
System Maintenance—TM 504
known to be operating properly. If the trouble persists after
substitution, then the power module is probably at fault.
Moving aproperly operating plug-in from compartment to
compartment will help determine if one or more compart-
ments has aproblem.
Visual Check
Inspect the portion of the system in which the trouble is
suspected. Many troubles can be located by visual clues
such as unsoldered connections, broken wires, damaged
circuit boards, damaged components, etc.
Instrument Calibration
Check the calibration of the suspected plug-in module or
the affected circuit if the trouble Is obviously in acertain
circuit. The trouble may only be aresult of misadjustment
or may be corrected by re-calibration. Complete calibration
instructions are given in the manual for each instrument in
the system.
Circuit Isolation
Note the symptom. It often identifies the circuit In
which the trouble is located. When trouble symptoms
appear in more than one circuit, check the affected circuits
by making waveform and voltage measurements.
Incorrect operating of all circuits often means trouble in
the power supplies. Using amultimeter, check first for
correct voltages of the individual regulated supplies ac-
cording to the plug-in module schematics and calibration
procedures. Then check the unregulated supplies of the
power modules. Defective components elsewhere in the
instruments can appear as power supply problems. In these
instances, suspected circuits should be disconnected from
apparently bad power supplies one at atime to narrow the
search.
Voltages and Waveforms
Often defective components can be located by using
waveform and voltage indications when they appear on the
schematic or in the calibration procedures. Such waveforms
and voltage labels are typical indications and will vary
between instruments. To obtain operating conditions
similar to those used to take these readings, refer to the
first diagram in the service sections.
Component Checking
If acomponent cannot be disconnected from its circuit,
then the effects of the associated circuitry must be
considered when evaluating the measurement. Except for
soldered in transistors and integrated circuits, most com-
ponents can be lifted at one end from the circuit board.
Transistors and IC's. Turn the power switch off before
removing or replacing any semiconductor.
Agood check of transistor operation is actual perform-
ance under operating conditions. Atransistor can most
effectively be checked by substituting anew component for
it (or one which has been checked previously). However, be
sure that circuit conditions are not such that areplacement
transistor might also be damaged. If substitute transistors
are not available, use adynamic tester. Static-type testers
are not recommended, since they do not check operation
under simulated operating conditions. Asuction-type de-
soldering tool must be used to remove soldered-in tran-
sistors; see component replacement procedure for details.
Integrated circuits can be checked with avoltmeter, test
oscilloscope, or by direct substitution. Agood under-
standing of the circuit description is essential to trouble-
shooting circuits using IC's. Operating waveforms, logic
levels, and other operating information for the IC's are
given in the circuit description information of the appro-
priate manual. Use care when checking voltages and
waveforms around the IC's so that adjacent leads are not
shorted together. Aconvenient means of clipping atest
probe to the 14- and 16-pln in-line IC's is with an Integrated
circuit test clip. This device also doubles as an extraction
tool.
Diodes. Do not use an ohmmeter that has ahigh internal
current. High currents may damage the diode.
Adiode may be checked for an open or shorted
condition by measuring the resistance between terminals.
With an ohmmeter scale having an internal source of
between 800 mV and 3V, the resistance should be very
high in one direction and very low when the leads are
reversed.
Resistors. Check the resistors with an ohmmeter.
Resistor tolerances are given in the Electrical Parts List.
Resistors do not normally need to be replaced unless the
measured value varies widely from the specified value.
Capacitors. Aleaky or shorted capacitor can be detected
by checking resistance with an ohmmeter on the highest
scale. Use an ohmmeter which will not exceed the voltage
rating of the capacitor. The resistance reading should be
high after initial charge of the capacitor. An open capacitor
can best be detected with acapacity meter, or by checking
whether it passes ac signals.