Enraf Nonius Sonopuls 490 User manual

4-Series
Operating Instructions

Copyright:
Enraf-Nonius B.V.
P.O. Box 12080
Vareseweg 127
3004 GB Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)10 – 20 30 600
Fax: +31 (0)10 – 20 30 699
[email protected]
www.enraf-nonius.com
Part number: 1498751_41
October 31, 2013

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1Foreword.......................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Intended User/Operator .......................................................................................................4
1.2 Product Liability....................................................................................................................4
2Product Description.....................................................................................................................4
3Precautionary Instructions .........................................................................................................5
4Intended Use.................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Intended Use Electrotherapy ...............................................................................................6
4.1.1 Pain Management.......................................................................................................................6
4.1.2 Muscle Stimulation......................................................................................................................6
4.1.3 Description Current Waveforms..................................................................................................8
4.1.4 Illustrations Current Waveforms................................................................................................16
4.2 Intended Use Ultrasound therapy ......................................................................................21
4.2.1 Indications Ultrasound..............................................................................................................21
4.2.2 Contra-indications Ultrasound...................................................................................................21
4.2.3 Precautions and Warnings Ultrasound .....................................................................................21
4.2.4 Relevant Hazards Ultrasound...................................................................................................21
4.2.5 Potential Adverse Effects Ultrasound .......................................................................................22
4.2.6 Parameters ultrasound therapy.................................................................................................22
4.3 Combination Therapy.........................................................................................................22
5Package Contents......................................................................................................................22
6Installation..................................................................................................................................23
6.1 Systems without a Vacotron ..............................................................................................23
6.2 Systems with a Vacotron ...................................................................................................23
6.3 Connection to mains supply...............................................................................................23
6.4 Disconnection from mains supply ......................................................................................24
6.5 Placing the optional battery................................................................................................24
6.6 Operation from battery .......................................................................................................24
7Application Information.............................................................................................................25
7.1 Electrotherapy ....................................................................................................................25
7.1.1 Before treatment.......................................................................................................................25
7.1.2 Flexible rubber electrodes ........................................................................................................25
7.1.3 Vacuum electrodes...................................................................................................................26
7.1.4 Self-adhesive electrodes ..........................................................................................................26
7.1.5 Electrolytic effects.....................................................................................................................26
7.1.6 Current density .........................................................................................................................26
7.1.7 Connection and disconnection reactions ..................................................................................26
7.2 Ultrasound..........................................................................................................................27
7.2.1 Contact Control.........................................................................................................................27
7.2.2 The contact medium.................................................................................................................27
7.2.3 Before treatment.......................................................................................................................27
7.2.4 During treatment.......................................................................................................................27
7.2.5 After treatment..........................................................................................................................27
7.3 Vacuum ..............................................................................................................................27
8Operating Instructions ..............................................................................................................28
8.1 Operator Controls...............................................................................................................28
8.2 Basic Operation..................................................................................................................30
8.2.1 Device turn on...........................................................................................................................30
8.2.2 Display Organization.................................................................................................................30
8.2.3 Navigation.................................................................................................................................31
8.2.4 Shutting device down................................................................................................................39
8.2.5 Operating Details......................................................................................................................39
9Maintenance and Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................41
9.1 Cleaning and Disinfection ..................................................................................................41
9.1.1 Cleaning of apparatus...............................................................................................................41
9.1.2 Cleaning display panel..............................................................................................................41
9.1.3 Electrodes and accessories......................................................................................................41
9.1.4 Patient cable.............................................................................................................................41
9.1.5 Ultrasound applicator................................................................................................................41
9.1.6 Vacuum electrodes and sponges..............................................................................................42
9.1.7 Vacuum cables.........................................................................................................................42
9.1.8 Cleaning the water reservoir and hoses: ..................................................................................42
9.2 Warning Messages, Error Messages and Troubleshooting..............................................42
9.2.1 Error code.................................................................................................................................42

3
9.2.2 Patient Circuit Interrupted.........................................................................................................42
9.2.3 Battery Low...............................................................................................................................42
9.2.4 Water Reservoir Full.................................................................................................................43
9.2.5 Vacuum Leak............................................................................................................................43
9.2.6 Ultrasound Applicator Error ......................................................................................................43
9.2.7 Insufficient DC Supply ..............................................................................................................43
9.3 User Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 43
9.3.1 Optimize Contact Control Ultrasound Applicator ......................................................................43
9.3.2 Back-up and Restore Favorites ................................................................................................43
9.3.3 Firmware Update......................................................................................................................44
9.4 Technical Maintenance ..................................................................................................... 44
9.5 End of life........................................................................................................................... 44
10 Specifications............................................................................................................................45
10.1 Ultrasound parameters .................................................................................................. 45
10.2 Stimulator output parameters ........................................................................................ 46
10.3 Technical Data ............................................................................................................... 49
10.4 Safety and Performance standards ............................................................................... 50
10.5 EMC details.................................................................................................................... 50
11 Ordering information ................................................................................................................53

4
1 Foreword
1.1 Intended User/Operator
This manual has been written for the owners and operators of the 4-series. It contains general
instructions on operation, precautionary practices, maintenance and parts information. In order to
maximize the use, efficiency and lifespan of your unit, please read this manual thoroughly and become
familiar with the controls as well as the accessories before operating the unit.
This device is designed to only be used by or under the supervision of persons using the medical device
in the course of their work and in the framework of a professional healthcare activity, who understand the
benefits and limitations of electrotherapy and ultrasound therapy. I.e.“professional users”.
WARNING (USA only):
The 4-series are prescription devices that should only be used under the supervision or by the order of a
physician or other licensed healthcare provider.
Specifications put forth in this manual were in effect at the time of publication. However, owing to Enraf-
Nonius her policy of continual improvement, changes to these specifications may be made at any time
without obligation on the part of Enraf-Nonius.
1.2 Product Liability
A law on Product Liability has become effective in many countries. This Product Liability law implies,
amongst other things, that once a period of 10 years has elapsed after a product has been brought into
circulation, the manufacturer can no longer be held responsible for possible shortcomings of the product.
To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event will Enraf-Nonius or its suppliers or
resellers be liable for any indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of or
inability to use the product, including, without limitation, damages for loss of goodwill, work and
productivity, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses, even if
advised of the possibility thereof, and regardless of the legal or equitable theory (contract, tort or
otherwise) upon which the claim is based. In any case, Enraf-Nonius’s entire liability under any provision
of this agreement shall not exceed in the aggregate the sum of the fees paid for this product and fees for
support of the product received by Enraf-Nonius under a separate support agreement (if any), with the
exception of death or personal injury caused by the negligence of Enraf-Nonius to the extent applicable
law prohibits the limitation of damages in such cases. Enraf-Nonius cannot be held liable for any
consequence resulting from incorrect information provided by its personnel, or errors incorporated in this
manual and / or other accompanying documentation (including commercial documentation)
The opposing party (product’s user or its representative) shall disclaim Enraf-Nonius from all claims
arising from third parties, whatever nature or whatever relationship to the opposing party.
2 Product Description
The 4-series is a family of products for physical therapy. The devices share an identical control panel
equipped with a full colour touch panel. The devices are mains powered and can optionally be equipped
with a battery for mains independent operation. The family comprises the products described below.
Endomed 482:
The Endomed 482 is equipped with two completely identical electrotherapy channels. The electrotherapy
channels can be used in combination (linked) or totally independent. A comprehensive set of current
waveforms is available, targeting both pain management and muscle stimulation applications. Protocol
driven operation is available, providing both factory or user defined sequences of treatment steps.
Protocols can run on linked or independent channels. With independent channels two different protocols
can be performed simultaneously.
Sonopuls 490:
The Sonopuls 490 is an ultrasound therapy device. The device provides two positions for attachment of
an ultrasound applicator. Depending on the device configuration ordered, the Sonopuls 490 comes with

5
an applicator with a large contact area, an applicator with a small contact area or with both applicators.
The applicators can operate in continuous or pulsed mode at an ultrasound frequency of 1 MHz or 3 MHz.
Contact control suspends the application of ultrasonic energy when acoustical contact with the treatment
area becomes insufficient. The applicators are suitable for subaqual treatments.
Sonopuls 492:
The Sonopuls 492 is a combination device, combining the functions of the Endomed 482 and the
Sonopuls 490 in a single device. With the Sonopuls 492 the simultaneous application of ultrasound and
electrotherapy (combination therapy) is also possible. The remaining electrotherapy channel can then be
used independently.
Vacotron 460:
Electrotherapy can be applied through standard or vacuum electrodes. With vacuum electrodes the
Vacotron 460 generates the vacuum through which the vacuum electrodes are attached to the patient.
The device is placed beneath the Endomed 482 or Sonopuls 492, from which its power is derived and
through which it is also operated.
3 Precautionary Instructions
In this section general Warnings and Precautions are listed, that you should be aware of when using the
4-series. See also chapter 4.1 for Warnings and Precautions that are application specific.
WARNING:
•Federal law (USA only) restricts this device to sale by, or on the order of, a physician or licensed
practitioner. This device should be used only under the continued supervision of a physician or
licensed practitioner.
•Make certain that the unit is electrically grounded by connecting only to a grounded electrical
service receptacle conforming to the applicable national and local electrical codes.
•Do not operate the unit in an environment of short-wave or micro-wave diathermy.
•This 4-series is not suitable for use in the presence of flammable anesthetics mixture with air,
oxygen, or nitrous oxide.
•This device should be kept out of the reach of children.
CAUTION:
•Read, understand and practice the precautionary and operating instructions. Know the limitations
and hazards associated with using any electrical stimulation device. Observe the precautionary
and operational stickers placed on the unit.
•Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified herein
may result in hazardous exposure to ultrasonic energy.
•Handle the ultrasound applicator with care. Inappropriate handling of the ultrasound applicator
may adversely affect its characteristics.
•Inspect the ultrasound applicator for cracks which may allow the ingress of conductive fluid
before each use.
•Inspect ultrasound applicator cables and associated connectors before each use.
•Do not operate the 4-series when connected to any unit other than Enraf-Nonius BV devices.
•This unit should be operated in temperatures between 10 °C and 40 °C (50 °F and 104 °F), with
a Relative Humidity ranging from 20%-90% non condensing.
•Do not expose the unit to direct sunlight, heat radiated from a heat radiator, excessive amounts of
dust, moisture, vibrations and mechanical shocks.
•In the case of ingress of liquids, unplug the unit from the mains supply and have it checked by an
authorized person (see the paragraph on maintenance).
•Before administering any treatment to a patient you should become acquainted with the operating
procedures for each mode of treatment available, as well as the indications, contra-indications,
warnings and precautions. Consult other resources for additional information regarding the
application of electrotherapy and ultrasound therapy.

6
4 Intended Use
The device is designed to only be used by or under the supervision of persons using the medical device
in the course of their work and in the framework of a professional healthcare activity, who understand the
benefits and limitations of electrotherapy and ultrasound therapy. I.e.“professional users”.
4.1 Intended Use Electrotherapy
4.1.1 Pain Management
Pain Management is the use of electrical stimulation for pain relief.
4.1.1.1 Indications Pain Management
•Symptomatic relief of chronic, intractable pain. Management of pain associated with post-
traumatic or postoperative conditions.
4.1.1.2 Contra-indications Pain Management
•This device should not be used for symptomatic pain relief unless etiology is established or
unless a pain syndrome has been diagnosed.
•This device should not be used on patients with demand-type cardiac pacemakers.
•This device should not be used over cancerous lesions.
•Electrode placements that apply current to the carotid sinus region (anterior neck) must be
avoided.
•Electrode placements that apply current transcerebrally (through the head) must be avoided.
•Electrode placements that apply current transthoracically (the introduction of electrical current
into the heart may cause cardiac arrhythmias) must be avoided.
4.1.1.3 Warnings Pain Management
•Benefits of TENS currents have not been established for pain of central origin.
•This device is to be used as a symptomatic treatment for pain and has no curative value.
Patients should be cautioned and their activities regulated if pain that would otherwise serve as a
protective mechanism is suppressed.
•The long-term effects of chronic electrical stimulation are unknown.
•Safety has not been established for the use of therapeutic electrical stimulation during pregnancy.
•Stimulation should not be applied over swollen, infected, or inflamed areas of skin eruptions e.g.,
phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, etc.
•See also chapter 3, Precautionary Instructions, for general Warnings and Precautions.
4.1.1.4 Precautions Pain Management
•Isolated cases of skin rash may occur at the site of electrode placement following long-term
applications. The irritation may be reduced by use of an alternate conductive medium or an
alternative electrode placement.
•Effectiveness of this treatment is dependent upon patient selection.
•See also chapter 3, Precautionary Instructions, for general Warnings and Precautions.
4.1.1.5 Adverse Effects Pain Management
•Skin irritation and burns beneath the electrodes have been reported with the use of therapeutic
electrical stimulation.
4.1.1.6 Current Waveforms Pain Management
•For pain management the following current waveforms are recommended.
4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.2, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.3.5, 4.1.3.6, 4.1.3.7, 4.1.3.8, 4.1.3.9.2.
4.1.2 Muscle Stimulation
Muscle Stimulation is the use of electrical stimulation to treat muscle dysfunction.

7
4.1.2.1 Indications Muscle Stimulation
•Relaxation of muscle spasms
•Prevention or retardation of disuse atrophy
•Increasing local blood circulation
•Muscle re-education
•Immediate post-surgical stimulation of calf muscles to prevent venous thrombosis
•Maintaining or increasing range of motion
•Dysphagia
4.1.2.2 Contra-indications Muscle Stimulation
•This device should not be used on patients with demand-type cardiac pacemakers
•This device should not be used over cancerous lesions
•Electrode placements that apply current to the sinus carotid region (anterior neck) must be
avoided (1
•Electrode placements that apply current transcerebrally (through the head) must be avoided.
•Electrode placements that apply current transthoracically (the introduction of electrical current
into the heart may cause cardiac arrhythmias) must be avoided.
Note (1)
However the application area for the treatment of Dysphagia is distant enough from the sinus
carotis area, when the therapist follows the guidelines as described in the therapybook
"Dysphagia (by H.C.A. Bogaardt SLP, PhD)"
4.1.2.3 Warnings Muscle Stimulation
•The long-term effects of chronic electrical stimulation are unknown.
•Safety has not been established for the use of therapeutic electrical stimulation during pregnancy.
•Stimulation should not be applied over swollen, infected, or inflamed areas of skin eruptions e.g.,
phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, etc.
•See also chapter 3, Precautionary Instructions, for general Warnings and Precautions.
4.1.2.4 Precautions Muscle Stimulation
•Adequate precautions should be taken when treating individuals with suspected or diagnosed
heart problems, or epilepsy.
•Caution should be used when there is a tendency to hemorrhage following acute trauma or
fracture.
•Caution should be used following recent surgical procedures when muscle contraction may
disrupt the healing process.
•Caution should be used over the menstruating uterus.
•Caution should be used over areas of the skin which lack normal sensation.
•Some patients may experience skin irritation or hypersensitivity due to electrical stimulation or
electrical conductive medium. The irritation can usually be reduced by using an alternative
conductive medium, or alternate electrode placement.
•See also chapter 3, Precautionary Instructions, for general Warnings and Precautions.
4.1.2.5 Adverse Effects Muscle Stimulation
•Skin irritation and burns beneath the electrodes have been reported with the use of therapeutic
electrical stimulation.
4.1.2.6 Current Waveforms Muscle Stimulation
•For muscle stimulation the following current waveforms are recommended.
4.1.3.2.1, 4.1.3.2.3, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.3.6, 4.1.3.9.1
These waveforms are often applied in combination with a surge program, which consists of a
sequence of exercise and rest periods. Two options are available here:
•Reciprocal application, where stimulation alternates between agonists and antagonists. This is
accomplished through asynchronous stimulation over two current channels with an appropriate
delay between the two channels.
•Co-contract application, where two channels operate synchronously to co-contract agonist and
antagonist or different sections of a larger muscle group.
See paragraph 8.2.5.6 for the available parameters

8
4.1.3 Description Current Waveforms
4.1.3.1 4 Pole Interferential Currents
With the interferential current type a medium frequency carrier frequency is used to pass the low
frequency stimulation (beat) frequency through the skin. The relatively low resistance of the skin to the
carrier frequency contributes to the patient comfort that is often associated with this current type.
Interferential currents are all AC currents without any residual DC components. Several variations of the
interferential current type are known, of which the following are available in the 4-series:
4.1.3.1.1 Classical Interferential
With this therapy method four electrodes are used and two non modulated currents are
generated. The frequency of one channel is fixed at the carrier frequency, while the other channel
has a variable frequency, based on the Beat frequency and Frequency Modulation settings.
Interference occurs where the two currents intersect in the tissue. The modulation depth (which
determines the current amplitude of the stimulation) depends on the direction of the currents, and
can vary from 0 to 100%. 100% modulation depth only occurs at the diagonals (and hence at the
intersection) of the two currents. This is of course a theoretical situation, based on the
assumption that the tissue is homogeneous. In reality, the tissue is heterogeneous, so that the
current balance between the two channels has to be used to obtain the 100% modulation depth
(Fig. 1). The current balance can also be used to compensate for differences in sensation
occurring under the electrodes.
Modulation depth is only 100% at
the diagonals.
4.1.3.1.2 Isoplanar Vector
The isoplanar vector technique is intended to increase the area where effective stimulation
occurs. Amplitude modulation occurs in the equipment and a special phase relation between the
two channels ensures a 100% modulation depth between the four electrodes in all positions.
.
Modulation depth is 100% over the entire treatment area.
The advantage of this method is that the positioning of the four electrodes to effectively treat the
affected tissue is less critical. The sensation of the Isoplanar vector mode is soft and equally
divided over the treatment area.

9
4.1.3.1.3 Dipole Vector Manual
With the dipole vector technique the currents from the two electrode pairs are vectorially summed
in the tissue. The effect is that stimulation only occurs into the direction of the resulting vector,
which can be adjusted over a range of 360º. Amplitude modulation occurs in the equipment and
the modulation depth is 100%.
Stimulation with 100% modulation depth only occurs into the
direction of the vector.
The advantage of this method is that the direction of the stimulation can be adjusted electronically
after positioning the electrodes.
4.1.3.1.4 Dipole Vector Automatic
With the automatic dipole technique the dipole vector described above is rotated at an adjustable
speed. If the current amplitude is increased exceeding the motorial threshold, the tissue will
contract and relax rhythmically. The automatic dipole vector current is ideally suited for areas
where mechanical pressure (massage) is not desirable.
Parameters 4 Pole Interferential Currents:
Carrier frequency, expressed in kHz, is the base frequency of the alternating current.
Beat frequency, expressed in Hz, defines the channel frequency difference in classical interferential
mode and the rate at which the amplitude is internally modulated in the vector modes.
Frequency Modulation, expressed in Hz, defines a variable frequency range that is summed to the Beat
frequency i.e when the Beat frequency is set to 80 Hz and the Frequency modulation is set to 40 Hz, the
final frequency will vary from 80 – 120 Hz. Frequency modulation is often used to prevent accommodation
to stimulation or to improve patient tolerance.
Modulation Program defines the time and sequence in which the frequency will sweep through the
Frequency modulation range. See for the available Modulation programs fig 4.1.4.12.
Balance defines the difference in current amplitude between the two channels. Only available in classical
interferential mode.
Vector position adjustment defines the angle of the dipole vector with respect to the position of the
electrodes.
Rotation Speed, expressed in s, defines the time elapsed during one revolution of the vector in
automatic dipole vector mode.
4.1.3.2 Biphasic Pulsed Currents (TENS)
4.1.3.2.1 Asymmetrical and Alternating Asymmetrical
The asymmetrical biphasic pulsed current waveform is often used in TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical
Nerve Stimulation) applications. This waveform is characterized by variable phase duration and variable
pulse frequency. Its typical amplitude, duration, and rate of rise and decay are unequal for each phase
with respect to the baseline. The waveform is fully balanced, i.e. the phase charges of each phase are
equal. See fig 4.1.4.4.1 for a graphical representation.

10
A variation to the standard biphasic asymmetrical pulsed current is the alternating one, in which the
successive pulse phases alternate with respect to the baseline. See fig 4.1.4.4.2 for details. This
waveform is also fully balanced.
To prevent accommodation to stimulation or to improve patient tolerance, the pulse frequency can be
varied through frequency modulation. Several frequency modulation programs are available. See fig
4.1.4.12 for details.
Parameters:
Phase Duration, expressed in µs, is the elapsed time from the beginning to the end of the initial pulse
phase. See fig 4.1.4.4.1 for details.
Pulse Frequency, expressed in Hz or pps (pulses per second), defines the repetition rate of the TENS
pulses. See fig 4.1.4.4.1 for details.
Frequency Modulation, expressed in Hz, defines a variable frequency range that is summed to the
Pulse frequency i.e when the Pulse frequency is set to 80 Hz and the Frequency modulation is set to 40
Hz, the final frequency will vary from 80 – 120 Hz.
Modulation Program, defines the time and sequence in which the frequency will sweep through the
Frequency modulation range. See for the available Modulation programs 4.1.4.12.
4.1.3.2.2 Burst Asymmetrical and Burst Alternating Asymmetrical
The burst biphasic and burst biphasic alternating asymmetrical pulsed currents are variations to their non
burst counterparts, in which the continuous train of pulses is interrupted by pulse pauses. See fig
4.1.4.4.3 and fig 4.1.4.4.4 for details. A burst frequency can be set for treating chronic pains, where the
use of continuous stimulation with a low pulse frequency would be too painful. Each burst lasts for 100ms
and the burst rate can be adjusted separately. With this milder TENS waveform it is easier to exceed the
motorial threshold stimulus.
Parameters:
Phase Duration, expressed in µs, is the elapsed time from the beginning to the end of the initial pulse
phase. See fig 4.1.4.4.3 for details.
Pulse Frequency, expressed in Hz or pps (pulses per second), defines the repetition rate of the TENS
pulses. See fig 4.1.4.4.3 for details.
Burst Frequency, expressed in Hz, defines the repetition rate of bursts of pulses. A burst consists of a
train of pulses. Each burst lasts for 100ms and the number of pulses in a burst depends on the selected
Pulse frequency i.e at a Pulse Frequency of 100Hz, 10 pulses are available in each burst.
See fig 4.1.4.4.4 for details.
4.1.3.2.3 Symmetrical
TENS current pulses can also be used for muscle stimulation applications. Often the symmetrical
biphasic pulsed current waveform is used. See fig 4.1.4.4.5 for a graphical representation. The specified
phase duration applies to both pulse phases, which doubles the amount of available energy with respect
to the asymmetrical pulsed current waveform. This waveform is fully balanced (no residual DC
components are present).
Parameters:
Phase Duration, expressed in µs, is the elapsed time from the beginning to the end of a pulse phase.
The phase duration applies to each pulse phase. See fig 4.1.4.4.5 for details.
Pulse Frequency, expressed in Hz or pps (pulses per second), defines the repetition rate of the TENS
pulses. See fig 4.1.4.4.5 for details.
Frequency Modulation, expressed in Hz, defines a variable frequency range that is summed to the Beat
frequency i.e when the Beat frequency is set to 80 Hz and the Frequency modulation is set to 40 Hz, the
final frequency will vary from 80 – 120 Hz.

11
Modulation Program defines the time and sequence in which the frequency will sweep through the
Frequency modulation range. See for the available Modulation programs fig 4.1.4.12.
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details.
4.1.3.2.4 Burst Symmetrical
The burst biphasic symmetrical pulsed current is a variation to its non burst counterpart, in which the
continuous train of pulses is interrupted by pulse pauses. See fig 4.1.4.4.6 for details. A burst frequency
can be set for treating chronic pains, where the use of continuous stimulation with a low pulse frequency
would be too painful. Each burst lasts for 100ms and the burst rate can separately be adjusted. With this
milder TENS waveform it is easier to exceed the motorial threshold stimulus.
Parameters:
Phase Duration, expressed in µs, is the elapsed time from the beginning to the end of the initial pulse
phase. See fig 4.1.4.4.5 for details.
Pulse Frequency, expressed in Hz or pps (pulses per second), defines the repetition rate of the TENS
pulses. See fig 4.1.4.4.5 for details.
Burst Frequency, expressed in Hz, defines the repetition rate of bursts of pulses. A burst consists of a
train of pulses. Each burst lasts for 100 ms and the number of pulses in a burst depends on the selected
Pulse frequency i.e at a Pulse Frequency of 100Hz, 10 pulses are available in each burst.
See fig 4.1.4.4.6 for details.
4.1.3.3 Premodulated
As with Interferential currents, a medium carrier frequency is used to pass the low frequency stimulation
(beat) frequency through the skin. See fig 4.1.4.1 for the current waveform. ‘Premodulated’ implies that
amplitude modulation occurs in the equipment, allowing it to be applied with a single electrode pair.
The Premodulated alternating current is often used where the objective is to strengthen the muscle and
change the distribution of muscle fibers (twitch speed). The Beat frequency is used to affect the muscle
fiber distribution. The optimum carrier frequency for this purpose varies between 2000 – 4000 Hz.
At a low Beat frequency (up to about 20 Hz) the muscle becomes ‘red’, while at a higher Beat frequency
(up to about 150 Hz) the muscle becomes ‘white’. This can be used to increase the explosive release of
energy in high-jumpers, provided that is supplemented by functional exercises. The most comfortable
tetanic contractions are obtained at a Beat frequency between 40 and 80 Hz.
Muscle stimulation is normally applied with a Surge program, allowing the muscles to rest between
exercise cycles.
Parameters:
Carrier Frequency, expressed in kHz, is the base frequency of the alternating current.
Beat Frequency, expressed in Hz, defines the rate at which the amplitude is internally modulated.
Frequency Modulation, expressed in Hz, defines a variable frequency range that is summed to the Beat
frequency i.e. when the Beat Frequency is set to 80 Hz and the Frequency modulation is set to 40 Hz, the
final frequency will vary from 80 – 120 Hz.
Modulation Program defines the time and sequence in which the frequency will sweep through the
Frequency modulation range. See for the available Modulation programs fig .
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details.
4.1.3.4 Russian Stimulation
This current type is an intermittent alternating current with a carrier frequency around 2500 Hz. See fig
4.1.4.2 for the current waveform. Russian Stimulation was first used by Kots, a lecturer in sports medicine

12
at the Moscow State Academy. Kots used it for muscle strengthening in prosthesiology and in the training
of Russian cosmonauts. With this technique the electro stimulation is applied both to individual muscles
and to groups (either directly or via the nerve). In direct stimulation, a frequency of 2500 Hz was found to
produce the largest contraction, while the optimum frequency in indirect stimulation was 1000 Hz.
A specific feature of this type of muscle stimulation is that the alternating current is interrupted 50 times
per second. This results in a pulse train, comparable to the ‘burst’ in TENS. The total duration of the pulse
train is 20ms, giving a phase duration/phase interval ratio of 1:1. Kots uses a Burst frequency of 50 Hz,
approximately in the middle of the frequency spectrum used to produce tetanic contraction (40-80 Hz). In
addition to the 1:1 ratio, Kots also describes a phase duration/phase interval ratio of 1:5.
The amplitude should be increased until a powerful contraction is produced (from the motor stimulation
level up to the limit of tolerance). As with all muscle stimulation applications a Surge program can be
used, allowing the muscles to rest between exercise cycles.
Parameters:
Carrier Frequency, expressed in kHz, is the base frequency of the alternating current.
Burst Frequency, expressed in Hz, defines the repetition rate of the bursts.
Burst / Interval Ratio, defines the ratio of the burst length to the interval between the bursts. The sum of
the burst and interval duration is the reciprocal of the burst frequency i.e. with a burst frequency set at 50
Hz and a burst / interval ratio of 1:5, the burst duration will be 20 * 1/6 = 3.3ms and the interval duration
will be 20 * 5/6 = 16.7ms.
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details.
4.1.3.5 Micro Current
Micro Current is a monophasic rectangular waveform with manually selectable or alternating polarity. See
fig 4.1.4.10 for a graphical representation. Many therapists prefer Micro Current therapy because of the
low current amplitudes used. Alternating polarity can be used to average out the DC component, thereby
reducing the formation of electrolysis by-products.
Parameters:
Frequency, expressed in Hz, is the number of cycles per second.
Alternation mode defines whether the polarity of the wave is automatically alternating or not.
Alternation Period, expressed in s, defines the polarity reversal timing in the alternating mode.
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details. Surge programs are only available in the non alternating mode.
4.1.3.6 High Voltage
This current type has a twin peak monophasic waveform with a fixed duration of 64 µs between the two
voltage peaks. The amplitude is adjusted in volts rather than in mA. The short rise time and short duration
of each voltage peak (approximately 7 µs) is well suited to nerve stimulation and efficient discrimination
between sensory, motor and pain responses. The very short pulse duration of high voltage creates a
stimulation which is quite comfortable, and one which most patients can tolerate. The very short pulse
duration followed by a very long interpulse interval eliminates the formation of any appreciable chemical
or thermal effects in the tissue. High voltage is used for stimulating nerves and muscles, causing muscle
contractions. Examples for clinical use are to treat acute or chronic pain, edema absorption and ulcer
healing. Muscle contraction or motor response of isolated muscle groups, superficial or deep, can be
easily and comfortably stimulated. The relative comfort and depth of penetration may be the key for the
usefulness of high voltage stimulation in clinical conditions such as tendon transplants, joint mobilization
and muscle re-education.

13
Parameters:
Pulse Frequency, expressed in Hz or pps (pulses per second), defines the repetition rate of the twin
pulses. See 4.1.4.9 for details.
Frequency Modulation, expressed in %, defines a variable frequency range that is subtracted from the
Pulse frequency i.e. when the Pulse frequency is set to 80 Hz and the Frequency modulation is set to
50%, the final frequency will vary from 40 – 80 Hz.
Modulation Program defines the time and sequence in which the frequency will sweep through the
Frequency modulation range. See for the available Modulation programs fig 4.1.4.12.
Alternation Mode defines whether the polarity of the pulses is automatically alternating or not.
Alternation Period, expressed in seconds, defines the polarity reversal time in the alternating mode.
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details. Surge programs are only available in the non alternating mode.
4.1.3.7 Diadynamic Currents
The Diadynamic currents were introduced by Bernard(2) and have won a significant position in the history
of European physiotherapy. They are now somewhat unfairly dismissed as outdated when compared with
Interferential currents or TENS. Diadynamic currents are mainly used for pain reduction and the
improvement of blood circulation.
Bernard uses the term ‘Diadynamic Current’ to refer to a monophase (MF – Monophasé Fixe) or double-
phase (DF – Diphasé Fixe) rectified alternating current. The frequency was directly derived from the
mains supply, resulting in sinusoidal pulses with a duration of 10ms. This phase time of 10ms will mainly
depolarize thick fibers. Stimulation of thin fibers can only be obtained at higher current amplitudes.
2 Bernard, Pierre D.
La thérapie diadynamique,
Paris, Editions ‘Physio’, 1962.
CAUTION:
•Diadynamic currents are monophasic currents that produce electrolysis by-products. These by-
products can result in burns beneath the electrodes. Always use properly moistened sponge /
electrode combinations to absorb these by-products during treatment. See paragraph 7.1.5 for
details.
The following variations are available:
4.1.3.7.1 MF (Monophasé Fixe)
Is a single phase rectified sinusoidal current with a frequency of 50 Hz. See fig 4.1.4.11.1 for details. MF
is a vibrating waveform that easily induces contractions.
4.1.3.7.2 DF (Diphasé Fixe)
Is a dual phase rectified sinusoidal current with a frequency of 100 Hz. See fig 4.1.4.11.2 for details. DF is
usually experienced as a slight vibration. It is a pleasant waveform that is often used as an introduction to
CP or LP.
4.1.3.7.3 LP (Longues Périodes)
Is a slow alternation between six seconds of MF current and a six-second DF current. In the DF phase
the intervals between the MF pulses are filled with additional pulses with gradually increasing and
decreasing amplitude. See fig 4.1.4.11.3 for details. LP is smoother than CP.
4.1.3.7.4 CP (Courtes Périodes)
Is a rapid alternation between one second of MF current and one second of DF current. See fig 4.1.4.11.4
for details. CP has a strong resorbing effect.

14
4.1.3.7.5 CPid
Is identical to CP, except that the current amplitude during the MF phase is 12.5% lower than during the
DF phase. See fig 4.1.4.11.5 for details. Normally a lower frequency is experienced to be more
aggressive than a higher frequency. CPid prevents this difference in sensation.
Parameters Diadynamic Currents:
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details. Surge programs are only available with MF and DF.
4.1.3.8 Galvanic Current
4.1.3.8.1 Continuous Galvanic Current
Galvanic current works when combined with the correct ionized/electrically charged solutions, (i.e. they
are ions carrying either a positive or negative electrical charge, or will ionize with electricity).
This makes it possible to influence the skin's ability to absorb serums into the intracellular spaces in the
dermis. The absorption process is called iontophoresis because the electrical currents literally carry ions
into the tissues between the cells (see fig 4.1.4.8 for details).
CAUTION:
•The Direct Galvanic Current is a monophasic current that produces electrolysis by-products.
These by-products can result in burns beneath the electrodes. Always use properly moistened
sponge / electrode combinations to absorb these by-products during treatment. See paragraph
7.1.5 for details.
4.1.3.8.2 Interrupted Galvanic Current
The medium frequency interrupted galvanic current is a monophasic rectangular waveform with a pulse
frequency of 8000 Hz and a duty cycle of 90%. See fig 4.1.4.7 for details. As opposed to direct galvanic
current, the pulsed waveform provides increased patient comfort.
CAUTION:
•The MF interrupted galvanic current is a monophasic current that produces electrolysis by-
products. These by-products can result in burns beneath the electrodes. Always use properly
moistened sponge / electrode combinations to absorb these by-products during treatment. See
paragraph 7.1.5 for details.
4.1.3.9 Faradic Current
4.1.3.9.1 Faradic Rectangular or Triangular pulsed current
Faradic currents are often used for muscle stimulation applications that are based on prior diagnostics.
See fig 4.1.4.5.2 and 4.1.4.5.3 for the current waveforms. The diagnostic objective is to obtain information
on the sensitivity of the neuromuscular apparatus to electrical stimulation. This gives an indication of the
degree of denervation of the muscle tissue. With this technique the relationship between the current
amplitude and phase duration of a rectangular and triangular pulse is plotted in a strength/duration curve.
The strength/duration curve is recorded by observing the current amplitude required at various phase
duration values (ranging from 0.01 to 1000ms) that produce a just perceptible (i.e. just visible or palpable)
contraction of a muscle or muscle group. The values observed can be plotted on graph paper with a
logarithmic scale. In the case of reduced or absent sensitivity to electrical stimulation, the
strength/duration curve gives an indication of the current waveform, phase duration and current amplitude
of the electrical stimulus to be used in any therapy that may be applied.
CAUTION:
•Faradic currents are monophasic currents that produce electrolysis by-products. These by-
products can result in burns beneath the electrodes. Always use properly moistened sponge /
electrode combinations to absorb these by-products during treatment. See paragraph 7.1.5 for
details.
Parameters:

15
Phase Duration, expressed in ms or s, is the elapsed time from the beginning to the end of the pulse
phase. See fig 4.1.4.5.2 and 4.1.4.5.3 for details.
Pulse Frequency, expressed in Hz or pps (pulses per second), defines the repetition rate of the current
pulses. See fig 4.1.4.5.2 and 4.1.4.5.3 for details.
Surge Program can be used to adjust repeated sequences of contraction and rest periods. See
paragraph 8.2.5.6 for details.
4.1.3.9.2 Träbert, 2 – 5 Current
The 2-5 or ‘Ultra-Reiz’ current was introduced by Träbert.1It is often used to treat headaches and neck
pain. The 2-5 current is a faradic rectangular pulsed current with a phase duration of 2ms and a phase
interval of 5ms. These settings are the default settings for the faradic rectangular current waveform and
result in a pulse frequency of approximately 143 Hz. Träbert offered no explanation for the choice of
these parameters. Nevertheless, many specialists have adopted the therapy and it is still applied with
success. A remarkable effect is that patienst are free from pain which can appear from just the first
treatment and which can last for several hours. See fig 4.1.4.5.1 for a graphical representation.
1 Träbert, H.
Ultra-Reizstrom, ein neues therapeutisches Phänomen,
Elektromedizin 2, 1957 (7).
CAUTION:
•Faradic currents are monophasic currents that produce electrolysis by-products. These by-
products can result in burns beneath the electrodes. Always use properly moistened sponge /
electrode combinations to absorb these by-products during treatment. See paragraph 7.1.5 for
details.
Parameters:
Phase Duration, expressed in ms or s, is the elapsed time from the beginning to the end of the pulse
phase. The default setting is 2ms. See fig 4.1.4.5.1 for details.
Phase Interval, expressed in ms or s, is the elapsed time between successive pulse phases. The default
setting is 5ms. See fig 4.1.4.5.1 for details.

16
4.1.4 Illustrations Current Waveforms
4.1.4.1 Premodulated / Isoplanar vector / Dipole vector
fcCarrier frequency
fbBeat frequency 
4.1.4.2 Russian Stimulation
fcCarrier frequency
fBBurst frequency

4.1.4.3 Biphasic Pulsed Current TENS
4.1.4.4
4.1.4.4.1 Asymmetrical
t Phase duration
fpPulse frequency


4.1.4.4.2 Asymmetrical Alternating

t Phase duration
fpPulse frequency


4.1.4.4.3 Burst Asymmetrical

fB Burst frequency 


17
4.1.4.4.4 Burst Asymmetrical Alternating
fB Burst frequency 

4.1.4.4.5 Symmetrical
t Phase duration 
tiPhase interval
fpPulse frequency

4.1.4.4.6 Burst Symmetrical
fB Burst frequency 








4.1.4.5 Faradic Current
4.1.4.5.1 Träbert, 2 – 5 Current
tpPhase duration: 2 ms
tiPhase interval: 5 ms

4.1.4.5.2 Rectangular Pulsed current
tpPhase duration
fpPulse frequency

4.1.4.5.3 Triangular Pulsed Current
tpPhase duration
fpPulse frequency



18
4.1.4.6 Galvanic Current
4.1.4.7 Galvanic Interrupted
f Carrier frequency - 8 kHz fixed
Duty cycle - 90 % fixed

4.1.4.8 Galvanic Continuous
4.1.4.9 High Voltage

t Peak interval - 64 µs fixed
fpPulse frequency

4.1.4.10 Micro Current
f Frequency
4.1.4.11 Diadynamic Current
4.1.4.11.1 MF
4.1.4.11.2 DF