BD LSRII User manual

BD Biosciences
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bdbiosciences.com
Part No. 642221 Rev A
June 2007
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BD LSR II
User’s Guide

© 2007, Becton, Dickinson and Company. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
transmitted, transcribed, stored in retrieval systems, or translated into any language or computer language, in any
form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or otherwise, without prior
written permission from BD Biosciences.
The information in this guide is subject to change without notice. BD Biosciences reserves the right to change its
products and services at any time to incorporate the latest technological developments. Although this guide has been
prepared with every precaution to ensure accuracy, BD Biosciences assumes no liability for any errors or omissions,
nor for any damages resulting from the application or use of this information. BD Biosciences welcomes customer
input on corrections and suggestions for improvement.
BD, BD logo and all other trademarks are property of Becton, Dickinson and Company. © 2007 BD
Texas Red™and Pacific Blue™are trademarks, and Cascade Blue®and Alexa Fluor®are registered trademarks of
Molecular Probes, Inc. Sapphire and Radius are trademarks and Coherent is a registered trademark of COHERENT,
INC. ALPHA is a trademark of Omega Optical, Inc. SPHERO is a trademark of Spherotech, Inc. Xcyte is a
trademark of Lightwave Electronics. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Teflon is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. JDS Uniphase is a trademark of JDS
Uniphase, Inc. ALPHA is a trademark of Omega Optical, Inc.
All other company and product names might be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are
associated.
Patents
BD LSR II is covered by one or more of the following US patents and foreign equivalents: 4,745,285; 4,844,610; and
6,014,904.
PerCP: US 4,876,190
APC-Cy7: US 5,714,386
BD FACS lysing solution: US 4,654,312; 4,902,613; and 5, 098,849
FCC Information
WARNING: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
NOTICE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference
when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful
interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his or her own expense.
Shielded cables must be used with this unit to ensure compliance with the Class A FCC limits.
This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Réglement sur the matériel brouilleur du
Canada.

History
Revision Date Change Made
334717 Rev. A 12/02 Initial release
338639 Rev. A 10/04 Updated software terminology and screen shots for BD FACSDiva software version 4.1
640752 Rev. A 5/06 Updated software terminology and screen shots for BD FACSDiva software version 5.0
642221 Rev A 6/07 Updated software terminology and screen shots for BD FACSDiva software version 6.0

v
Contents
About This Guide xi
Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
BD LSR II Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
BD LSR II Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Printed Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Electronic Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Safety and Limitations xvii
Laser Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Laser Product Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Precautions for Safe Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Electrical Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Biological Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
General Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Symbols and Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Chapter 1: Introduction 25
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Power Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

vi BD LSR II User’s Guide
Fluidics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Sample Flow Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fluid Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Sample Injection Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Sheath and Waste Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
BD LSR II Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 2: Cytometer Setup 39
Starting the Cytometer and Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Setting Up the Optical Filters and Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Filter and Mirror Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Changing Optical Filters or Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Filter and Mirror Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Preparing Sheath and Waste Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Preparing the Waste Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Preparing the Fluidics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Removing Air Bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Priming the Fluidics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 3: Running Samples 53
Optimizing Your Cytometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Preparing the Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Setting Up an Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Optimizing the Voltages and Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Calculating Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Recording and Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Contents vii
Preparing the Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Recording Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Reusing the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Saving the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Chapter 4: Maintenance 77
Maintaining the Cytometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Daily Cleaning and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Daily Fluidics Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Daily Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Scheduled Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
System Flush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Waste Management System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Periodic Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Changing the Sheath Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Changing the Bal Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Changing the Sample Tube O-Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Appendix A: Technical Overview 91
Fluidics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Light Scatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Optical Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Compensation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Pulse Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Digital Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Laser Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

viii BD LSR II User’s Guide
Appendix B: Troubleshooting 107
Cytometer Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Appendix C: Supplies and Consumables 117
QC Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
QC Cytometer Setup and Tracking Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Appendix D: Standard Base Configuration 121
4-Blue 2-Violet 2-355 UV 2-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Base Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Octagon and Trigon Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Additional Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Appendix E: Special Order Configurations 133
Common Special Order Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6-Blue 0-Violet 0-UV 3-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6-Blue 2-Violet 0-UV 3-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6-Blue 0-Violet 2-UV 3-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6-Blue 2-Violet 2-UV 3-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6-Blue 6-Violet 0-UV 3-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6-Blue 6-Violet 0-UV 4-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6-Blue 6-Violet 2-UV 3-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6-Blue 6-Violet 2-UV 4-Red Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Special Order Configuration Trigon and Octagon Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6-Color Blue Octagon Default Configuration Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2-Color Violet Trigon Default Configuration Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6-Color Violet Octagon Default Configuration Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2-Color UV Trigon Default Configuration Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3-Color Red Trigon Default Configuration Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Contents ix
4-Color Red Octagon Default Configuration Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Appendix F: Setting Laser Delay 155
About Laser Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Optimizing Laser Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Index 159

xBD LSR II User’s Guide

xi
About This Guide
This guide describes the procedures necessary to operate and maintain your
BD™ LSR II flow cytometer. Because many cytometer functions are controlled by
BD FACSDiva™ software, this guide also contains information about software
features required for basic cytometer setup and operation.
For an annotated list of additional documentation for your BD LSR II flow
cytometer, see BD LSR II Documentation on page xii.
Conventions
The following tables list conventions used throughout this guide. Table 1 lists the
symbols that are used to alert you to a potential hazard. Text and keyboard
conventions are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 Hazard symbolsa
a. Although these symbols appear in color on the cytometer, they are in black and white throughout this user’s
guide; their meaning remains unchanged.
Symbol Meaning
Caution: hazard or unsafe practice that could result in material damage, data
loss, minor or severe injury, or death
Electrical danger
Laser radiation
Biological risk

xii BD LSR II User’s Guide
BD LSR II Documentation
BD LSR II Online Help
The online help installed with your BD FACSDiva software contains the same
text as that in the documents listed below, enhanced with features like full text
search and related topic links. Access BD LSR II online help from the Help menu
of BD FACSDiva software.
BD LSR II online help topics are compiled from the following sources:
•BD FACSDiva Software Reference Manual
•BD LSR II User’s Guide
• BD High Throughput Sampler User’s Guide
Table 2 Text and keyboard conventions
Convention Use
;Tip Highlights features or hints that can save time and prevent
difficulties
NOTICE Describes important features or instructions
Italics Italics are used to highlight book titles and new or unfamiliar
terms on their first appearance in the text.
> The arrow indicates a menu choice. For example, “choose
File > Print” means to choose Print from the File menu.
Ctrl-X When used with key names, a dash means to press two keys
simultaneously. For example, Ctrl-P means to hold down the
Control key while pressing the letter p.

About This Guide xiii
Printed Documentation
A printed copy of the following documents is distributed with the BD LSR II flow
cytometer:
•BD LSR II User’s Guide describes procedures necessary to operate and
maintain your BD LSR II flow cytometer. Because many cytometer
functions are controlled by BD FACSDiva software, this guide also
contains information about software features required for basic cytometer
setup and operation.
•BD LSR II Safety and Limitations booklet discusses the safety features of
the BD LSR II flow cytometer. It lists precautions for the cytometer’s laser,
electrical, and biological hazards, and states limitations of use.
•BD LSR II Facility Requirement Guide contains specifications for:
-cytometer weight and size
-temperature and other environmental requirements
-electrical requirements
•Getting Started with BD FACSDiva Software contains tutorial exercises
that familiarize you with key software procedures and concepts.
• A printed copy of the BD High Throughput Sampler User’s Guide is
distributed with the BD™ High Throughput Sampler (HTS) option. This
document describes how to set up and operate the HTS. It also contains a
description of BD FACSDiva software features specific to the HTS.

xiv BD LSR II User’s Guide
Electronic Documentation
PDF versions of the following documents can be found on the BD FACSDiva
software installation disk or on your computer hard drive:
•TheBD FACSDiva Software Reference Manual includes instructions or
descriptions for installation and setup, workspace components, acquisition
controls, analysis tools, and data management. It can be accessed from the
BD FACSDiva Software Help menu (Help > Literature > Reference
Manual), or by double-clicking the shortcut on the desktop. In addition, a
printed copy can be requested from BD Biosciences.
•Getting Started with BD FACSDiva Software can be accessed from the
Help menu (Help > Literature > Getting Started Guide), or by double-
clicking the shortcut on the desktop.
•TheBD LSR II User’s Guide and BD High Throughput Sampler User’s
Guide PDFs can be found on the BD FACSDiva software installation disk
in the Cytometer User Guides folder.
•TheBD FACSDiva Option White Paper can be downloaded from the
BD Biosciences website. This white paper contains an in-depth discussion
of the digital electronics used in the BD LSR II cytometer.

About This Guide xv
Technical Assistance
For technical questions or assistance in solving a problem:
• Read sections of the documentation specific to the operation you are
performing (see BD LSR II Documentation on page xii).
• See Troubleshooting on page 107.
If additional assistance is required, contact your local BD Biosciences customer
support representative or supplier.
When contacting BD Biosciences, have the following information available:
• product name, part number, and serial number
• version of BD FACSDiva software you are using
• any error messages
• details of recent system performance
For cytometer support from within the US, call [phone].
For support from within Canada, call [phone].
Customers outside the US and Canada, contact your local BD representative or
distributor.

xvi BD LSR II User’s Guide

xvii
Safety and Limitations
The BD LSR II flow cytometer and its accessories are equipped with safety
features for your protection. Operate only as directed in the BD LSR II User’s
Guide and the BD LSR II Safety and Limitations booklet. Do not perform
cytometer maintenance or service except as specifically stated. Keep this safety
information available for reference.
Laser Safety
Lasers or laser systems emit intense, coherent electromagnetic radiation that has
the potential of causing irreparable damage to human skin and eyes. The main
hazard of laser radiation is direct or indirect exposure of the eye to thermal
radiation from the visible and near-infrared spectral regions (325–1400 nm).
Direct eye contact can cause corneal burns, retinal burns, or both, and possible
blindness.
There are other potentially serious hazards in other spectral regions. Excessive
ultraviolet exposure produces an intolerance to light (photophobia) accompanied
by redness, a tearing discharge from the mucous membrane lining the inner
surface of the eyelid (conjunctiva), shedding of the corneal cell layer surface
(exfoliation), and stromal haze. These symptoms are associated with
photokeratitis, otherwise known as snow blindness or welder’s flash, which
results from radiant energy–induced damage to the outer epidermal cell layer of
the cornea. These effects can be the result of laser exposure lasting only a fraction
of a second.

xviii BD LSR II User’s Guide
Laser Product Classification
Laser hazard levels depend on laser energy content and the wavelengths used.
Therefore, it is impossible to apply common safety measures to all lasers. A
numbered system is used to categorize lasers according to different hazard levels.
The higher the classification number, the greater the potential hazard. The
BD LSR II flow cytometer is a Class I (1) laser product per 21 CFR Subchapter J
and IEC/EN 60825-1:1994 + A1:2003 + A2:2001. The lasers and the laser
energy are fully contained within the cytometer structure and call for no special
work area safety requirements except during service procedures. These
procedures are to be carried out only by BD Biosciences service personnel.
Precautions for Safe Operation
Modification or removal of the optics covers or laser shielding could result
in exposure to hazardous laser radiation. To prevent irreparable damage to
human skin and eyes, do not remove the optics covers or laser shielding,
adjust controls, or attempt to service the cytometer any place where laser
warning labels are attached (see Symbols and Labels on page xxi).
Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than
those specified in the user’s guide may result in hazardous radiation
exposure.
Keep all cytometer doors closed during cytometer operation. When
operated under these conditions, the cytometer poses no danger of
exposure to hazardous laser radiation.

Safety and Limitations xix
Electrical Safety
•Turn off the power switch and unplug the power cord before servicing the
cytometer, unless otherwise noted.
• Connect the equipment only to an approved power source. Do not use
extension cords. Have an electrician immediately replace any damaged
cords, plugs, or cables. Refer to the BD LSR II Facilities Requirement
Guide for specific information.
• Do not remove the grounding prong from the power plug. Have a qualified
electrician replace any ungrounded receptacles with properly grounded
receptacles in accordance with the local electrical code.
• For installation outside the US, use a power transformer or conditioner to
convert the local power source to meet the BD LSR II power requirements
(120 V ±10%, 50/60 Hz). Contact your local BD office for further
information.
Lethal electrical hazards can be present in all lasers, particularly in laser
power supplies. Every portion of the electrical system, including the printed
circuit boards, should be considered to be at a dangerous voltage level.
Avoid potential shock by following these guidelines.

xx BD LSR II User’s Guide
Biological Safety
• Handle all biological specimens and materials as if capable of transmitting
infection. Dispose of waste using proper precautions and in accordance
with local regulations. Never pipette by mouth. Wear suitable protective
clothing, eyewear, and gloves.
• Expose waste container contents to bleach (10% of total volume) for 30
minutes before disposal. Dispose of waste in accordance with local
regulations. Use proper precaution and wear suitable protective clothing,
eyewear, and gloves.
• Prevent waste overflow by emptying the waste container frequently or
whenever the waste management system alarms.
For information on laboratory safety, refer to the following guidelines. NCCLS
documents can be ordered online at www.nccls.org.
• Schmid I, Nicholson JKA, Giorgi JV, et al. Biosafety guidelines for sorting
of unfixed cells. Cytometry. 1997;28:99-117.
•Protection of Laboratory Workers from Instrument Biohazards and
Infectious Disease Transmitted by Blood, Body Fluids, and Tissue;
Approved Guideline. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical
Laboratory Standards, 1997. NCCLS document M29-A.
•Procedures for the Handling and Processing of Blood Specimens; Approved
Guideline. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards; 1990. NCCLS document H18-A.
All biological specimens and materials coming into contact with them are
considered biohazardous. Avoid exposure to biohazardous material by
following these guidelines.