Epson Printer Interface Cartridge for the Apple... User manual

EPSON
®
Printer Interface Cartridge
for the Apple® IIc
Operation Manual

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-
wise, without the prior written permission of Epson Corporation. No patent liability is
assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. While every precaution
has been taken in the preparation of this book, Epson Corporation assumes no responsibility
for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
the information contained herein.
Apple and ProDOS are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
AppleWorks is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Graphic on page 39 taken from Dazzle Draw, Broderbund Software, Inc. © 1984
HomeWriter, LX-90, and PIC are trademarks of Epson America, Inc.
Diamonds of Randwon from The Epson Connection: Apple, copyright 1984 by William H.
Darnall and Epson America, Inc.
© Copyright 1985 by Epson Corporation
Nagano, Japan
Y497991240
ii

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Installation and Operation
......................
Inserting the Printer Interface Cartridge
...........
Printing the Self Test
...........................
Connecting the Printer to Your Apple IIc
..........
Control Panel .................................
Using Your Printer .............................
1
2
3
5
5
6
7
2SelecType ....................................
Turning SelecType On
..........................
Selecting Typestyles
............................
SelecType Exercise .............................
Mode Combination
............................
SelecTypeTips ................................
3 Elements of Dot-Matrix Printing and
Computer / Printer Communications
..............
The Print Head ...............................
Other Pitches .................................
NLQ Mode
...................................
ESCape and ASCII
............................
4Apple IIc PIC Features
.........................
19
Demonstration Programs
.......................
19
How to run BASIC programs
..................
20
Pica Printing ..................................
21
Changing Pitches ..............................
21
Cancelling Codes ..............................
22
Resetting the Printer
...........................
22
Pitch Comparison .............................
23
Near Letter Quality Mode
......................
23
9
9
10
11
12
13
15
15
16
17
18
. . .
111

5
Print Enhancements and
Special Characters
.............................
Emphasized Mode
.............................
Double-Strike.. ...............................
Expanded Mode
...............................
Mode Combinations
...........................
Underline Mode
...............................
Master Select
.................................
Superscript and Subscript
.......................
International Characters
........................
25
25
26
27
27
28
29
30
31
6
Page Formatting
...............................
35
Margins
......................................
35
Skip-Over-Perforation
..........................
36
Line Spacing
..................................
36
Paper-Out Sensor
.............................
37
Justification with NLQ
.........................
37
7 Introduction to Dot Graphics
....................
Dot Patterns
..................................
The Print Head and Graphics
....................
Graphics Mode
...............................
Pin Labels
....................................
First Graphics Program
.........................
The “Z” Command
............................
Multiple-Line Exercise
..........................
Density Varieties
..............................
Reassigning Code
..............................
POKE Subroutine
.............................
Designing Your Own Graphics
...................
Screen Dump Program
.........................
Diamonds of Randwon Program
...............
39
40
41
42
42
44
45
45
47
48
49
49
52
53
8
User-Defined Characters
........................
Defining Your Own Characters
..................
Designing Process
.............................
Definition program 1
.........................
Running the program
........................
Definition program 2
............
. ............
Running the program 2
.......................
55
55
56
57
58
59
60
iv

Appendixes
A LX-90 Characters
..............................
A-l
Draft Mode
..................................
A-2
NLQ Mode ...................................
A-4
B
Software Commands in
Numerical Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CCommand Summary
...........................
C-l
Near Letter Quality Mode
......................
c-3
Character Width (Pitch)
........................
c-4
Print Enhancement
............................
c-7
Page Formatting
...............................
c-11
Margins ...................................
c-11
Line Spacing
................................
c-12
Form feed and page length
....................
c-15
Tabs .......................................
C-16
Graphics .....................................
c-19
User-Defined Characters
........................
c-22
Other Codes
..................................
C-23
D DIP Switches and Interface
......................
D-l
DIP Switches
.................................
D-l
Interface .....................................
D-4
E
Troubleshooting and Advanced Features
...........
Installation of Commercial
Software Programs
............................
SelecType Features and Solutions
................
Reset codes .................................
AppleWorks and SelecType
...................
Cancelling modes
............................
Printing on Self-adhesive Labels
..................
Beeper Error Warnings
.........................
Problem Codes
................................
Graphics .....................................
Data Dump Mode
.............................
B-l
E-l
E-l
E-2
E-2
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-4
E-5
E-7
E-7
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index-l

Introduction
The Epson LX-90’” printer with the Apple
®
IIc PIC combines low
price with the high quality and advanced capabilities formerly avail-
able only on more expensive printers.
The LX-90 User’s Manual tells you how to set up your printer. This
Printer Interface Cartridge Operation Manual gives you the specific
information you need to use the LX-90 with your Apple IIc computer.
This manual won’t waste your time with unnecessary information,
but it also won’t neglect anything you need to know about the LX-90
and its features.
You can read as much or as little of this manual as you wish. The
first chapter tells how to test the printer and connect it to your com-
puter. The second chapter explains SelecType, a feature that offers
you five special typefaces. The other chapters explain the main fea-
tures of the LX-90, and the appendixes give technical information on
the printer.
Note
Although all references in this manual are to the Epson
LX-90 printer, this PIC can also be used with the Epson
HomeWriter™-10.
1

Chapter 1
Installation and Operation
After you have set up your printer and loaded the paper (following
the directions in the LX-90 User’s Manual), you are ready to plug in
your Printer Interface Cartridge (PIP) and begin printing.
Inserting the Printer Interface Cartridge
Inserting the PIC is easy. The cartridge slides into the rectangular
opening, as shown in the LX-90 manual. Be sure the printer is OFF
when you insert the PIC. The Apple IIc PIC has a grounding wire.
Attach it as shown in Figure l-1.
Figure l-l. Attaching the grounding wire.

Now that the PIC is installed, you need to change the settings of
three small switches, called DIP switches, in the back of the printer.
Figure l-2 shows where the DIP switches are.
Figure 1-2. DIP switch location
The functions of these switches are explained in detail in Appendix
D, but all that you need to do now is turn three of them on. All the
others should be off. (The switches are down when they are off and up
when they are on.) Before you change any of the DIP switch settings
make sure that the power switch on the right side of the printer is
turned off.
The DIP switches are in two groups, with eight in the first group
and four in the second. Turn on switches 6, 7, and 8 in the first group.
Now you are ready to test your printer.
4

Printing the Self Test
It’s time to see the LX-90 in action. You’ll start with a self test. Don’t
connect the printer to your computer yet-just follow these steps:
1. Make sure that your printer has paper in it and that the power
switch (on the right side of the printer) is off.
2. Hold down the LF button on the control panel while you turn the
printer on with the power switch.
The LX-90 begins printing letters, numbers, and symbols in the
draft mode. It won’t stop until you turn it off or until it gets near the
end of the paper.
To see the same test in the NLQ (Near Letter Quality) mode, turn
the printer on while pressing the FF button. Figure l-2 shows partial
results of both tests.
Draft
Figure 1-3. Self-test printouts
Connecting the Printer to Your Apple IIc
Before connecting the LX-90, be sure that all your computer equip-
ment is turned off.
Plug the PIC cable into the printer socket in the back of your IIc.
This socket is the second socket from the power switch and is marked
by a printer icon.
5

Control Panel
After connecting your LX-90 to your computer system, turn on the
printer and look at the control panel, which is shown in Figure l-4.
Figure l-4. Control panel
You have already used the control panel for a special purpose,
printing the self test. Here are the main functions of the lights and
buttons on this panel:
l The POWER light glows green when the power is on.
l The READY light
glows green when the printer is ready to accept
data. Don’t worry if this light flickers somewhat during printing;
this flickering is normal.
l The PAPER OUT light glows red when the printer is out of paper or
the paper is loaded incorrectly.
l The ON LINE light glows green when the printer can receive data.
In addition to the lights, the control panel has three buttons.
l ON LINE-switches the printer between on line and off line status.
When the printer is on line, the ON LINE light glows and the printer
is ready to accept data.
6

The other two buttons, FF and LF work only when the printer is off
line (when the ON LINE light is off). If the ON LINE light is on, press
the ON LINE button before you use these.
l FF (Form Feed)-advances continuous paper to the top of the next
page or ejects a single sheet of paper.
l LF (Line Feed)-advances the paper one line at a time.
The control panel can also be used to turn on several printing func-
tions using SelecType, a feature which is described in the next chapter.
Using Your Printer
If you have a word processing or other commercial software pro-
gram, just load the program into your computer, follow the printing
instructions, and watch your LX-90 print.
If your software program requires you to specify which printer you
are using, see Appendix E for instructions.
If you plan to use your LX-90 for printing program listings, load a
program and use the appropriate listing command for the program-
ming language you are using.
For example, if you are using the ProDOS® BASIC that comes with
your IIc, type NEW and then enter a simple program such as the one
below:
10 FOR X=1 TO 5
20 PRINT X/3
30 NEXT X
Then make sure your printer is turned on and type the following:
PR#l
and press RETURN. This causes PRINT and LIST statements to be
directed to the printer instead of the screen. Then when you type LIST
and press RETURN, you do not see anything on the screen, but the
LX-90 prints a listing of the program. To return to normal operation,
press the control and reset keys at the same time, or type PR#O and
press RETURN.

You can now begin using the LX-90 with your software, or you can
find out about the special features of the printer in the next chapters.
You may be especially interested in SelecType, the feature described in
Chapter 2, which you can use with nearly all software.
8

Chapter 2
SelecType
The LX-90 enables you to use a feature called SelecType to produce
five special typestyles:
Typewriter-style Near Letter Quality,
Emphasized bold printing,
Double-strike bold printing,
Compressed narrow printing,
or Elite printing.
Choosing typestyles with SelecType is simple, and you can choose
the typestyle each time you print. For example, you can print the first
draft of a letter or report in the standard mode and the final version in
the NLQ mode.
Using SelecType is simple. You turn on SelecType and select a
typestyle, then turn off SelecType and print.
Turning SelecType On
1. Make sure that the printer is on and that the POWER, READY, and
ON LINE lights are all on.
2. Press both the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time, as illus-
traded in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1. Turning SelecType on

When you press the ON LINE and FF buttons, the LX-90 signals in
three ways that SelecType is on: the printer beeps, the READY light
turns off, and the ON LINE light begins flashing.
Selecting Typestyles
In SelecType, each button has a function:
l ON LINE selects typestyles.
l FF sets the styles.
l LF turns SelecType off.
After turning on SelecType, follow these three steps to select a
typestyle:
1. Find the typestyle you want in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. SelecType modes
Mode Typestyle
1
NLQ
ABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqrstuvwxyz
2 Emphasized
ABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqrstuvwxyz
3
Double-strike
ABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqrstuvwxyz
4 Compressed
ABCDEFGHlJKLHnapqrstuvwvyz
5
Elite
ABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqrstuvwxyz
2. Press the ON LINE button the number of times indicated in the
mode column. Be sure that the printer beeps each time you press
the ON LINE button.
3. Press the FF button to set the typestyle.
4. Press the LF button to turn SelecType off. The control panel
returns to its normal functions, but the printer is off line.
5. Press the ON LINE button, and you are ready to print.
10

SelecType Exercise
You will probably use SelecType mainly with commercial software,
but since there are so many different commercial software programs,
the sample exercises are in BASIC because every IIc is equipped with
this programming language.
You don’t need to know anything about programming for this exer-
cise because it is merely for practice. If you would rather not use
BASIC, use your word processing or business program to create a
short file or document of the type you will usually print.
If you do want to use BASIC for this exercise, simply see that there
is no disk in your computer and turn on your computer and printer.
Then type the short program listed below. Only the words inside the
quotation marks are printed. You can put anything you want there.
5 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#l"
10 PRINT "This is an example of"
20 PRINT "LX-90 printing."
300 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#0"
Now, run the program by typing RUN and pressing RETURN, or
print your file or document by following the printing instructions of
your software. The LX-90 will print your example in standard single-
strike printing, as shown below:
This is an example of
LX-90 printing .
Now that you have created a sample, follow these steps to print it in
emphasized mode:
1. See that both the ON LINE and READY lights are on.
2. Press the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time. You hear a
beep to signal that SelecType is on.
3. As shown in Table 2-1, the code for emphasized is two. Therefore,
press the ON LINE button two times. (Remember to make sure
you hear a beep each time you press the ON LINE button when
you are in SelecType mode.)
11

4. Now that you have selected the emphasized mode, push the FF
button once to set it.
5. Push the LF button once to return the panel to its standard opera-
tion.
6. Press the ON LINE button so the LX-90 is ready to print.
Now you have set the LX-90 to print in emphasized mode. Print
your sample once more. It should appear in emphasized mode just as
you see below:
This is an example of
LX-90 printing.
Turn off your printer to cancel the emphasized setting, and-if you
wish-try this exercise with other modes. If you are using commercial
software and SelecType will not change the typestyle, see “SelecType
Features” in Appendix E.
Mode Combination
Two of the SelecType modes (NLQ and emphasized) can be com-
bined to create an impressive effect. If you want to see this combina-
tion, turn your printer off and back on and follow the instructions
below :
1. See that the ON LINE and READY lights are on.
2. Press the ON LINE and FF buttons at the same time.
3. Press the ON LINE button once and then the FF button once.
Since one is the code for NLQ, you have now set the LX-90 for NLQ.
4. Press the ON LINE button one more time and then the FF button
once again.
This makes a total of two times, and thus sets the LX-90 for empha-
sized also.
5. Press the LF button to return the panel to its standard operation.
6. Press the ON LINE button to put the LX-90 on line.
12

Now print your sample document or run your sample program. If
your printing appears in
emphasized Near Letter Quality
as you see here, you have successfully combined the two modes. If
you get any other results, turn your printer off and back on and then
try the steps again.
You can combine other modes using the same technique, but some
modes will not mix with others. Table 2-2 shows which modes can be
combined. A dot in a box indicates that the two modes can be com-
bined.
Table 2-2. Mode combinations
Mode NLQ Emphasized
Double-
Strike
Compressed
Elite
NLQ
Emphasized
Double-Strike
Compressed
Elite
Don’t worry about harming your printer if you try to combine two
modes that the LX-90 can’t mix. Your settings cannot damage the
printer because it is prepared for the possibility of receiving codes for
conflicting modes. If it receives codes for two modes that it can’t com-
bine, it uses only one of the codes.
SelecType Tips
After you turn on a mode with SelecType, it usually stays in effect
until the printer is turned off. If, for example, you use SelecType to
print a document in emphasized, anything you print after that will be
emphasized unless you first turn the printer off and back on.
If you like NLQ or compressed well enough to use it most of the
time, you can turn it on and keep it on with a DIP switch in the back of
your printer. See Appendix D for instructions.
‘For more information on the typestyles in this chapter, see Chapters
3, 4, and 5.
13

Chapter 3
Elements of Dot-Matrix Printing
and Computer / Printer Communications
This chapter is for those of you who want to know something about
how your printer works. It’s a simple, non-technical explanation of
the basics of dot-matrix printing that will help you understand some
of the later chapters, particularly the ones on user-defined characters
and graphics.
The Print Head
The LX-90 uses a print head with nine pins or wires mounted verti-
cally. Each time a pin is fired, it strikes the inked ribbon and presses it
against the paper to produce a dot. This dot is about l/72nd of an inch
in diameter. (The size varies slightly. depending upon the age of the
ribbon and the type of paper used.) As the head moves horizontally
across the page, these pins are fired time after time in different patterns
to produce letters, numbers, symbols, or graphics.
For example, to print a pica capital T (shown in Figure 3-l), the
head fires the top pin, moves 1/60th of an inch, fires the top pin again,
moves 1/60th of an inch, fires the top pin and the six below it at the
same time, moves 1/60th of an inch, fires the top pin, moves another
1/60th of an inch, and fires the top pin once more to finish the letter.
All this happens in only l/lOOth of a second.
Figure 3-7. A capital T
15

Other Pitches
In addition to pica, in which there are 10 characters per inch, the
LX-90 can also print in other widths, or pitches. It does so by reducing
the distance between pin firings. In the elite mode it prints 12 charac-
ters per inch and in the compressed mode it prints slightly more than
17 characters per inch. The pattern of the dots is not changed, but the
horizontal space between them is reduced.
Figure 3-2 shows enlargements of four sample letters in each of the
three pitches. These letters are chosen to show how the LX-90 prints
letters that are uppercase and lowercase, wide and narrow, and with
and without descenders (the bottom dots of the j and y).
This is pica
This is elite.
This is compressed.
Figure 3-2. The three pitches of the LX-90
The dot pattern of each character is carefully designed so that in
pica no dot overlaps another. The reason is that in normal high-speed
printing the pins cannot fire and retract and fire again quickly enough
to print one dot overlapping another.
16

NLQ Mode
The preceding examples are in the LX-90’s draft mode, but the
LX-90 also has the high-quality NLQ (Near Letter Quality) mode that
you have seen in previous chapters.
The NLQ letters are more fully-formed than the draft letters
because they are made up of many more dots, as you can see below.
Figure 3-3 shows enlargements of two letters in draft mode compared
with the same two in the NLQ mode.
Figure 3-3. Near Letter Quality and draft characters compared
With the two modes, draft and NLQ, the LX-90 lets you choose
high speed or high quality each time you print. You can print your
ordinary work or preliminary drafts quickly in the draft mode and use
the NLQ mode for final copies or special purposes.
SelecType makes it especially easy to change from draft to NLQ,
but you can also select and cancel the NLQ mode with a software
command or with a DIP switch in the back of your printer. You can
find the software command in Chapter 4 and the operation of the
switch in Appendix D.
17