 current clamp .............................................................................................170
12.2.2 C-5 current clamp .............................................................................................172
12.2.3 C-6 current clamp .............................................................................................174
12.2.4 C-7 current clamp .............................................................................................175
12.2.5 F-1, F-2, F-3 current clamps .............................................................................176
12.2.6 External active GPS antenna ............................................................................177
13 Other information ............................................................................... 178
13.1 Cleaning and maintenance.........................................................................178
13.2 Storage.......................................................................................................178
13.3 Dismantling and disposal............................................................................178
13.4 Manufacturer ..............................................................................................178

1 General Information
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1 General Information
1.1 Safety
PQM-702 Power Quality Analyzer is designed to measure, record and analyze
power supply parameters. In order to provide safe operation and correct meas-
urement results, the following recommendations must be observed:
•Before you proceed to operate the analyzer, acquaint yourself thoroughly with the present
manual and observe the safety regulations and specifications provided by the producer.
•Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may result in a damage
to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.
•PQM-702 analyzers must be operated only by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant
certificates authorizing the personnel to perform works on electric systems. Operating the
analyzer by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a
source of danger for the user.
•The device must not be used for networks and devices in areas with special conditions, e.g.
fire-risk and explosive-risk areas.
•It is unacceptable to operate the following:
⇒A damaged instrument which is completely or partially out of order,
⇒Leads with damaged insulation,
•Do not power the analyzer from sources other than those listed in this manual.
•If possible, connect the analyzer to the de-energized circuits.
•Opening the device socket plugs results in the loss of its tightness, leading to a possible dam-
age in adverse weather conditions. It may also expose the user to the risk of electric shock.
•Repairs may be performed only by an authorized service point.
Measurement category of the whole system depends on the acces-
sories used. Connecting analyzer with the accessories (e.g. current
clamps) of a lower measurement category, reduces the category of
the whole system.

PQM-702 Operating manual
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1.2 General characteristics
Power Quality Analyzer PQM-702 (Fig. 1) is a high-tech device providing its users with a
comprehensive features for measuring, analyzing and recording parameters of 50/60 Hz power
networks and power quality in accordance with the European Standard EN 50160. The analyzer is
fully compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30:2008 Class A.
The device is equipped with five voltage measurement inputs installed as cables terminated
with banana plugs marked as L1, L2, L3, N and PE. The range of voltages measured by four
measurement channels is up to ±1500V (the device has two voltage sub-ranges). This range may
be increased by using additional external voltage transformers.
Fig. 1. Power Quality Analyzer PQM-702. General view.
Current measurements are carried out using four current inputs installed on short cables ter-
minated with clamp terminals. The terminals may be connected to the following clamp types: flexi-
ble clamps (marked as F-1, F-2, F-3) with nominal rating up to 3000A (differing from others only
by coil diameter); and CT clamps marked as C-4 (range up to 1000A AC), C-5 (up to 1000A
AC/DC), C-6 (up to 10A AC) and C-7 (up to 100A AC). The values of nominal measured currents
may be changed by using additional transducers - for example, using a transducer of 100:1 ratio,
the user may select C-4 clamps to measure currents up to 100kA.
The device has a built-in 8GB memory card. To guarantee fast data read-out, the analyzer is
equipped with a built-in mass-storage reader, which ensures the data readout with a few MB/s.
Data read-out may be also be carried out by one of the three available communication links: USB,
OR-1 radio receiver, and GSM modem.

1 General Information
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The device is provided with a built-in GSM modem (UMTS standard) and an antenna. This so-
lution provides it with almost unrestricted access to the analyzer from any chosen global location
with available GSM network. On the left side of its housing the analyzer has a SIM card slot for a
user’s SIM card, which is required for data transmission via GSM networks.
Fig. 2. The rear view of the PQM-702 analyzer.
Another advantage of the device is a built-in GPS receiver with antenna, making PQM-702
one of the first devices of this type, fully compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 Class
A, without the need of installing additional accessories. The GPS receiver ensures the synchroni-
zation with UTC (Universal Time Clock), and provides measurement accuracy up to tens of nano-
seconds. GPS receivers may receive satellite signals in the open air; therefore synchronization
with a built-in antenna is possible only outside of buildings. When PQM-702 is used indoors, in or-
der to ensure the availability of the GPS signal, the device should be connected to an external
GPS antenna (cable length: 10m) located outside the building. External antenna is an additional
accessory.
Recorded parameters are divided into groups that may be independently turned on/off for re-
cording purposes and this solution facilitates the rational management of the space on the
memory card. Parameters that are not recorded, leave more memory space for further measure-
ments.
PQM-702 has an internal power supply adapter operating in a wide input voltage range
(90...760V AC), which is provided with independent cables terminated with banana plugs.
An important feature of the device is its ability to operate in harsh weather conditions - the an-
alyzer may be installed directly on electric poles. The ingress protection class of the analyzer is
IP65, and operating temperature ranges from -20°C to +55°C.
Uninterrupted operation of the device (in case of power failure) is ensured by an internal re-
chargeable lithium-ion battery.

PQM-702 Operating manual
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The user interface includes a color 3.5" LCD display with a resolution of 320x240 pixels and a
keypad with four buttons.
The full potential of the device may be released by using dedicated PC software "Sonel Anal-
ysis 2.0."
The analyzer may communicate with a PC in a 3 different ways:
•via USB connection that provides transmission speed up to 921.6 kbit/s,
•via radio interface - using OR-1 receiver with a transmission rate of 57.6 kbit/s (range limited
to approx. 5 m),
•via GSM connection using the Internet.
In order to use the first mode of wireless communication, OR-1 receiver must be connected to
a PC using its USB port. Communication in this mode is slower, therefore we recommend it to
view current (live) parameters of the measured network and to configure and control the analyzer.
It is not recommended to read a large amount of data stored on the memory card via a radio link,
due to the slower data transmission.
GSM network transmission requires an active SIM card to be inserted into the slot of the ana-
lyzer. The card should have the service of data transmission activated and a static IP number. A
PC connected to the analyzer, must have the Internet access.
1.3 Power supply of the analyzer
The analyzer has a built-in power adapter with nominal voltage range of 90...760VAC . The
power adapter has independent lines (red) marked with letter P (power). To prevent the power
adapter from being damaged by undervoltage, it automatically switches off when powered with in-
put voltages below approx. 80V AC.
To maintain power supply to the device during power outages, the internal rechargeable bat-
tery is used. It is charged when the voltage is present at terminals of the AC adapter. The batter is
able to maintain power supply up to 2 hours at temperatures of -20…+55°C. After the battery is
discharged the meter stops its current operations (e.g. recording) and switches-off in the emer-
gency mode. When the power supply from mains returns, the analyzer resumes interrupted re-
cording.
1.4 Tightness and outdoor operation
PQM-702 analyzer is designed to work in difficult weather conditions - it can be installed di-
rectly on electric poles. Two bands with buckles and two plastic fasteners are used for mounting
the analyzer. The fasteners are screwed to the back wall of the housing, and bands should be
passed through the resulting gaps.
Note
The battery may be replaced only by the manufacturer's service de-
partment.

1 General Information
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Fig. 3. Fasteners and bands for mounting the analyzer on a pole.
The ingress protection class of the analyzer is IP65, and operating temperature ranges from -
20°C to +55°C.
At ambient temperatures below 0°C or when the internal temperature drops below this point,
the internal heater of the device is switched on - its task is to keep the internal temperature above
zero, when ambient temperatures range from -20°C to 0°C.
The heater is equipped with a built-in AC adapter, and its power is limited to approx. 10W.
Due to the characteristics of the built-in lithium-ion rechargeable battery, the process of charg-
ing is suspended when the battery temperature is outside the range of 0°C…45°C (in such case,
"Sonel Analysis" software indicates charging status as "charging suspended").
1.5 Mounting on DIN rail
The device is supplied with a bracket for mounting the analyzer on a standard DIN rail. The
bracket must be fixed to the back of the analyzer with the provided screws. The set includes also
positioning catches (in addition to fasteners for mounting the analyzer on a pole), which can be in-
Note
In order to ensure the declared ingress protection class IP65, the fol-
lowing rules must be observed:
• Tightly insert the stoppers in the slots of USB and SIM card,
• Unused clamp terminals must be sealed with silicone stoppers,
• Tighten the plug of the socket used for external GPS antenna (or tightly
screw the external GPS antenna into the socket).

PQM-702 Operating manual
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stalled to increase the stability of the mounting assembly. These catches have special hooks that
are supported on the DIN rail.
Fig. 4. Rear side of the analyzer with DIN rail bracket and positioning catches.

1 General Information
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1.6 Measured parameters
PQM-702 analyzer measures and records the following parameters:
•RMS phase-to-neutral and phase-to-phase voltages up to 760V (±1500V peak),
•RMS current up to 3000A (±10kA peak) with flexible clamps (F-1, F-2, F-3), up to 1000A
(±3600A peak) with C-4 or C-5 clamps, up to 10A (±36A peak) with C-6 clamp or up to 100A
(±360A peak) with C-7 clamp,
•Voltage and current crest factors,
•Power frequency in the 40-70Hz range,
•Active, reactive and apparent power and energy values, distortion power,
•Voltage and current harmonic components (up to the 50th),
•Total harmonic distortion THDFand THDRfor current and voltage,
•K-Factor (factor for transformer losses caused by higher harmonics),
•Active and reactive power values of harmonic components,
•Angles between voltage and current harmonics,
•Power factor, Displacement power factor (cosφ), tanφ,
•Unbalance factors and symmetrical components for three-phase systems,
•Short-term and long-term flicker Pst and Plt,
•Voltage and current interharmonic components (up to the 50th),
•Total interharmonic distortion TIDFand TIDRfor current and voltage.
Selected parameters are aggregated (averaged) according to the time set by the user and can
be written on the memory card. In addition to average value, it is also possible to record minimum
and maximum values during the averaging period, as well as the actual value at the instant the
record is being written.
The event detection module is also expanded. According to EN 50160, typical events include
voltage dip (reduction of RMS voltage to less than 90% of nominal voltage), swell (increase to
more than 110% of nominal value), and interruption (reduction of the supply voltage to less than 5
% of the nominal voltage). The user does not need to enter the settings defined in EN 50160, as
the software allows an automatic configuration of the instrument to the energy measurement
mode according to EN 50160. The user can take advantage of the manual configuration option,
and the software offers a full flexibility in this area. Voltage is only one of many parameters ac-
cording to which event detection thresholds can be defined. For instance, the analyzer can be
configured to detect power factor reduction to below a set threshold, THD increase to above an-
other threshold, and similarly the event of exceeding by the 9th voltage harmonic of the user-
defined value in percent. An event is recorded along with the time at which it happened. In case of
events which involve exceeding of the set thresholds for voltage dip, swell and interruption, and
exceeding of the current minimum and maximum values, the information can also include the
voltage and current waveforms. It is possible to record a waveform of 5 periods to 1 second max.,
with user settable pretrigger time. Along with the waveform, a RMS1/2 plot is recorded, with a re-
cording time between 1s and 5s.
Very extensive configuration options along with a long list of measured parameters make the
PQM-702 analyzer an exceptionally useful and powerful tool for measuring and analyzing of all
types of mains systems and faults which occur in them. With some unique features, the PQM-702
stands out from other similar analyzers available in the market.
The list of parameters measured by the PQM-702 analyzer depending on the mains type is
presented in Table 1.

PQM-702 Operating manual
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Table 1. Measured parameters for various mains configurations
Mains type,
channel
Parameter
1-ph 2-ph 3-ph wye with N
3-ph delta
3-ph wye without
N
L1
N
L1
L2
N
Σ
L1
L2
L3
N
Σ
L12
L23
L31
Σ
U RMS voltage •
• • • •
•
• • •
•
• •
UDC Voltage DC com-
ponent
••••••••••••
I RMS current
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
IDC
Current DC com-
ponent ••••••••••••
f Frequency •
• • •
CF U Voltage crest factor
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CF I Current crest factor •••••
•••• •••
P Active power •
•
•
•
• • •
• •
Q1, QBReactive power
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•(1)
D, SNDistortion power •
•• •••• •
S Apparent power •
•
•
•
• • •
• •
PF Power factor •
• • • • • • • •
cosφ
Displacement
power factor
••••••••
tanφ Tangent φ•
•
•
•
• • •
• •
(1)
THD U Total Harmonic
Distortion – voltage
••••••••••••
THD I
Total Harmonic
Distortion – current
••••••••••••
K K-Factor •••••
•••• •••
EP+, EP-
Active energy
(consumed and
supplied) •••••••••
EQ1+, EQ1-
EQB+, EQB-
Reactive energy
(consumed and
supplied)
•••••••••(1)
ESApparent energy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Uh1..Uh50
Voltage harmonics
amplitudes ••••••••••••
Ih1..Ih50 Current harmonics
amplitudes
••••••••••••
φUI1.. φUI50
Angles between
voltage and current
harmonics
••••••
Ph1..Ph50
Harmonics active
power
••••••
Qh1..Qh50
Harmonics reactive
power ••••••
Unbalance
U, I
Symmetrical com-
ponents and un-
balance factors
••
Pst, Plt Flicker •
• • • • • • • •
Uih0..Uih50
Voltage
interharmonics
amplitudes ••••••••••••
Iih0..Iih50
Current
interharmonics
amplitudes
••••••••••••
TID U
Total Interharmonic
Distortion – voltage ••••••••••••
TID I
Total Interharmonic
Distortion – current
••••••••••••
Notes: L1, L2, L3 (L12, L23, L31): successive phases,
N: measurement for the N-PE voltage channel or INcurrent channel depending on
the parameter type,

1 General Information
15
Σ: total value of the system.
(1) In three-phase 3-wire mains systems, the total reactive power is calculated as
the nonactive power N = SP(see discussion on reactive power in section
9.7)
1.7 Conformity to standards
The PQM-702 analyzer has been designed to meet the requirements of the following stand-
ards.
Standards relating to measurement of mains parameters:
•IEC 61000-4-30:2008 (ed. 2.0) – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Testing and
measurement techniques. Power quality measurement methods,
•IEC 61000-4-7:2009 (ed. 2.1) – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Testing and
Measurement Techniques - General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements
and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto,
•IEC 61000-4-15:2010 (ed. 2.0) – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Testing and
Measurement Techniques - Flickermeter. Functional and Design Specifications,
•EN 50160:2010 – Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution
networks.
Standards relating to safety:
•IEC 61010-1 - Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
laboratory use. Part 1: General requirements
The instrument meets fully the requirements of class A according to IEC 61000-4-30. This is
summarized in the table below.
Table 2. Summary of conformity to standards for selected parameters
Aggregation of measure-
ments in time intervals
IEC 61000-4-30 class A:
•Basic measurement time for parameters (voltage, current, harmonics, unbal-
ance) is a 10-period interval for 50 Hz system and 12-period interval for 60 Hz
system,
•3-s interval (150 periods for 50 Hz rated frequency and 180 periods for 60 Hz),
•10-min interval,
•2-h interval (based on twelve 10-min intervals)
•Resynchronization of 10/12-cycle intervals and 150/180-cycle intervals
Real time clock (RTC) un-
certainty
IEC 61000-4-30 Class A:
•Built-in real time clock set from the “SONEL Analysis” software, integrated
GPS receiver for time synchronization (internal or external antenna),
•
RTC clock accuracy when GPS signal is unavailable better than ±0,3s/day
Frequency
Meets the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 class A for measurement method
and uncertainty
Supply voltage
Meets the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 class A for measurement method
and uncertainty
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
Measurement method and uncertainty meet the requirements of IEC 61000-4-15
Supply voltage dip, interrup-
tion and swell
Meets the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 class A for measurement method
and uncertainty
Supply voltage unbalance Meets the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 class A for measurement method
and uncertainty
Voltage and current har-
monics
Measurement method and uncertainty conforms to IEC 61000-4-7 class I

PQM-702 Operating manual
16
2 Operation of the analyzer
2.1 Buttons
The keyboard of the analyzer consists of four buttons: ON/OFF , LEFT , RIGHT
, START/STOP . To switch-on the analyzer, press ON/OFF button. Directional but-
tons LEFT and RIGHT are used primarily to change the information screens. The screens change
circularly, i.e. after pressing RIGHT button when 9/9 screen is displayed, the devices goes to
screen 1/9. When using LEFT button, screens are displayed in reverse order. START/STOP but-
ton is used to start and stop the recording as defined in the configuration of current set point.
2.2 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF
•The analyzer may be switched-on by pressing button . Then a welcome screen is
displayed, showing the name of the meter, the internal software version (firmware), hardware
version and serial number. Then, the analyzer performs a self-test and in case of detecting
errors, the display shows an error message, accompanied by a long beep. When an error
occurs during memory card initialization, the following message is displayed "Memory card
error".If the file system on the card is damaged (e.g. when the user manually formatted the
card in the mass storage mode) the analyzer will suggest formatting the memory (message
"Format the memory card?") and button will trigger the process of formatting (3 short
beeps). After the formatting is completed, the analyzer will repeat initialization of the card.
•When during the card initialization, the analyzer detects FIRMWARE.PQF file in the root
directory, which includes a newer version of the firmware (internal software), the upgrade
process will be suggested by the analyzer by displaying message "Update the firmware?" .
Button triggers this process (3 short beeps) and its progress may be observed on the
display. The update may be skipped by pressing the briefly button . When he update is
successfully completed, message "Update successful!”, will be displayed or in other case
"Update failed!”. Then the analyzer will automatically switch-off.
•After switching on, the analyzer is activated at the last measurement point and displays 1/9
screen with a phasor diagram.
•To switch the analyzer OFF, keep button pressed for 2 seconds, when no button lock
or recording are active.
•Pressing the active button results in a short beep of a higher pitch; for inactive button the beep
is longer and at a lower pitch.

2 Operation of the analyzer
17
2.3 Screens
Fig. 5 presents the first screen displayed by the analyzer. The bar in the upper part is a per-
manent element, shown independent of the selected screen.
Fig. 5. Screen 1 with a phasor diagram.
The bar includes (from the left):
•number of active measurement point: P1, P2, P3 or P4. In some modes measurement point
number is displayed alternately with additional graphic symbol:
oThe symbol of sinusoid is displayed when the memory of the measurement point is
completely filled with recorded data, or when the measurement point quota is set to ze-
ro. In such conditions, recording cannot be started; only viewing the current values is
possible.
oThe symbol of slope with an arrow indicates waiting for triggering the recording pro-
cess by the first detected event (threshold triggering).
oThe hourglass symbol indicates waiting for recording to start in the scheduled re-
cording mode (also between recording intervals).
•available space on the memory card for an active measurement point - in MB or GB.
•current date and time in the format day.month.year, hour:minute:second,
•indicator of mains power supply or battery status,
•indicator of GSM network signal strength (if a SIM card is inserted and connection GSM net-
work is active).
Screen number is displayed in the lower right corner of the display.
Screen 1is displayed by default after turning the analyzer on and after changing a measurement
point. It presents a phasor diagram of the measured mains and a binary indicator of correct con-
nection to the mains. When the connection is correct, a green OK message is displayed, but when
a potential error is detected, red Xsymbol with ERROR message is displayed.
The criteria used by the analyzer for detecting a connection error are as follows:
•deviation of RMS voltage exceeding ±15% of nominal value,
•deviation of the phase angle of the voltage fundamental component exceeding ±30°of the
theoretical value with resistive load and symmetrical mains (see note below)
•deviation of the phase angle of the current fundamental component exceeding ±55°of the
theoretical value with resistive load and symmetrical mains (see note below)
•network frequency deviation exceeding ±10% of the nominal frequency.

PQM-702 Operating manual
18
This feature allows user to perform quick visual assessment of mains parameters and their
compliance with the analyzer settings.
Screen 2is shown in Fig. 6. It shows the measured values of RMS voltages and currents within
the tested system and the mains frequency.
Fig. 6. Screen 2 with the values of effective voltages and currents.
Screen 3(Fig. 7) shows the active and reactive power values. Power values of successive phases
are marked with numbers from 1 to 3. Total power values are displayed in the last line (marked as
P and Q).
Fig. 7. Screen 3 with active and reactive power.
Screen 4(Fig. 8) shows values of apparent distortion power (marked as SN) and values of appar-
ent power S. When the user selected power measurement according to Budeanu method instead
of apparent power distortion, the device displays distortion power D.
Note
To detect a phase error, the fundamental component of the measured se-
quence must be at least equal to 5% of the nominal voltage, or 1% of the
nominal current. If this condition is not fulfilled, the correctness of angles
is not verified.

2 Operation of the analyzer
19
Fig. 8. Screen 4 with apparent and distortion power values.
Screen 5(Fig. 9) indicates THD factors in voltage and current. The factors shown on this
screen are referred to the fundamental component (THDF).
Fig. 9. Screen 5 with THD factors.
On screen 6(Fig. 10) Power Factors (PF) are presented along with tangentϕfactors (i.e. the ratio
of reactive power to active power).
Fig. 10. Screen 6 with power factors and tangentϕfactors.
Screen 7is the last of the measurement screens and it presents short-and long-term flicker fac-
tors Pst i Plt. Pst factor is updated every 10 minutes, whereas Plt factor every two hours.

PQM-702 Operating manual
20
Fig. 11. Screen 7 with light flicker factors.
Screen 8presents the following information:
•start-time of the last recording, or the start-time of the next scheduled recording interval in the
scheduled recording mode,
•end-time of the last recording (when recording is in progress dashes are displayed), or the
end-time of the next scheduled recording interval in the scheduled recording mode,
•duration of the current or completed recording, optionally - duration of the interval in the
scheduled recording mode,
•the number of events recorded by the analyzer from the start of recording,
•GSM network status. This line displays various messages that relate to the current status of
the built-in GSM modem:
•"Turning on...": the modem is being activated,
•"Connecting to the network": the modem logs on to GSM network,
•"Connecting to the Internet": the modem initiates exchanging data packets and connects with
the Internet,
•"Ready, UMTS": the modem has properly registered itself in GSM network and waits for a cli-
ent connection. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Network) is the name
of a standard for data exchange, which depends on the availability of services in a given area.
The analyzer may display different messages here, e.g. indicate errors: "No SIM Card"
when the SIM card is not inserted, "Invalid PIN" when PIN submitted by the analyzer was re-
jected by the SIM card, etc. More related information may be found in the chapter on GSM
connections - chapter 2.4.3 and 5.5.
•the last line of screen 8/9 shows the status of the GPS receiver: when sufficient signal is re-
ceived from GPS satellites (from internal or external antenna), the device displays word
"YES". When no signal is received, the device displays "No Signal" message. See more about
GPS receiver in chapter 9.16.
Screen 9(Fig. 12) allows user to quickly view the main configuration parameters of the measure-
ment point:
•mains system,
•clamps type,
•nominal values of: voltage, measured current and frequency ranges.